Preparations used in animal feeding n.e.c.

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to the industrial manufacture of compound animal feed that is not elsewhere classified: complete and complementary feeds produced by blending two or more feed materials, with or without feed additives, and supplied as mash, meal, pellets, crumbles, or extruded feed for livestock, poultry, aquaculture, and other food-producing or non-pet animals. The product definition of compound feed follows Regulation (EC) No 767/2009 on the placing on the market and use of feed. The LCA modelling conventions follow the FAO LEAP guidelines for the environmental performance of animal feeds supply chains and the EU Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) for feed for food-producing animals, restricted here to the feed-mill foreground.

The foreground system boundary starts when feed materials, feed additives, and packaging materials cross the feed-mill receiving gate, and ends when conforming feed is released at the dispatch gate, either in bulk or packaged. Ingredient production, inbound transport, energy and water supply, packaging production, and waste treatment are not hidden inside the foreground; they enter the inventory only as linked upstream or downstream datasets. Delivery to farms, on-farm storage, and animal feeding are outside the foreground boundary.

This PCR does not cover single feed materials marketed without compound-feed manufacture, stand-alone feed additives or premixtures, medicated feed, retail dog or cat food (CPC 23311), lucerne (alfalfa) meal and pellets (CPC 23312), silage or forage, on-farm home mixing, or the animal use phase. A multi-product feed mill remains in scope only when batch or campaign records allow each declared formulation to be isolated.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.grain-mill-products-starches-and-starch-products-other-food-products.preparations-used-in-animal-feeding-n-e-c
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 23319, Preparations used in animal feeding n.e.c. (exact)
covered_products	Complete and complementary compound feeds for livestock, poultry, aquaculture and other non-pet animals, in mash, meal, pellet, crumble, or extruded form, manufactured industrially from two or more feed materials with or without feed additives
excluded_products	Retail dog or cat food; lucerne (alfalfa) meal and pellets; single feed materials; stand-alone feed additives and premixtures; medicated feed; silage and forage; on-farm home-mixed feed; feed use by animals
representative_product	Dry complete compound feed for a declared food-producing animal class, as-fed
production_route	Ingredient reception and storage; conditional size reduction; batching and mixing; conditional steam conditioning, pelleting or extrusion; conditional cooling and screening; packaging and dispatch
market_state	Conforming, labelled compound feed on an as-fed basis, released in bulk or in bags at the feed-mill dispatch gate

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Industrial manufacture of compound animal feed n.e.c. from reception of feed materials to dispatch of conforming feed
How much	1,000 kg of compound feed on an as-fed basis
How well	Feed conforms to its declared formulation and nutrient specification, to declared moisture content, and to applicable feed-safety and labelling rules
How long or cycle	Continuous mill operation averaged over a 12-month production period
reference_flow_link	Process packaging_dispatch, Outputs, Product flows, row reference_product_output

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg
Reference product flow	Assorted Feed cb2b142b-0ed1-4d6f-9283-cfef94451a75
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	feed form (mash, meal, pellet, crumble, extruded); target animal class; formulation identifier; moisture content as-fed; dispatch form (bulk or bagged, with bag size); production country and site; 12-month production period

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Reference flow and all ingredient inputs are recorded on an as-fed mass basis in kg; volumes or counts must be converted with declared, calibrated mass conversion records.
moisture_declaration	reference product and feed materials	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Moisture content of the dispatched feed and of each major feed material must be declared; dry-matter corrections, when applied, must be reported as separate calculated values and never silently substituted for as-fed amounts.
electricity_measure	all electricity inputs	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	kWh	Electricity is recorded in kWh from metered supplies; conversion to MJ, when required by a study, uses 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ and is reported as a calculated value.
natural_gas_measure	natural gas boiler fuel	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Natural gas is recorded in m3 at the supply meter conditions stated by the utility; conversion to mass or energy units requires a declared conversion record.
bag_count	woven polypropylene bag input	Number of items 01846770-4cfe-4a25-8ad9-919d8d378345	items	Packaging is recorded as counted bags together with the nominal fill mass per bag; bulk dispatch records zero bags.

5. System Boundary

The foreground boundary contains the feed-mill operations from ingredient reception to dispatch: reception, weighing and storage of feed materials and additives; conditional grinding; batching and mixing; conditional conditioning, pelleting or extrusion; conditional cooling and screening; and packaging or bulk loading. Included foreground flows are ingredient and additive inputs, electricity, boiler fuel, process and boiler-feed water, internal-logistics fuel, packaging materials, direct dust emissions to air, and waste outputs leaving the mill boundary.

rule_id	Rule
bound_start	The foreground starts at the feed-mill receiving gate; every feed material, additive, and packaging item is recorded as it crosses that gate, with quantity and formulation linkage.
bound_upstream	Ingredient cultivation and processing, inbound transport, energy and water supply, and packaging production are included only through linked upstream datasets whose identity and version are declared; no upstream burden may be approximated inside the foreground inventory.
bound_recycle	Internal rework, fines, and start-up or off-spec material returned to the same mill line are closed-loop internal recycles and are not counted as new inputs or as waste; only material actually leaving the mill boundary is recorded as a waste output.
bound_exclusions	Capital goods, mill maintenance materials, personnel-related flows, and delivery transport beyond the dispatch gate are excluded from the foreground and must be listed in the disclosure when a study includes them.

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Feed materials, feed additives, and packaging materials of a declared formulation are received at the feed-mill gate and released for production
starting_condition_role	Declared foreground starting point for first-dataset production
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 leaf 23319 compound feed n.e.c.; sibling leaves 23311 and 23312 are out of scope
recursive_input_rule	When a mill output or rework stream of the same product category re-enters the same foreground system, it is recorded as internal recycle with no new upstream burden; purchased compound feed used as an ingredient is recorded as a product input with its own declared upstream dataset
upstream_dataset_requirement	Every product input crossing the receiving gate must be paired with a declared upstream dataset identity; feed ingredient datasets should follow the FAO LEAP feed guidelines or PEFCR-conformant sources such as the GFLI database
disclosure	The data package discloses formulation classes, inclusion rates by class, moisture basis, dispatch form, and every exclusion from the foreground boundary

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
ingredient_reception_storage	Ingredient reception, weighing and storage	required		upstream handling	no
size_reduction	Size reduction (grinding)	conditional	applies when any feed material requires particle-size reduction before mixing	intermediate	no
batching_mixing	Batching and mixing	required		core conversion	no
conditioning_pelleting	Steam conditioning, pelleting or extrusion	conditional	applies to pelleted, crumbled, or extruded feed	forming	no
cooling_screening	Cooling, crumbling and screening	conditional	applies when conditioning_pelleting is included	finishing	no
packaging_dispatch	Packaging and dispatch	required		dispatch	yes

Process: Ingredient reception, weighing and storage (ingredient_reception_storage)

Inputs

Product flows

Cereal grain ingredients such as maize (feed_grains)

Cereal grains form the energy base of most formulations and cross the boundary at the receiving weighbridge. The row records the representative cereal class flow; the concrete dataset substitutes the actual grains of the declared formulation.

• Selected flow: Corn f6cb6f61-5681-4f57-a44a-785ff0336a9b

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighbridge or receiving-scale mass per formulation, as-received

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_ingredient_receipts

• Sources: fao-leap-2016-feed-supply-chains

• Range: Cereal inclusion QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 300
  • Upper: 700
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; formulation-dependent cereal share, provisional screen pending formulation records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Protein meal ingredients such as soybean meal (protein_meals)

Protein meals supply the protein fraction of the formulation and are recorded per received consignment. The representative class flow is substituted by the actual protein meals of the formulation in a concrete dataset.

• Selected flow: Soybean Meal 69147c54-6d24-41d0-a1bd-fd0f6ae5e7e5

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighbridge or receiving-scale mass per formulation, as-received

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_ingredient_receipts

• Sources: fao-leap-2016-feed-supply-chains

• Range: Protein meal inclusion QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 50
  • Upper: 350
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; formulation-dependent protein share, provisional screen pending formulation records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Fibrous milling co-products such as wheat bran (fibre_coproducts)

Fibrous co-products of grain milling are common formulation components. The representative class flow is substituted by the actual fibrous ingredients of the formulation.

• Selected flow: Wheat bran 671bf2d3-9ac9-4cc3-b48a-8676cd42b2cc

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighbridge or receiving-scale mass per formulation, as-received

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_ingredient_receipts

• Range: Fibrous co-product inclusion QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 300
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; formulation-dependent share, provisional screen pending formulation records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Added fats and oils (fats_oils)

Fats and oils are added for energy density and as pelleting aids. The representative flow is crude vegetable oil; the concrete dataset substitutes the actual fat source.

• Selected flow: Soya bean oil, crude 6464d0d3-fb5d-4e46-bfb3-01327a3ddbd3

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: metered or weighed addition per formulation

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_ingredient_receipts

• Range: Fats and oils inclusion QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 80
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; formulation-dependent inclusion, provisional screen pending formulation records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Mineral ingredients such as limestone powder (mineral_ingredients)

Mineral ingredients supply calcium and other macro minerals. The representative flow is substituted by the actual mineral sources of the formulation.

• Selected flow: limestone powder a3317ee0-aae8-4d22-b720-fe24bc73d3c4

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighed addition per formulation

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_ingredient_receipts

• Range: Mineral ingredient inclusion QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 5
  • Upper: 30
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; formulation-dependent share, provisional screen pending formulation records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Feed salt (feed_salt)

Salt is added as a mineral carrier and palatability component of the formulation.

• Selected flow: Mineral salt, animal feed supplement 158e4fa8-8175-4436-8cb4-c2e2fc45c33d

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighed addition per formulation

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_ingredient_receipts

• Range: Feed salt inclusion QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 8
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; formulation-dependent share, provisional screen pending formulation records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Vitamin and mineral premix (premix_input)

Premixes carry vitamins, trace minerals, and other micro-ingredients into the formulation and are dosed per batch.

• Selected flow: Vitamin and mineral premix, for feed d5514f47-d1d0-470f-a04e-89e521c62841

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighed addition per batch from dosing records

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_micro_ingredient_dosing

• Sources: ec-pefcr-feed-food-producing-animals

• Range: Premix inclusion QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 5
  • Upper: 50
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; formulation-dependent share, provisional screen pending formulation records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Synthetic amino acids such as L-lysine (amino_acids)

Synthetic amino acids balance the protein fraction and are dosed per batch. The representative flow is substituted by the actual amino acids of the formulation.

• Selected flow: L-Lysine c919f32a-3feb-4129-88d0-244862f8efca

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighed addition per batch from dosing records

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_micro_ingredient_dosing

• Range: Amino acid inclusion QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; formulation-dependent share, provisional screen pending formulation records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity for reception and internal conveying (electricity_handling)

Electricity powers unloaders, conveyors, elevators, and silo auxiliaries; it is metered at mill level and allocated to processes from sub-meters or operating records.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage 2eb3b2fd-6511-4a22-9018-768024a5b5a6

• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / kWh

• Amount rule: metered electricity assigned to reception and conveying duty

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_electricity_meters

• Range: Reception and conveying electricity QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 2
  • Upper: 6
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending sub-meter records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Diesel for internal logistics (diesel_internal_logistics)

Diesel powers yard loaders and forklifts moving ingredients and packaging inside the mill boundary.

• Selected flow: Diesel 9fc9d30c-0229-459c-a7f5-8f55d6533225

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: fuel-issue or tank records assigned to internal logistics

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_fuel_logs

• Range: Internal logistics diesel QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.1
  • Upper: 1.0
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending fuel records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Ingredient packaging waste (ingredient_packaging_waste)

Bags, liners, and wrapping from received ingredients leave the boundary as packaging waste for declared downstream treatment.

• Selected flow: Plastic Waste 3fd9ff2b-455a-4ed6-a52d-e2cb5a1484f3

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighed or counted packaging waste per production period

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records

• Range: Ingredient packaging waste QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending site records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Screenings and rejected material (screenings_rejects)

Screenings, foreign material, and non-recyclable rejects removed at reception leave the boundary as organic waste.

• Selected flow: Food Debris 55feef47-26fa-48d1-bcf5-1eb581143bd7

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighed waste per production period

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records

• Range: Screenings and rejects QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 30
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending site records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Reception and transfer dust (reception_dust)

Grain dust escapes to air at tipping pits, conveyors, and silo vents when dust collection does not return it to the process.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter 0418b561-ecf8-33c8-9c81-225789f15bd3

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: measured or declared estimate from dust-control records

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_dust_records

• Range: Reception dust QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 0.2
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending dust measurement
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Size reduction (grinding) (size_reduction)

Inputs

Product flows

Electricity for grinding (electricity_grinding)

Grinding is one of the dominant electrical duties of the mill and is metered or assigned from operating records.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage 2eb3b2fd-6511-4a22-9018-768024a5b5a6

• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / kWh

• Amount rule: metered or assigned grinding electricity per tonne ground

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_electricity_meters

• Range: Grinding electricity QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 6
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg ground material; specific grinding energy reported for cereal grinding duty
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: yemmak-feed-mill-energy-2021

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Grinding dust (grinding_dust)

Dust escaping grinding and aspiration systems is emitted to air.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter 0418b561-ecf8-33c8-9c81-225789f15bd3

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: measured or declared estimate from dust-control records

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_dust_records

• Range: Grinding dust QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 0.2
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending dust measurement
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Batching and mixing (batching_mixing)

Inputs

Product flows

Electricity for batching and mixing (electricity_mixing)

Batching scales, dosing augers, and mixers consume electricity metered or assigned from operating records.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage 2eb3b2fd-6511-4a22-9018-768024a5b5a6

• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / kWh

• Amount rule: metered or assigned batching and mixing electricity

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_electricity_meters

• Range: Batching and mixing electricity QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 6
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending sub-meter records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Mixing and dosing dust (mixing_dust)

Dust from micro-ingredient dosing and mixer vents escapes to air.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter 0418b561-ecf8-33c8-9c81-225789f15bd3

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: measured or declared estimate from dust-control records

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_dust_records

• Range: Mixing and dosing dust QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 0.2
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending dust measurement
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Steam conditioning, pelleting or extrusion (conditioning_pelleting)

Inputs

Product flows

Natural gas for the steam boiler (natural_gas_boiler)

Boiler fuel generates conditioning steam; combustion burdens belong to the linked upstream gas dataset, not to the foreground.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66

• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3

• Amount rule: metered boiler fuel per tonne of conditioned feed

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg conditioned feed

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_fuel_logs

• Range: Boiler fuel provisional guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1.5
  • Upper: 4.0
  • Unit: m3
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg conditioned feed; derived from about 26 kWh/t steam-conditioning duty and provisional pending boiler records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity for pelleting or extrusion (electricity_pelleting)

The pellet press or extruder drive is the single largest electrical load of a pelleting line.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage 2eb3b2fd-6511-4a22-9018-768024a5b5a6

• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / kWh

• Amount rule: metered or assigned press electricity per tonne pelleted

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg pelleted or extruded feed

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_electricity_meters

• Range: Pelleting electricity QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 4
  • Upper: 40
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg pelleted feed; formulation-dependent specific press energy
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: yemmak-feed-mill-energy-2021

Boiler feed water (boiler_water)

Make-up water feeds the steam boiler; condensate return is declared where operated.

• Selected flow: Tap water 3a8411b6-e476-4f98-9d77-0d492661a07f

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: metered boiler make-up water

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg conditioned feed

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_water_meters

• Range: Boiler feed water QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 10
  • Upper: 60
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg conditioned feed; derived from conditioning steam demand, provisional pending meter records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Cooling, crumbling and screening (cooling_screening)

Inputs

Product flows

Electricity for cooling and screening (electricity_cooling)

Cooler fans, crumblers, and screens consume electricity; fines are returned to the line as internal recycle.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage 2eb3b2fd-6511-4a22-9018-768024a5b5a6

• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / kWh

• Amount rule: metered or assigned cooling and screening electricity

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cooled feed

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_electricity_meters

• Range: Cooling and screening electricity QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 2
  • Upper: 8
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg cooled feed; provisional screen pending sub-meter records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Cooling and screening dust (cooling_dust)

Fines escaping the cooler cyclone and screening vents are emitted to air.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter 0418b561-ecf8-33c8-9c81-225789f15bd3

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: measured or declared estimate from dust-control records

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cooled feed

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_dust_records

• Range: Cooling and screening dust QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 0.2
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg cooled feed; provisional screen pending dust measurement
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Packaging and dispatch (packaging_dispatch)

Inputs

Product flows

Woven polypropylene bags (pp_woven_bags)

Bagged feed is packed in woven polypropylene bags counted with their nominal fill mass; bulk dispatch records zero bags.

• Selected flow: Woven polypropylene bag 9bfaad07-355e-467a-9bab-f95094e7c869

• Flow property / unit: Number of items / items

• Amount rule: counted bags with declared nominal fill mass per bag

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg bagged feed output

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records

• Range: Bag-use QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 20
  • Upper: 50
  • Unit: items
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg bagged feed, corresponding to nominal fill masses of 50 kg down to 20 kg per bag
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity for packaging and loading (electricity_packaging)

Bagging lines, palletisers, and bulk out-loading consume metered or assigned electricity.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage 2eb3b2fd-6511-4a22-9018-768024a5b5a6

• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / kWh

• Amount rule: metered or assigned packaging and loading electricity

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_electricity_meters

• Range: Packaging and loading electricity QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 5
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending sub-meter records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Compound feed released at the dispatch gate (reference_product_output)

Conforming compound feed leaves the foreground boundary here; this row is the PCR reference flow.

• Selected flow: Assorted Feed cb2b142b-0ed1-4d6f-9283-cfef94451a75

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: reference amount 1,000 kg as-fed, from dispatch weighbridge or packing records

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)

• Normalization basis: reference flow of this PCR

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_production_output

• Range: Reference output mass-closure guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 980
  • Upper: 1020
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: dispatched mass equivalent per 1,000 kg reference amount, consistent with the calc_mass_closure closure band
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Packaging line rejects (packaging_rejects)

Damaged bags and wrapping rejected at the packing line leave the boundary as packaging waste.

• Selected flow: Plastic Waste 3fd9ff2b-455a-4ed6-a52d-e2cb5a1484f3

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weighed or counted rejects per production period

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records

• Range: Packaging rejects QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1,000 kg compound feed output; provisional screen pending site records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

The feed-mill foreground is a single-product-per-batch operation; co-production inside the mill boundary is limited to internal recycle and waste streams. Allocation of ingredient co-production burdens, such as soybean meal versus soybean oil, is resolved inside the linked upstream datasets and is not re-allocated in the foreground.

rule_id	Rule
alloc_line_split	When a mill produces several formulations in the same period, shared electricity, fuel, water, and overhead flows are split between formulations in proportion to produced mass per formulation, using production-run or sub-meter records where available.
alloc_rework	Fines, rework, and off-spec material returned to the same line carry no additional upstream burden; only net material leaving the boundary is inventoried.
alloc_waste_cutoff	Waste outputs carry foreground burden up to the mill boundary only; treatment or valorisation burdens and credits belong to the declared downstream dataset.
alloc_upstream_coproducts	Co-product allocation for feed materials, including oilseed meals and milling fractions, follows the upstream dataset and should be consistent with the FAO LEAP feed guidelines and the PEFCR feed rules; the foreground dataset must declare which allocation its ingredient datasets apply.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_ingredient_receipts	ingredient_reception_storage	feed material inputs	weighbridge and goods-receipt records	ingredient class, supplier, received mass, moisture on receipt, linked formulation	calibrated weighbridge and receipt system	kg	per consignment	12 months	feed mill site	sum per ingredient class per formulation, normalized per 1,000 kg output	weighbridge calibration certificate, supplier delivery notes
cp_micro_ingredient_dosing	batching_mixing	micro-ingredient and additive inputs	batch dosing records	premix, amino acid, salt, mineral dose per batch, batch count	batch control system or manual dosing log	kg	per batch	12 months	feed mill site	sum per formulation, normalized per 1,000 kg output	batch reports, dosing scale calibration
cp_electricity_meters	all processes	electricity inputs	utility meter and sub-meter records	kWh per meter and period, duty assignment rules	utility invoices plus sub-meter or operating-hour assignment	kWh	monthly	12 months	feed mill site	mill total split by duty per process map	meter certificates, utility invoices
cp_fuel_logs	conditioning_pelleting, ingredient_reception_storage	boiler fuel and internal diesel	fuel meter and issue records	gas volume per period, diesel issued per vehicle or duty	gas utility meter, fuel-issue log	m3; kg	monthly	12 months	feed mill site	per duty, normalized per process output basis	meter certificates, fuel invoices
cp_water_meters	conditioning_pelleting	boiler feed water	water meter records	make-up water volume per period	site or line water meter	kg	monthly	12 months	feed mill site	per 1,000 kg conditioned feed	meter records, water invoices
cp_packaging_records	packaging_dispatch	packaging inputs	packaging stock and usage records	bag type, bags used, nominal fill mass	stores issue records and packing-line counters	items	monthly	12 months	feed mill site	items per 1,000 kg bagged output	supplier specifications, stock reconciliation
cp_production_output	packaging_dispatch	reference product output	dispatch and packing records	formulation, dispatched mass, form, bag count or bulk volume	dispatch weighbridge and packing records	kg	per batch or daily	12 months	feed mill site	sum per formulation per period	calibrated scale records, sales dispatch notes
cp_waste_records	ingredient_reception_storage, packaging_dispatch	waste outputs	waste transfer records	waste stream, mass, destination contractor	waste transfer notes or site weighings	kg	per collection	12 months	feed mill site	per waste stream, normalized per 1,000 kg output	contractor receipts, transfer notes
cp_dust_records	size_reduction, batching_mixing, conditioning_pelleting, cooling_screening, ingredient_reception_storage	dust emissions to air	stack or fugitive dust records	measured concentration or declared estimate, control device type	periodic measurement or declared engineering estimate	kg	annual	12 months	feed mill site	per emission point, normalized per process output basis	measurement reports or declared estimate note
cp_moisture_tests	ingredient_reception_storage, packaging_dispatch	moisture qualifiers	laboratory moisture tests	moisture percent per ingredient lot and per product lot	oven or rapid moisture analyser per in-house method	%	per lot	12 months	feed mill site	lot average per formulation	laboratory records

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_output_mass	reference product	dispatched formulation mass = sum of dispatch weighbridge records per formulation over the 12-month period	cp_production_output	kg output per formulation
calc_ingredient_intensity	feed material inputs	ingredient intensity = annual consignment mass per ingredient class divided by annual formulation output	cp_ingredient_receipts, calc_output_mass	kg ingredient per 1,000 kg output
calc_mass_closure	foreground balance	mass closure = (sum of ingredient, additive, and packaging inputs) minus (dispatched product plus waste outputs plus declared dust), reported as percent of input mass	cp_ingredient_receipts, cp_micro_ingredient_dosing, cp_production_output, cp_waste_records, cp_dust_records	closure percent
calc_specific_electricity	electricity inputs	process electricity intensity = assigned kWh per process divided by process output over the period	cp_electricity_meters	kWh per 1,000 kg process output	lpelc-feed-processing-energy
calc_specific_gas	natural gas input	boiler gas intensity = metered gas volume divided by conditioned feed mass over the period	cp_fuel_logs	m3 per 1,000 kg conditioned feed
calc_dry_matter	reference product and feed materials	dry matter = as-fed mass multiplied by (1 minus moisture fraction); reported alongside, never instead of, as-fed amounts	cp_moisture_tests	kg dry matter

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	whole dataset	Formulation classes, inclusion rates by class, target animal class, and feed form are declared for every produced formulation	formulation register linked to production runs
dq_measurement	meters and scales	Weighbridges, dosing scales, and utility meters are calibrated; calibration status is documented for the collection period	calibration certificates or maintenance log
dq_temporal	all foreground records	Records cover a continuous 12-month period not older than five years at dataset publication	dated records per protocol
dq_completeness	inventory	All formulation inputs are recorded; mass closure per calc_mass_closure stays within 98 to 102 percent of input mass	closure calculation per campaign
dq_disclosure	data package	Required qualifiers, exclusions, upstream dataset identities, and allocation declarations are complete	disclosure section of the data package

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Rule
val_mass_balance	A foreground data package is rejected when mass closure per calc_mass_closure falls outside 98 to 102 percent of input mass without a documented explanation.
val_energy_guardrail	Grinding and pelleting electricity outside their QA guardrail ranges, or combined mill energy outside 40 to 60 kWh per 1,000 kg feed, must be justified by meter evidence or corrected before acceptance.
val_identity_refs	Every inventory row marked with a Tiangong UUID must carry that UUID in the data package; rows with substituted ingredient flows must declare the substitute flow identity.
val_qualifiers	A data package missing any required qualifier of section 3 is incomplete and fails validation.
val_conditional_processes	Conditional processes omitted from the inventory must be justified by the declared feed form; pelleted, crumbled, or extruded feed may not omit conditioning_pelleting and cooling_screening.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset for industrial compound feed manufacture
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Linked as the foreground mill dataset in feed, livestock, aquaculture, and food LCA models; usable as background dataset for compound feed supply
excluded_use	Not valid for pet food, lucerne meal, single feed materials, medicated feed, or farm-level feeding; not valid when required qualifiers or validation rules fail
required_metadata	Required qualifiers of section 3, upstream dataset identities, allocation declarations, temporal coverage, site and country
required_quality_disclosure	Mass closure result, guardrail checks of section 9, measurement and calibration evidence summary, provisional ranges actually used
update_trigger	Reformulation beyond declared classes, process-line change, energy carrier switch, or records older than five years

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
fao-leap-2016-feed-supply-chains	official_guidance	FAO LEAP Partnership (2016), Environmental performance of animal feeds supply chains: Guidelines for assessment, http://www.fao.org/partnerships/leap/publications/en/ (retrieved 2026-07-25)	method rule; process decomposition; boundary decisions; upstream dataset requirement
ec-pefcr-feed-food-producing-animals	standard	European Commission (2018, updated 2025), Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) for feed for food-producing animals, https://www.fefac.eu/priorities/sustainability/pefcr-feed/ (retrieved 2026-07-25)	method rule; data collection rules; allocation decisions
eu-reg-767-2009-feed-marketing	standard	Regulation (EC) No 767/2009 on the placing on the market and use of feed, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/767/oj (retrieved 2026-07-25)	official product specification; category boundary
gfli-database	dataset	Global Feed LCA Institute (GFLI) database, https://globalfeedlca.org/ (retrieved 2026-07-25)	upstream ingredient dataset requirement; quality requirement
lpelc-feed-processing-energy	extension_guidance	Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Community, Feed processing energy use summary citing Redecker and Thoben (2012): 40-60 kWh per tonne of feed, https://lpelc.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Navales_Feed-processing.pdf (retrieved 2026-07-25)	range evidence for combined mill energy validation
yemmak-feed-mill-energy-2021	literature	Feed and Additive magazine (2021), Energy saving in compound feed mills: grinding 6-10 kWh/t, pelleting 4-40 kWh/t, https://www.feedandadditive.com/energy-saving-in-compound-feed-mills/ (retrieved 2026-07-25)	range evidence for grinding and pelleting electricity guardrails