Pepper (Piper spp.), processed

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to factory-gate production of processed pepper made from berries of Piper species, represented by Piper nigrum L. It covers black pepper, white pepper, and dehydrated green pepper only when the product class, cultivar or species, presentation, incoming material state, wet-treatment route, depericarping route, drying route, sanitization route, and packaging format are declared for the represented lot or campaign.

Whole, broken, cracked, coarsely ground, ground, and powdered presentations are distinct product forms. Black, white, and dehydrated green pepper are distinct product classes. A dataset shall not average these forms or classes unless it reports each segregated foreground route and calculates the declared production-weighted mix transparently. Water retting, mechanical depericarping, wet washing or blanching, sun drying, enclosed solar drying, hot-air drying, and sanitization technologies are likewise separate route gates and shall not be averaged into an undeclared generic route.

The PCR excludes raw or unprocessed pepper berries sold at farm gate, Capsicum and Pimenta peppers, spice blends, pepper oleoresin, essential oil and purified piperine, brined or canned green pepper, frozen pepper, retail preparation and use, and extraction or formulation beyond the declared pepper product. Cultivation and supplier processing remain upstream datasets unless operated by the reporting facility; outbound distribution begins after the reference product crosses the factory gate.

The required authoring profile is atomic_flows:v1. Every material, energy carrier, chemical, packaging material, waste, wastewater, refrigerant, and direct elementary emission crossing the foreground boundary shall be represented as its own atomic flow row. Unknown chemical identity is an evidence gap, not permission to use a grouped flow.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.grain-mill-products-starches-and-starch-products-other-food-products.pepper-piper-spp-processed
classification_refs	CPC:3.0:23921 (exact)
covered_products	Black pepper with intact pericarp; white pepper after pericarp removal; dehydrated green pepper; each as whole, broken, cracked, coarsely ground, ground, or powdered processed Piper pepper
excluded_products	Raw farm-gate pepper; Capsicum or Pimenta peppers; brined, canned, or frozen green pepper; blends; oleoresin; essential oil; purified piperine; products with undeclared class, form, or route
representative_product	1 kg net processed Piper nigrum pepper, at factory gate, meeting the declared product class, presentation, grade, moisture specification, and package format
production_route	Declared route vector: incoming material state -> separation -> wet pretreatment if used -> white-pepper retting and/or depericarping if used -> route-specific drying -> cleaning/grading -> milling if used -> sanitization if used -> packaging -> storage
market_state	Dry, food-grade processed pepper at factory gate; product class, presentation, grade, final moisture, and package format declared

Product and route selection gate

Before inventory aggregation, each lot or production campaign shall declare one value for every applicable field below. Records with different values shall remain separate until the output product mix is intentionally defined and disclosed.

gate_id	Required declaration	Allowed treatment in one dataset
gate_species	Piper species and cultivar when known	No averaging across species or cultivars without segregated records and disclosed production weights
gate_product_class	black, white, or dehydrated_green	No implicit averaging across product classes
gate_presentation	whole, broken, cracked, coarsely_ground, ground, or powdered	No implicit averaging across presentations
gate_incoming_state	Fresh berries, berries on spikes, farm-dried pepper, cleaned whole pepper, or another precisely described state	Upstream dataset shall match the declared state
gate_wet_treatment	None, rapid washing, blanching, or another identified treatment	Water, heat, chemicals, and wastewater remain route-specific
gate_depericarping	None, water retting plus removal, mechanical peeling, steam-assisted peeling, or a declared sequence	Different wet and mechanical routes remain separate
gate_drying	Open sun, enclosed solar, mechanical hot air, or a declared sequential route	Energy carriers, yield, time, and moisture loss remain route-specific
gate_sanitization	None, steam, dry heat, irradiation, or another identified technology	Technology-specific inputs, losses, and direct emissions remain separate
gate_packaging	Bulk or retail format and each material layer	Each packaging material is an atomic input and scrap output

3. Reference Flow

Functional unit

Field	Value
What	Processed Piper pepper delivered at the reporting facility gate
How much	1 kg net pepper product, excluding packaging
How well	Meets the declared black, white, or dehydrated-green product class; declared whole-to-powder presentation; applicable Codex or buyer grade; declared final moisture and food-safety specification
How long or cycle	One representative production campaign or a production-weighted reporting period of up to 12 consecutive months
reference_flow_link	processed_pepper_reference_output

Tiangong reference flow object

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg net product
Reference product flow	Pepper (Piper spp.), processed 99d5d3c5-870f-458f-b492-a610d37c8034
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	species_or_cultivar; pepper_colour_class; presentation_style; incoming_material_state; wet_pretreatment_route; depericarping_route; drying_route; sanitization_route; grade_or_specification; final_moisture_percent_wet_basis; packaging_format; production_site; production_period

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_net_mass	Reference product	Mass	kg	Normalize to net pepper mass at factory gate; exclude packaging mass and retain the measured product moisture.
moisture_wet_basis	Incoming, intermediate, and final pepper	Mass fraction	% wet basis	Report moisture as 100 × water mass / wet sample mass; identify the test method and sample time.
dry_matter_conversion	Route yield and material balance	Mass	kg dry matter	Calculate dry matter as wet mass × (1 - moisture fraction wet basis); do not compare wet-route yields without this conversion.
energy_carrier_identity	Electricity, steam, hot water, natural gas, LPG, diesel, and biomass	Energy and carrier quantity	kWh, MJ, kg, L, or m3	Preserve each carrier as a separate flow; retain supplier quantity, lower heating value when used, and conversion factor.
water_volume	Washing, blanching, retting, steam, and cleaning water	Volume	m3	Meter or reconcile each water use separately; do not combine process water with wastewater volume.
packaging_net_mass	Every packaging layer	Mass	kg	Record purchased or issued mass by material and subtract verified unused returns; do not use package count without a measured mass-per-item conversion.
wastewater_load	Each wastewater stream	Volume and concentration	m3 and kg/m3	Report volume separately from COD or other pollutant concentration; calculate load as volume × concentration.
refrigerant_mass_balance	Any refrigerant-consuming storage equipment	Mass	kg	Report each refrigerant chemical separately using opening charge + additions - closing charge - recovered mass.
direct_emission_mass	On-site fuel combustion and dust releases	Mass	kg	Prefer stack or equipment records; otherwise calculate each pollutant separately from the recorded fuel and an identified factor source.

5. System Boundary

The foreground starts at receipt of the declared pepper material state and ends when packaged processed pepper is released at the factory gate. Receiving, separation, wet-route steps, drying, dry cleaning and grading, size reduction, sanitization, equipment cleaning, packaging, finished-goods storage, on-site utilities, direct emissions, wastes, and wastewater are included when they occur. Cultivation, supplier processing, purchased energy, purchased materials, treatment of exported waste, and inbound transport require upstream datasets but are not silently absorbed into foreground measurements.

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Physical state, product class, species or cultivar, moisture, cleanliness, supplier processing, packaging, location, and time of the pepper material received at the reporting facility
starting_condition_role	Foreground gate input whose upstream cultivation, preprocessing, and inbound transport are represented by linked supplier or secondary datasets
product_classification_scope	Processed Piper pepper associated with CPC 3.0 code 23921; classification is mapping context and does not replace product and route qualifiers
recursive_input_rule	If already processed pepper in this same category is received for cleaning, milling, sanitization, repacking, or storage, record it once as same_category_processed_pepper_input, link its upstream dataset, and model only the additional foreground operations; do not recursively reconstruct or double count its earlier processing
upstream_dataset_requirement	A geographically, temporally, technologically, product-class-, presentation-, moisture-, and route-matched dataset is required for each received pepper material, energy carrier, water supply, chemical, and packaging material
disclosure	Disclose gate vector, supplier starting state, excluded operations, allocation, cut-offs, route shares, mass and moisture balance, energy carriers, wastewater destination, direct emissions, packaging, refrigerants, and data gaps

Normative system-boundary rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
sb_route_gate	All foreground records	Apply the product and route selection gate before aggregation; mutually exclusive product classes, presentations, wet treatments, depericarping routes, and drying routes shall not be averaged implicitly.	codex-cxs-326-2017; ipc-pepper-standard-2015; fao-gi-control-plan-2009
sb_required_operations	Unit-process coverage	Include every listed required process and every conditional process whose gate condition is met; document a zero or not-applicable result rather than deleting an occurring route.	ipc-pepper-standard-2015; fao-spice-quality-assurance
sb_recursive_input	Same-category processed pepper input	Link the upstream processed-pepper dataset and model only added foreground conversion; prevent recursion and double counting.	eu-pef-method-2021
sb_upstream_linkage	Purchased inputs and exported treatments	Link upstream datasets for received pepper, utilities, chemicals, packaging, inbound transport, and treatment of wastes or wastewater outside the site.	eu-pef-method-2021
sb_factory_gate	Reference product	End the foreground after final release and storage at the reporting facility; exclude outbound distribution, retail, use, and end-of-life unless a broader study adds them transparently.	eu-pef-method-2021
sb_atomic_flows	All inventory exchanges	Use one row per identified carrier, material, chemical, packaging material, waste stream, wastewater stream, refrigerant, and elementary emission; grouped placeholders do not conform.	fao-spice-quality-assurance; ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
receiving_and_lot_qualification	Receiving and lot qualification	required	All datasets	Foreground receiving, identity gate, weighing, sampling, and rejection	Per 1 kg released reference product
threshing	Threshing and spike separation	conditional	Include only when berries on spikes or clusters cross the starting gate	Foreground mechanical separation	Per kg separated berries
wet_pretreatment	Washing or blanching pretreatment	conditional	Include only when rapid washing, blanching, or dehydrated-green preservative treatment is declared	Foreground wet conditioning	Per kg pretreated pepper
white_pepper_retting	White-pepper water retting	conditional	Include only for a declared water-retting route	Foreground wet pericarp softening	Per kg retted berries
depericarping	Pericarp removal and kernel washing	conditional	Include for white pepper whenever manual, mechanical, steam-assisted, or post-retting pericarp removal occurs	Foreground separation	Per kg white pepper kernel
dry_cleaning_and_grading	Dry cleaning and grading	required	All datasets; operations may occur before or after drying and milling but shall be located explicitly	Foreground removal of foreign matter and off-grade berries	Per kg cleaned pepper
sun_drying	Open-sun drying	conditional	Include only for the declared open-sun route	Foreground moisture removal	Per kg sun-dried pepper
enclosed_solar_drying	Enclosed solar drying	conditional	Include only for the declared enclosed-solar route	Foreground protected solar moisture removal	Per kg solar-dried pepper
hot_air_drying	Mechanical hot-air drying	conditional	Include only for the declared mechanical route or declared stage in a sequential route	Foreground forced-air moisture removal	Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
milling_and_sieving	Crushing, grinding, and sieving	conditional	Include for broken, cracked, coarsely ground, ground, or powdered presentation	Foreground size reduction	Per kg milled pepper
product_sanitization	Product sanitization	conditional	Include only when steam, dry heat, irradiation, or another identified treatment occurs	Foreground microbial reduction	Per kg sanitized pepper
equipment_cleaning	Equipment and room cleaning	required	All datasets; dry and wet cleaning records shall be distinguished	Foreground hygiene support	Per production campaign and normalized to reference product
packaging	Primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging	required	All datasets	Foreground filling and packaging	Per 1 kg released reference product
finished_goods_storage	Finished-goods storage and release	required	All datasets	Foreground ambient or conditioned storage and final release	Per 1 kg released reference product

Process: Receiving and lot qualification (receiving_and_lot_qualification)

Inputs

Product flows

Fresh or mature berries for black-pepper production (fresh_black_pepper_berries_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Fresh Piper berries for black-pepper production
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted input for lots declared black; record species or cultivar, maturity, moisture, supplier state, and foreign matter before processing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_receiving_lot_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated scale ticket, supplier lot record, sampling record, moisture result, and gate declaration
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; ipc-pepper-standard-2015

Fully mature berries for white-pepper production (ripe_white_pepper_berries_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Fully mature or ripe Piper berries for white-pepper production
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted input for lots declared white; record species or cultivar, maturity, moisture, supplier state, and intended depericarping route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_receiving_lot_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated scale ticket, supplier lot record, maturity inspection, moisture result, and route declaration
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; ipc-pepper-standard-2015; azman-retting-water-2020

Green berries for dehydrated-green pepper (green_pepper_berries_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Green Piper berries for dehydrated-green pepper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted input only for lots declared dehydrated_green; record maturity, moisture, preservation treatment, and drying route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_receiving_lot_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated scale ticket, supplier lot record, colour and maturity inspection, moisture result, and route declaration
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; ipc-pepper-standard-2015

Same-category processed whole pepper (same_category_processed_pepper_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Processed Piper pepper received for additional cleaning, milling, sanitization, repacking, or storage
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed input only when an upstream processed-pepper dataset is linked; record product class, presentation, moisture, earlier route, and upstream dataset identity
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_receiving_lot_records
• Quality evidence: Scale ticket, upstream dataset reference, certificate of analysis, and same-category recursion check
• Sources: eu-pef-method-2021

Electricity for receiving and sampling (receiving_electricity_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or equipment-runtime electricity used for receiving conveyors, samplers, scales, aspiration, and receiving-room services
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Meter reading or rated power × logged runtime with allocation key

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted declared pepper lot (accepted_pepper_lot_output)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Accepted Piper pepper lot with declared starting state
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Accepted input mass after separately weighing all rejected pepper and foreign matter
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per receiving lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_receiving_lot_records
• Quality evidence: Signed lot disposition and mass reconciliation
• Sources: fao-spice-quality-assurance

Waste flows

Rejected pepper berries (rejected_pepper_berries_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Rejected Piper pepper berries
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed mouldy, infested, damaged, or specification-failing berries sent to the declared treatment or use
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated waste scale record, rejection code, and destination receipt
• Sources: fao-spice-quality-assurance
• Range: Provisional mass-balance screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg/kg received pepper
  • Basis: Screening bound from no rejection to rejection of the complete received pepper mass; replace with reviewed site evidence
  • Sensitivity: Test both bounds because rejection directly changes upstream input and waste per kg released product
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Separated vegetative foreign matter (receiving_vegetative_matter_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Pepper stems, leaves, chaff, and other vegetative foreign matter
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed vegetative matter removed during receiving; do not combine with stones, soil, or rejected berries
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Segregated container tare/gross record and destination receipt
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; ipc-pepper-standard-2015

Separated stones and soil (receiving_stones_soil_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Stones, sand, and soil removed from pepper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed mineral foreign matter removed during receiving; do not combine with vegetative matter
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Segregated container tare/gross record and destination receipt
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; fao-spice-quality-assurance

Discarded incoming jute sacks (incoming_jute_sack_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Used jute sacks from incoming pepper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed jute packaging discarded after receipt; returned or reused sacks are recorded separately and not treated as waste
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Packaging count, measured mass per sack, reuse log, and waste receipt

Discarded incoming polypropylene sacks (incoming_polypropylene_sack_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Used woven polypropylene sacks from incoming pepper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed polypropylene packaging discarded after receipt; returned or reused sacks are recorded separately and not treated as waste
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per 1 kg released reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Packaging count, measured mass per sack, reuse log, and waste receipt

Process: Threshing and spike separation (threshing)

Inputs

Product flows

Pepper spikes or clusters (pepper_spikes_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Piper pepper berries on spikes or clusters
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted pepper spikes entering threshing; include only when the declared starting state contains spikes or clusters
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg separated berries
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_threshing_records
• Quality evidence: Batch scale record and declared incoming material state
• Sources: ipc-pepper-standard-2015

Electricity for threshing (threshing_electricity_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or rated-power × runtime electricity for the thresher and associated conveyor
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg separated berries
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Submeter or equipment nameplate, runtime log, and batch mass

Outputs

Product flows

Separated pepper berries (separated_pepper_berries_output)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Separated Piper pepper berries
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed berries leaving threshing, before wet treatment or drying
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per threshing batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_threshing_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated scale ticket and batch reconciliation

Waste flows

Pepper spikes and stalks (pepper_spikes_stalks_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Pepper spikes and stalks removed by threshing
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed separated spikes and stalks by destination; do not combine with rejected berries
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg separated berries
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Segregated container weight and destination record
• Sources: ipc-pepper-standard-2015

Elementary flows

Pepper dust released during threshing (threshing_pepper_dust_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Pepper particulate matter released to air during threshing
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured captured-plus-emitted dust balance or technology-specific emission estimate; report captured dust as waste and uncaptured dust here
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg separated berries
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_dust_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Dust collector mass record, stack test or documented engineering estimate, and runtime

Process: Washing or blanching pretreatment (wet_pretreatment)

Inputs

Product flows

Pepper berries entering wet pretreatment (wet_pretreatment_pepper_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Declared Piper pepper berries entering washing, blanching, or dehydrated-green treatment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed route-segregated pepper input; identify black, white, or dehydrated_green and the exact treatment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wet_pretreatment_records
• Quality evidence: Batch mass, route declaration, treatment set point, and operator log
• Sources: fao-spice-quality-assurance; shango-pepper-quality-2021

Process water for washing or blanching (wet_pretreatment_process_water_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Process water for pepper washing or blanching
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered make-up water supplied to the declared wet-treatment batch; subtract only separately metered reuse and do not combine with cleaning water
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated water meter, batch log, water-quality result, and reuse record
• Sources: fao-spice-quality-assurance
• Range: Provisional wet-treatment water screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 0.02
  • Unit: m3/kg pretreated pepper
  • Basis: Broad screening interval for rapid washing or blanching; route measurements replace this estimate
  • Sensitivity: Vary across the full interval because water supply and wastewater results scale directly with this value
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity for wet pretreatment (wet_pretreatment_electricity_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or equipment-runtime electricity for pumps, conveyors, agitators, and controls
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Submeter or rated power × runtime and batch mass

Purchased steam for blanching (wet_pretreatment_steam_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Purchased steam
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered purchased steam only when the batch uses steam heating; do not combine with hot water or onsite fuel
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Steam meter, pressure and enthalpy basis, and treatment batch log

Purchased hot water for blanching (wet_pretreatment_hot_water_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Purchased hot water
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered imported hot-water energy only when used; retain water volume separately and do not combine with steam
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Flow and inlet/outlet temperature record, heat calculation, and batch log

Natural gas for wet-treatment heating (wet_pretreatment_natural_gas_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Natural gas combusted onsite for wet-treatment heating
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered natural gas only when the selected route heats water onsite with natural gas; keep separate from LPG and diesel
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Fuel meter, supplier heating value, burner log, and batch allocation
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Liquefied petroleum gas for wet-treatment heating (wet_pretreatment_lpg_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Liquefied petroleum gas combusted onsite for wet-treatment heating
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or invoice-reconciled LPG only when used; keep separate from natural gas and diesel
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Tank mass or delivery reconciliation, supplier heating value, burner log, and batch allocation
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Diesel for wet-treatment heating (wet_pretreatment_diesel_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Diesel combusted onsite for wet-treatment heating
• Flow property / unit: Volume / L
• Amount rule: Metered diesel only when used; keep separate from natural gas and LPG
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Tank dip or flow meter, supplier density and heating value, burner log, and batch allocation
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Sulfur dioxide preservative for dehydrated green pepper (green_pepper_sulfur_dioxide_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide food additive
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured addition only for dehydrated_green; black and white pepper shall record zero; verify the applicable legal and buyer limit
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg dehydrated green pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_chemical_input_records
• Quality evidence: Batch formulation, calibrated dosing record, additive certificate, and finished-product test
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017

Outputs

Product flows

Wet-pretreated pepper (wet_pretreated_pepper_output)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Washed, blanched, or treated Piper pepper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed output with treatment route, temperature-time record, and moisture after draining
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per wet-treatment batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wet_pretreatment_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated scale, treatment log, moisture sample, and route identity

Waste flows

Pepper washing or blanching wastewater (wet_pretreatment_wastewater)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Pepper washing or blanching wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered wastewater discharged from wet pretreatment, net of separately measured water retained in product or evaporated; record destination and treatment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater_records
• Quality evidence: Effluent meter or tank balance, sampling result, and discharge or treatment receipt
• Sources: fao-spice-quality-assurance

Wet-treatment sediment and removed debris (wet_pretreatment_sediment_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Sediment, soil, and pepper debris removed from wet-treatment water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dewatered solids removed from screens, filters, or tanks; do not combine with wastewater volume
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Container tare/gross record, solids moisture note, and destination receipt

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from wet-treatment heating (wet_pretreatment_fossil_co2_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate separately from each recorded fossil fuel quantity, lower heating value, and selected CO2 factor; zero for purchased steam or hot water to avoid double counting
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Fuel record, heating-value source, factor version, oxidation assumption, and calculation sheet
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Methane from wet-treatment heating (wet_pretreatment_ch4_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Methane to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate from each recorded onsite fuel and technology-appropriate CH4 factor; zero for purchased heat
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Fuel record, factor source and version, equipment class, and calculation sheet
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Nitrous oxide from wet-treatment heating (wet_pretreatment_n2o_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Nitrous oxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate from each recorded onsite fuel and technology-appropriate N2O factor; zero for purchased heat
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg pretreated pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Fuel record, factor source and version, equipment class, and calculation sheet
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Process: White-pepper water retting (white_pepper_retting)

Inputs

Product flows

Mature berries entering water retting (white_retting_berries_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Fully mature Piper berries for white-pepper water retting
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed segregated berries entering the declared water-retting batch; record cultivar, maturity, incoming moisture, tank, and start time
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg retted berries
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_retting_records
• Quality evidence: Batch scale ticket, maturity inspection, tank identity, and route gate
• Sources: azman-retting-water-2020; shango-pepper-quality-2021

Water for white-pepper retting (white_retting_water_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Process water for white-pepper retting
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered initial and replacement water for each retting tank; running-water and static-tank routes remain separate
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg berries entering retting
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated meter or tank dimensions and fill level, change log, water-source test, and batch mass
• Sources: azman-retting-water-2020
• Range: Experimental static-tank water-loading screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.006
  • Upper: 0.018
  • Unit: m3/kg berries entering retting
  • Basis: Range represented by the reported 18 L tanks loaded with 1-3 kg berries; use only as a screening comparison, not an industrial default
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: azman-retting-water-2020

Electricity for retting circulation (white_retting_electricity_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or equipment-runtime electricity for water circulation, aeration, pumps, and tank handling
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg berries entering retting
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Submeter or rated power × runtime, equipment identity, and batch mass

Outputs

Product flows

Retted pepper berries (retted_pepper_berries_output)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Retted Piper berries with softened pericarp
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed drained output after declared retting duration; record moisture and retained water before depericarping
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per retting batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_retting_records
• Quality evidence: Drained batch mass, moisture result, duration, temperature, pH, and tank record
• Sources: azman-retting-water-2020

Waste flows

White-pepper retting wastewater (white_retting_wastewater)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: White-pepper retting wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered spent retting water by tank and discharge event; record treatment, reuse, destination, pH, COD, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity when applicable
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg berries entering retting
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater_records
• Quality evidence: Effluent volume, dated composite sample, accredited or documented test, and treatment receipt
• Sources: azman-retting-water-2020
• Range: Reported retting-water COD concentration screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.008
  • Upper: 3.25
  • Unit: kg COD/m3 wastewater
  • Basis: Approximate span of initial through day-seven COD observations in the cited static-tank experiment; not a discharge limit
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: azman-retting-water-2020

Process: Pericarp removal and kernel washing (depericarping)

Inputs

Product flows

Pepper berries entering pericarp removal (depericarping_pepper_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Retted, steamed, or ripe Piper berries entering declared pericarp removal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed input segregated by water_retting_plus_removal, mechanical_peeling, steam_assisted_peeling, or another exact sequence
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg white pepper kernel
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_depericarping_records
• Quality evidence: Batch mass, route gate, upstream lot link, and equipment or manual-work log
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; shango-pepper-quality-2021

Water for kernel washing (depericarping_wash_water_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Process water for white-pepper kernel washing
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered water used after or during pericarp removal; do not combine with retting or equipment-cleaning water
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg white pepper kernel
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated meter, water-quality result, batch mass, and reuse log

Electricity for mechanical depericarping (depericarping_electricity_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or rated-power × runtime electricity for mechanical peelers, pumps, and separators; zero for fully manual routes without powered equipment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg white pepper kernel
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Submeter or equipment nameplate, runtime, and batch mass

Purchased steam for steam-assisted peeling (depericarping_steam_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Purchased steam
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered steam only for the declared steam-assisted route; do not combine with onsite fuel or steam sanitization
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg white pepper kernel
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Steam meter, pressure and enthalpy basis, and peeling batch log

Outputs

Product flows

White pepper kernels (white_pepper_kernels_output)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: White Piper pepper kernels after pericarp removal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed washed and drained kernels; record retained-pericarp fraction and moisture before drying
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per depericarping batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_depericarping_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated scale, visual pericarp inspection, moisture result, and batch reconciliation
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017

Waste flows

Removed pepper pericarp (pepper_pericarp_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Pepper pericarp removed during white-pepper production
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed wet or dry pericarp by destination; record moisture and do not combine with kernel rejects
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg white pepper kernel
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Container tare/gross mass, moisture note, and destination receipt

Depericarping wash wastewater (depericarping_wash_wastewater)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: White-pepper depericarping wash wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered wash effluent after peeling; keep separate from retting wastewater and equipment-cleaning wastewater
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg white pepper kernel
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater_records
• Quality evidence: Effluent meter or tank balance, sample record, and treatment or discharge receipt

Elementary flows

Pepper dust from mechanical peeling (depericarping_pepper_dust_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Pepper particulate matter released to air during mechanical peeling
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate uncaptured dust from measured collected dust and an equipment or stack balance; zero for routes without dust generation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg white pepper kernel
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_dust_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Dust collector mass, stack test or engineering estimate, and runtime

Process: Dry cleaning and grading (dry_cleaning_and_grading)

Inputs

Product flows

Pepper entering dry cleaning and grading (dry_cleaning_pepper_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Whole or milled Piper pepper entering dry cleaning and grading
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed input with product class, presentation, moisture, and process position declared
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg cleaned pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_grading_records
• Quality evidence: Batch mass, lot link, sieve or sorter settings, and incoming inspection
• Sources: ipc-pepper-standard-2015; fao-spice-quality-assurance

Electricity for cleaning and grading (dry_cleaning_electricity_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or rated-power × runtime electricity for aspirators, destoners, magnets, graders, and conveyors
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg cleaned pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Submeter or equipment power, runtime, and batch mass

Outputs

Product flows

Cleaned and graded pepper (cleaned_graded_pepper_output)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Cleaned and graded Piper pepper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed conforming output by declared grade and presentation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per cleaning and grading batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_grading_records
• Quality evidence: Scale ticket, sieve or grading result, defect test, and release record
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; ipc-pepper-standard-2015

Waste flows

Light berries and pinheads (light_berries_pinheads_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Light pepper berries and pinheads removed during grading
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed separated light berries and pinheads by destination; do not combine with stones, vegetative matter, or off-spec powder
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg cleaned pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Segregated scale record, grade test, and destination receipt
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; ipc-pepper-standard-2015

Vegetative matter from dry cleaning (dry_cleaning_vegetative_matter_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Pepper stems, leaves, and chaff removed during dry cleaning
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed vegetative matter removed by aspirator or manual sorting; keep separate from mineral matter
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg cleaned pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Segregated container mass and destination receipt

Stones and soil from destoning (dry_cleaning_stones_soil_waste)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Stones, sand, and soil removed during destoning
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed mineral matter removed by destoner or manual sorting; keep separate from vegetative matter
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg cleaned pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Quality evidence: Segregated container mass and destination receipt

Elementary flows

Pepper dust from dry cleaning (dry_cleaning_pepper_dust_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Pepper particulate matter released to air during aspiration and grading
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate uncaptured dust separately from captured pepper dust waste
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg cleaned pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_dust_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Dust collector mass, stack test or engineering estimate, and equipment runtime
• Sources: fao-spice-quality-assurance

Process: Open-sun drying (sun_drying)

Inputs

Product flows

Wet pepper entering open-sun drying (sun_drying_wet_pepper_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Wet Piper pepper for open-sun drying
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed route-segregated input with product class and moisture before spreading
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg sun-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Quality evidence: Batch scale, moisture sample, drying-area record, start time, and weather log
• Sources: fao-spice-quality-assurance; shango-pepper-quality-2021

Outputs

Product flows

Sun-dried pepper (sun_dried_pepper_output)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Open-sun-dried Piper pepper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed output after the declared drying endpoint; record final moisture, duration, turning, cover events, and contamination controls
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per sun-drying batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated scale, moisture test, time-weather record, and release inspection
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; fao-spice-quality-assurance

Elementary flows

Water evaporated during sun drying (sun_drying_water_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Water emitted to air from pepper drying
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate from wet and dry pepper mass and moisture measurements using calc_moisture_removed
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg sun-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Quality evidence: Paired batch masses, moisture tests, sampling method, and calculation sheet

Process: Enclosed solar drying (enclosed_solar_drying)

Inputs

Product flows

Wet pepper entering enclosed solar drying (solar_drying_wet_pepper_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Wet Piper pepper for enclosed solar drying
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed route-segregated input with product class and moisture before loading
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg solar-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Quality evidence: Batch scale, moisture sample, dryer identity, and start record

Electricity for solar-dryer fans (solar_drying_electricity_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or rated-power × runtime electricity for fans, controls, and conveyors; passive solar dryers record zero
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg solar-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Submeter or equipment power, runtime, and batch mass
• Range: Provisional fan-electricity screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: kWh/kg solar-dried pepper
  • Basis: Broad passive-to-forced-air screening interval; replace with dryer-specific records
  • Sensitivity: Test zero, midpoint, and upper bound; electricity-related results scale directly with fan demand
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Enclosed-solar-dried pepper (solar_dried_pepper_output)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Enclosed-solar-dried Piper pepper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed output with final moisture, drying duration, temperature, airflow, and protection state recorded
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per solar-drying batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated scale, moisture test, time-temperature log, and release inspection
• Sources: fao-spice-quality-assurance; shango-pepper-quality-2021

Elementary flows

Water evaporated during enclosed solar drying (solar_drying_water_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Water emitted to air from pepper drying
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate from wet and dry pepper mass and moisture measurements using calc_moisture_removed
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg solar-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Quality evidence: Paired batch masses, moisture tests, sampling method, and calculation sheet

Process: Mechanical hot-air drying (hot_air_drying)

Inputs

Product flows

Wet pepper entering hot-air drying (hot_air_drying_wet_pepper_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Wet Piper pepper for mechanical hot-air drying
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed route-segregated input with product class, presentation, and moisture before loading
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Quality evidence: Batch scale, moisture result, dryer identity, and start record
• Sources: shango-pepper-quality-2021

Electricity for hot-air drying (hot_air_drying_electricity_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered electricity for fans, heaters, pumps, controls, and conveyors; electrically heated and fuel-heated routes remain separate
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Submeter or equipment power, runtime, and batch mass
• Range: Provisional mechanical-drying electricity screen
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.05
  • Upper: 20
  • Unit: kWh/kg hot-air-dried pepper
  • Basis: Deliberately broad first-pass range covering fan-only through electric-heater systems; replace with equipment records
  • Sensitivity: Test both bounds and keep electric-heater and fuel-heater routes separate because the range can dominate results
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Purchased steam for hot-air drying (hot_air_drying_steam_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Purchased steam
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered steam supplied to the dryer heat exchanger only when selected; do not combine with onsite fuels
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Steam meter, pressure and enthalpy basis, and batch allocation

Natural gas for hot-air drying (hot_air_drying_natural_gas_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Natural gas combusted onsite for hot-air drying
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered natural gas only for a declared gas-fired dryer; keep separate from LPG, diesel, biomass, and purchased steam
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Fuel meter, supplier heating value, burner log, and batch allocation
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Liquefied petroleum gas for hot-air drying (hot_air_drying_lpg_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Liquefied petroleum gas combusted onsite for hot-air drying
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or invoice-reconciled LPG only for a declared LPG-fired dryer; keep separate from other carriers
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Tank mass or delivery reconciliation, supplier heating value, burner log, and batch allocation
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Diesel for hot-air drying (hot_air_drying_diesel_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Diesel combusted onsite for hot-air drying
• Flow property / unit: Volume / L
• Amount rule: Metered diesel only for a declared diesel-fired dryer; keep separate from other carriers
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Tank dip or flow meter, supplier density and heating value, burner log, and batch allocation
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Pepper biomass used as dryer fuel (hot_air_drying_pepper_biomass_input)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Dry pepper stalk, pericarp, or other identified pepper biomass combusted onsite
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry biomass by exact residue type and measured moisture; do not combine with purchased biomass of another identity
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_carrier_records
• Quality evidence: Fuel scale record, residue identity, moisture, heating-value source, and burner log
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Outputs

Product flows

Hot-air-dried pepper (hot_air_dried_pepper_output)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Mechanical-hot-air-dried Piper pepper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed output with final moisture, temperature-time profile, airflow, and fuel or heat route recorded
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per drying batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Quality evidence: Calibrated scale, moisture result, continuous time-temperature record, and batch release
• Sources: codex-cxs-326-2017; shango-pepper-quality-2021

Elementary flows

Water evaporated during hot-air drying (hot_air_drying_water_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Water emitted to air from pepper drying
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate from wet and dry pepper mass and moisture measurements using calc_moisture_removed
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Quality evidence: Paired batch masses, moisture tests, sampling method, and calculation sheet

Fossil carbon dioxide from dryer combustion (hot_air_drying_fossil_co2_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate separately from natural gas, LPG, and diesel activity and selected CO2 factors; zero for electricity, purchased steam, and biomass to prevent double counting
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Fuel record, heating value, factor version, oxidation assumption, and calculation sheet
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Biogenic carbon dioxide from pepper-biomass combustion (hot_air_drying_biogenic_co2_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, biogenic, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate only from recorded pepper biomass fuel and a documented carbon or factor basis; report separately from fossil CO2
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Biomass mass, moisture, carbon or factor source, oxidation assumption, and calculation sheet
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Methane from dryer combustion (hot_air_drying_ch4_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Methane to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate separately for each combusted fuel using technology-appropriate CH4 factors
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Fuel record, factor source and version, equipment class, and calculation sheet
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Nitrous oxide from dryer combustion (hot_air_drying_n2o_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Nitrous oxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate separately for each combusted fuel using technology-appropriate N2O factors
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Fuel record, factor source and version, equipment class, and calculation sheet
• Sources: ipcc-stationary-combustion-2006

Nitrogen oxides from dryer combustion (hot_air_drying_nox_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record stack measurement or calculate for each fuel using an identified technology-specific regulatory factor; do not infer from the IPCC greenhouse-gas factors
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Stack test or cited local factor, oxygen correction, fuel record, and calculation sheet

Sulfur dioxide from dryer combustion (hot_air_drying_so2_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record stack measurement or calculate separately from sulfur content of the actual fuel; do not assign a generic value to gas, LPG, diesel, or biomass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Stack test or supplier sulfur analysis, fuel mass, control efficiency, and calculation sheet

Particulate matter from dryer combustion (hot_air_drying_particulate_to_air)

Record this named flow as a separate atomic exchange for the unit process; preserve its declared route, source or disposition and do not aggregate it with another flow.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air from dryer combustion
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record stack measurement or calculate separately by fuel, combustion technology, and control device; do not combine with pepper product dust
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: Per kg hot-air-dried pepper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_combustion_emission_records
• Quality evidence: Stack test or cited local factor, control-device record, fuel activity, and calculation sheet