Bridges, bridge sections, towers and lattice masts, of iron or steel

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers factory fabrication of iron or steel bridges, bridge sections, towers, and lattice masts supplied as transportable structural products. It applies to complete shop-fabricated products and identifiable factory-fabricated sections at the manufacturer's gate, whether uncoated, painted, thermally sprayed, or hot-dip galvanized, provided the delivered product state is declared.

The foreground boundary includes receiving and handling of purchased steel and auxiliaries; marking, cutting, drilling, forming, machining, welding, bolting and assembly performed by the manufacturer; route-specific surface cleaning and corrosion protection; inspection, repair performed before release, internal movement, and preparation for factory-gate dispatch. Purchased material production is represented by linked upstream datasets.

This PCR excludes concrete decks and foundations, cables and mechanical/electrical equipment not permanently incorporated by the reporting manufacturer, construction-site erection, civil works, installation services, outbound distribution after the factory gate, use, maintenance, demolition, and end-of-life treatment. A constructed bridge asset, a structural-steel erection service, and a general bridge-construction service are different product-system boundaries.

The CPC title establishes classification identity, while this semantic boundary establishes the canonical PCR identity. The same methodology is applicable to the covered bridge and tower/mast products because they share mass-based structural-steel fabrication, joining, finishing, inspection, and factory-gate data-production rules. Product subtype and actual fabrication route remain mandatory qualifiers.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.fabricated-metal-products-except-machinery-and-equipment.bridges-bridge-sections-towers-and-lattice-masts-of-iron-or-steel
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 42110 (exact classification context)
covered_products	Factory-fabricated iron or steel bridges; bridge sections; towers; lattice masts; permanently incorporated shop-applied fasteners and corrosion-protection layers when supplied with those products
excluded_products	Constructed bridge assets; elevated highways; structural-steel erection and bridge-construction services; prefabricated buildings; residual structural-metal products outside this category; temporary transport fixtures; site installation, use, maintenance and end-of-life services
representative_product	A released factory-fabricated structural-steel bridge section or tower/mast section ready for downstream transport and erection
production_route	Drawing-controlled receipt of steel plate and sections, cutting/forming/machining, welding or mechanical joining, route-specific surface preparation and protection, inspection and factory release
market_state	Uncoated weathering steel, shop-primed or painted steel, thermally sprayed steel, or hot-dip galvanized steel at the manufacturer's gate; declared per dataset

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provide a factory-fabricated load-bearing iron or steel bridge, bridge section, tower, or lattice mast product ready for the declared downstream transport and erection scope
How much	1,000 kg net mass of released product at the factory gate
How well	Conforming to the declared drawings, steel grades, dimensional tolerances, joint and weld requirements, inspection status, and corrosion-protection specification
How long or cycle	One released fabrication lot at the factory gate; no service-life claim is included because the covered output is an intermediate structural product
reference_flow_link	1,000 kg of the declared covered product, normalized from lot-specific released net mass

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg net released product mass
Reference product flow	Bridges, bridge sections, towers and lattice masts, of iron or steel 4a0df357-537a-4fce-aa35-87678778a6e4
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	product subtype; complete product or section scope; drawing and revision; steel grade and applicable material specification; net product mass method; fabrication and joining route; weld process and consumable classification; corrosion-protection state and coating system; permanent fastener inclusion; factory-gate release condition; manufacturing geography; reporting period; supplier and recycled-content disclosure where available

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_net_mass	Reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Measure or calculate the released net mass of permanent product components, including permanent fasteners and shop-applied metallic or paint coatings; exclude reusable lifting and transport fixtures and separately shipped installation consumables.
mass_input_consistency	Steel, welding consumables, chemicals, coatings and scrap	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record physical mass crossing the foreground boundary. For solutions or formulated coatings, record delivered product mass and declare concentration, solids content, density conversion, and unused return separately where relevant.
metered_electricity	Purchased electricity	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Preserve the original metered energy unit and apply an auditable exact unit conversion to MJ; do not derive electricity from cost. Declare grid, voltage level, geography, losses boundary, and any on-site generation or export separately.
gas_reference_conditions	Natural gas and industrial oxygen	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Record metered volume only with the temperature, pressure, wet/dry basis and meter correction or supplier reference conditions needed to make the volume reproducible.
fuel_and_water_basis	Diesel fuel and process water	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record delivered or consumed mass. Any volume-to-mass conversion must use lot- or supplier-specific density and retain the source record and reference conditions.
no_cross_route_averaging	Route-conditional inputs and outputs	Declared row property	Declared row unit	Mark a conditional row not applicable when its route is absent. Do not average galvanizing, paint, welding, cutting, fuel, or water exchanges across products that did not undergo those operations.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Purchased steel plate, structural sections, permanent bought-in components, welding consumables, auxiliaries, coating materials, fuels and utilities as received at the reporting factory boundary
starting_condition_role	Purchased-input gate for foreground factory fabrication
product_classification_scope	Factory-fabricated iron or steel bridges, bridge sections, towers and lattice masts; not completed construction assets or erection/construction services
recursive_input_rule	If a purchased bridge section, tower section, or other input is itself within this PCR category, record it as a distinct product input with supplier quantity and an upstream dataset ending at that supplier's gate; do not silently fold it into the reporting factory's own output or create a self-referential aggregate.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link each purchased material, utility, fuel, chemical and externally fabricated component to a geographically and technologically representative upstream dataset; disclose proxies and supplier-specific data gaps.
disclosure	Declare included factory operations, outsourced operations, coating route, joining route, treatment of internal returns, allocation method, cut-offs, added atomic exchanges, factory location, reporting period, and the exact factory-gate release condition.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_factory_gate	foreground_system_boundary	Include all material, energy, water, waste and direct-emission exchanges attributable to receiving, fabrication, joining, route-specific finishing, inspection, repair before release, internal movement and factory-gate dispatch preparation.	eu-pef-2021-2279; fhwa-bridge-welding-reference-manual-2020
boundary_outsourced_steps	outsourced_fabrication	Include outsourced cutting, forming, welding, heat treatment, surface preparation or coating that is part of the released product, using supplier-specific activity data or a disclosed representative dataset; do not omit it because it occurs off site.	eu-pef-2021-2279
boundary_exclusions	downstream_and_capital_scope	Exclude construction-site erection, civil works, distribution after the factory gate, use, maintenance, demolition and end-of-life. Exclude capital goods only when the study's governing method permits it and disclose the exclusion.	eu-pef-2021-2279
boundary_complete_atomic_flows	foreground_inventory_completeness	Add every actual material, fastener, welding consumable, shielding gas, abrasive, chemical, coating component, fuel, utility, waste and elementary emission as a separate atomic exchange when it crosses the declared boundary, even when it is not one of the common rows below.	eu-pef-2021-2279

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
integrated_structural_fabrication	Integrated structural fabrication and factory finishing	required	Always; individual cutting, welding, cleaning, coating, fuel and water rows apply only when used by the declared lot	Foreground manufacture from received structural materials through cutting/forming, joining, route-specific finishing, inspection and release	1,000 kg net released product mass

Process: Integrated structural fabrication and factory finishing (integrated_structural_fabrication)

Inputs

Product flows

Structural steel plate input (in_medium_plate)

Medium plate entering cutting, forming, machining or assembly is recorded from lot-specific purchasing and material-issue records. Steel grade, dimensions, coating state and supplier route must be declared.

• Selected flow: Medium Plate 53818733-c47c-4e11-a23d-af2720338592
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: measured issued mass less documented unused material returned to stock for the declared lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_and_consumable_records
• Sources:

Hot-rolled structural section input (in_hot_rolled_large_section)

Hot-rolled large sections entering cutting, drilling, forming or assembly are recorded separately from plate. The actual section geometry, grade and supplier route are required qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Hot-rolled large section cbeefeb8-2dfc-48f5-b643-f35aed0d52a1
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: measured issued mass less documented unused sections returned to stock for the declared lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_and_consumable_records
• Sources:

Flux-cored welding wire input (in_flux_cored_wire)

Flux-cored wire is recorded only for lots using flux-cored arc welding. Other electrode, wire, flux and shielding-gas products used by the declared welding procedure must be added as separate atomic exchanges.

• Selected flow: Flux Cored Wire 1b74a576-06e0-4764-97ce-11a73f8a4752
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: issued mass minus sealed unused wire returned to controlled stock for the declared lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass for lots using flux-cored arc welding; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_and_consumable_records
• Sources: fhwa-bridge-welding-reference-manual-2020

Industrial oxygen input (in_industrial_oxygen)

Industrial oxygen is recorded only when supplied across the foreground boundary for oxy-fuel cutting, heating or another declared fabrication operation. Oxygen used by absent routes is not averaged into the lot.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3; unit group 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: supplier-corrected or metered volume at declared reference conditions attributable to the lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass for oxygen-using operations; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_and_fuel_records
• Sources:

Natural gas input (in_natural_gas)

Gaseous natural gas is recorded only for direct-fired heating, thermal cutting, curing or other declared factory use. Composition, reference conditions and biogenic blending must be disclosed.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3; unit group 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: corrected metered or invoiced volume allocated to the lot under the declared allocation rule
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass when natural gas is used; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_and_fuel_records
• Sources:

Purchased electricity input (in_electricity)

Purchased electrical energy used for cutting, machining, welding, ventilation, compressed air, coating, internal handling and inspection is recorded from meters or an auditable allocation from facility meters.

• Selected flow: Electricity 67b723a9-6f63-4802-adca-b52ce7967d47
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ; unit group 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: metered purchased electricity attributable to the declared lot, converted to MJ with an auditable exact unit conversion
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_and_fuel_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279; fhwa-bridge-welding-reference-manual-2020

Diesel fuel input (in_diesel_fuel)

Diesel consumed by owned mobile equipment, generators or direct-fired equipment inside the foreground boundary is recorded separately. Contractor fuel is included only when that contracted activity is inside the product boundary and is not already represented by a supplier dataset.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel 9d258d75-6792-4f1c-9856-81602ed8f816
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: measured or inventory-reconciled consumed mass attributable to the lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass when diesel is used; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_and_fuel_records
• Sources:

Process water input (in_process_water)

Process water is recorded only when used for wet cleaning, rinsing, water-based surface preparation or another declared factory operation. Cooling water in a closed loop or a distinct supplied water grade must be represented separately.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: metered or batch-recorded consumed mass attributable to the declared lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass for water-using operations; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_and_fuel_records
• Sources:

Sodium hydroxide input (in_sodium_hydroxide)

Sodium hydroxide is recorded only when the declared surface-treatment route uses it. Delivered solution mass and concentration are recorded without treating pure NaOH mass and solution mass as interchangeable.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: delivered product mass consumed by the declared lot, with solution concentration and unused return documented
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass for alkaline-cleaning operations; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_and_consumable_records
• Sources:

Special High Grade zinc metal input (in_shg_zinc_metal)

Special High Grade zinc metal is recorded only when that grade is added to a hot-dip galvanizing bath for the declared product. Other zinc grades, zinc-aluminium wires and bath-alloy additions are separate atomic exchanges.

• Selected flow: Special High Grade zinc metal 2d8ff1bd-e128-4c74-a99d-b8734c99bbd2
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: bath make-up mass attributable to the declared lot using documented bath inventory reconciliation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released hot-dip galvanized product mass; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_and_consumable_records
• Sources: fhwa-thermal-spray-coatings-2014

Two-component zinc-rich epoxy primer input (in_zinc_rich_epoxy_primer)

The wet, mixed two-component zinc-rich epoxy primer crossing the factory boundary is recorded only for the declared paint system. Its Tiangong flow UUID remains unresolved because the audited candidates did not verify the required formulation.

• Selected flow: Two-component zinc-rich epoxy primer
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: mixed wet product mass applied plus documented spray and mixing loss attributable to the lot, net of separately measured recoverable return
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass for lots using this primer; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_and_consumable_records
• Sources: fhwa-one-coat-steel-bridges-2011

Waste flows

No waste input is prescribed. If a waste-derived input crosses the boundary, add the specific waste flow as an atomic input and document its treatment and end-of-waste state.

Elementary flows

No elementary input is prescribed by this common pattern. Add any measured elementary resource input as its own atomic exchange.

Outputs

Product flows

Released reference product (out_reference_product)

The released output is the measured or calculated net mass of the covered factory-fabricated product that passed the declared acceptance and inspection requirements.

• Selected flow: Bridges, bridge sections, towers and lattice masts, of iron or steel 4a0df357-537a-4fce-aa35-87678778a6e4
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: 1,000 kg after normalization from lot-specific released net product mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1,000 kg net released product mass
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_release_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Waste flows

Post-industrial steel scrap output (out_post_industrial_steel_scrap)

Steel offcuts, turnings and rejected steel pieces leaving the fabrication process as post-industrial scrap are measured separately from reusable material returned to stock and from non-ferrous or coated hazardous waste.

• Selected flow: Post-industrial steel scrap c143745d-be4f-4d8f-b403-2dcbfe685349
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: measured mass leaving the foreground boundary as post-industrial steel scrap, net of internal reuse
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_scrap_and_waste_records
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from natural-gas combustion (out_co2_fossil_natural_gas)

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from natural gas burned inside the foreground boundary is calculated or measured separately from upstream gas-supply emissions. It is absent when no natural gas is combusted on site.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: direct monitored mass or measured natural-gas quantity multiplied by a documented composition- and geography-appropriate fossil CO2 factor; keep upstream emissions excluded
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass when natural gas is combusted; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_combustion_records
• Sources:

Fossil carbon dioxide from diesel combustion (out_co2_fossil_diesel)

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from diesel burned inside the foreground boundary is calculated or measured separately from upstream diesel-supply emissions and from any declared biogenic fraction.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: direct monitored mass or measured diesel quantity multiplied by a documented grade-, composition- and geography-appropriate fossil CO2 factor; keep upstream emissions excluded
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net released product mass when diesel is combusted; otherwise not applicable
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_combustion_records
• Sources:

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid_by_subdivision	foreground_burden_allocation	Avoid allocation by separately metering, batch-recording or otherwise subdividing operations and utilities directly attributable to the declared product lot.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_physical_causality	shared_factory_operations	When subdivision is not feasible, use a documented causal physical driver such as measured machine time, weld length, cutting time, coating area, lifted mass-distance or occupied process time. Product mass alone is permitted only when shown to represent the shared operation's physical causality.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_other_relationship	residual_multifunctionality	Use another relationship, including economic allocation, only after documenting why subdivision, system expansion and a relevant physical relationship are not feasible; disclose prices, period and sensitivity when economic allocation is used.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_scrap_no_hidden_credit	post_industrial_steel_scrap	Record post-industrial steel scrap at its measured mass and destination. Do not apply an avoided-primary-steel credit or recycling substitution inside this factory-gate inventory unless the governing study method explicitly requires it and the method is disclosed without double counting.	eu-pef-2021-2279

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_and_consumable_records	integrated_structural_fabrication	in_medium_plate; in_hot_rolled_large_section; in_flux_cored_wire; in_sodium_hydroxide; in_shg_zinc_metal; in_zinc_rich_epoxy_primer	Purchase receipt, material certificate, stock issue/return, batch mix and bath inventory record	product identity; supplier; lot; grade/formulation; gross issued quantity; unused return; concentration or solids; unit; date; linked product lot	Reconcile traceable receipt and issue records to the fabrication lot; use calibrated weighing where available and retain conversions	kg	Per receipt and issue; reconcile per lot and reporting period	Complete production period represented by the dataset	All included lines and storage/issue points at the reporting factory, plus in-scope outsourced records	Sum consumed quantity by atomic product identity, subtract only documented reusable return, then normalize by released net product mass	Purchase records; material certificates; stock ledger; scale calibration; batch sheet; bath reconciliation; lot traceability
cp_utility_and_fuel_records	integrated_structural_fabrication	in_industrial_oxygen; in_natural_gas; in_electricity; in_diesel_fuel; in_process_water	Calibrated submeter, supplier invoice, tank/stock reconciliation or equipment log	meter start/end; corrected quantity; unit; reference conditions; fuel grade; meter location; operating hours; allocation driver; lot; date	Prefer lot or process submeters; otherwise reconcile facility totals and allocate using the documented causal driver	m3, MJ or kg as specified by the row	Continuous or per delivery, aggregated at least monthly and reconciled to the lot	Same period as released product, with opening/closing inventory where relevant	All in-scope meters, tanks and equipment; exclude quantities already included in outsourced datasets	Subtract exports and out-of-boundary uses, allocate only the remaining in-scope quantity, convert units audibly, then normalize	Meter calibration; invoices; tank dip or stock balance; equipment log; allocation worksheet; reference-condition record
cp_product_release_records	integrated_structural_fabrication	out_reference_product	Release certificate, calibrated scale record, shipping mass record or drawing-controlled permanent-component BOM	product subtype; lot; drawing revision; component mass; permanent fastener mass; coating mass; excluded fixture mass; acceptance status; release date	Prefer direct calibrated weighing; otherwise sum verified permanent-component masses and reconcile against shipping or weighbridge data	kg	Per released lot	Complete reporting period	All covered products released by the reporting factory	Include accepted permanent product mass only; exclude reusable fixtures and unreleased/reworked inventory; sum lots before normalization	Release certificate; inspection acceptance; scale calibration; signed BOM; shipping mass reconciliation
cp_scrap_and_waste_records	integrated_structural_fabrication	out_post_industrial_steel_scrap	Segregated waste scale ticket and stock movement record	waste identity; alloy/coating contamination; mass; container tare; source lot/process; internal reuse; destination; date	Weigh each outbound segregated scrap stream; reconcile internal return before classifying material as waste	kg	Per shipment with monthly reconciliation	Same period as production records	All fabrication, repair and rejection areas in scope	Sum only scrap crossing the foreground boundary, net of documented internal reuse; keep other wastes as separate atomic rows	Calibrated scale tickets; waste transfer note; recycler receipt; internal return ledger
cp_direct_combustion_records	integrated_structural_fabrication	out_co2_fossil_natural_gas; out_co2_fossil_diesel	Continuous emission monitor or fuel-consumption and emission-factor calculation record	fuel row; quantity; composition/grade; fossil fraction; factor value; factor unit; factor source and year; oxidation assumption; monitor result; lot allocation	Use direct monitoring when representative; otherwise multiply measured fuel use by a documented factor compatible with fuel, geography and period, and keep gas and diesel calculations separate	kg CO2	Per monitoring interval or fuel reconciliation; aggregate with production period	Same period as fuel and released-product records	All direct combustion sources inside the foreground boundary	Sum direct fossil CO2 by fuel and source, exclude upstream supply emissions, allocate using the same causal driver as fuel, then normalize	Monitor QA record or complete factor citation; fuel record; calculation workbook; allocation record; independent check

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	Every inventory row	normalized amount = period or lot amount × 1,000 / released net product mass in kg; calculate before rounding and preserve the unrounded value	atomic lot or period amount; released net product mass	row amount per 1,000 kg reference product	eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_released_net_mass	out_reference_product	Prefer calibrated direct mass. If calculated, sum permanent accepted steel, permanent fasteners and shop-applied coating mass, subtract only documented reusable fixtures and packaging not sold as product, and reconcile with shipping mass.	accepted component/BOM masses; coating mass; scale or shipping reconciliation	released net product mass	eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_shared_resource_allocation	Shared utilities and consumables	Allocate the reconciled in-scope total using the selected causal physical driver; allocation fractions across all products sharing the total must sum to 1 before normalization.	reconciled resource total; product-specific driver values	allocated lot resource quantity	eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_direct_fossil_co2	out_co2_fossil_natural_gas; out_co2_fossil_diesel	For each fuel separately, direct fossil CO2 = measured fuel quantity × documented compatible fossil CO2 factor, adjusted only for a documented fossil fraction; do not add upstream supply emissions to these elementary rows.	measured fuel quantity; factor; fossil fraction; direct monitor result when used	direct fossil CO2 mass by fuel

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_traceability	Reference product and steel inputs	Link each released lot to drawings, product subtype, steel grades, material certificates, component/BOM records, joining route, coating state and release acceptance.	Drawing register; material certificates; route card; release certificate
dq_temporal_completeness	All foreground rows	Cover a representative continuous production period, normally at least 12 months where production is recurring; disclose shorter campaigns, shutdowns, atypical projects and inventory changes.	Production calendar; meter/invoice period reconciliation; lot list
dq_atomic_completeness	Foreground inventory	Reconcile the actual BOM, consumable ledger, utility meters, fuel records, waste records and environmental permits. Add every additional crossing as an atomic row and justify any omission under the governing cut-off rule.	Signed completeness reconciliation and cut-off log
dq_measurement_quality	Measured quantities	Record instrument, calibration status, resolution, reference conditions, conversion factors and estimation share; flag missing or expired calibration.	Calibration certificates; meter register; conversion worksheet
dq_representativeness	Upstream datasets and shared allocations	Evaluate technological, geographical and temporal match; identify proxies and quantify the foreground share based on estimates rather than direct records.	Data-quality assessment; supplier geography; dataset metadata; allocation worksheet
dq_route_separation	Welding, coating, fuel and water rows	Demonstrate that not-applicable routes were excluded and that route-specific exchanges were not averaged into products that did not undergo those operations.	Route card; work order; coating/welding procedure; lot-level allocation
dq_emission_factor_provenance	Calculated direct emissions	Retain full factor identity, publisher, version/year, fuel basis, geography, units, oxidation and fossil-fraction assumptions; an undocumented default factor is not acceptable.	Factor source and calculation review record

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_identity	reference_flow_and_metadata	Confirm the reference UUID, 1,000 kg mass basis, product subtype, drawing/revision, steel grade, fabrication route, coating state, geography, period and factory-gate release condition.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; eu-pef-2021-2279
validation_process_coverage	foreground_processes	Confirm all in-scope receipt, cutting/forming/machining, joining, route-specific finishing, inspection, repair, internal movement and dispatch-preparation operations are represented directly or through a disclosed in-scope outsourced dataset.	eu-pef-2021-2279; fhwa-bridge-welding-reference-manual-2020
validation_atomic_inventory	process_inventory	Confirm each exchange is one physical product, waste or elementary flow; split additional electrodes, fluxes, gases, fasteners, abrasives, coatings, fuels, water grades, wastes and emissions rather than using collection labels.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validation_mass_reconciliation	steel_and_product_mass	Reconcile issued steel = released product steel content + post-industrial steel scrap + internal return + work-in-progress change + measured process loss, with every residual investigated and disclosed.
validation_utility_reconciliation	electricity_fuels_gases_water	Reconcile submeter or allocated lot totals to facility meters, invoices and opening/closing stocks; allocation fractions for each shared total must sum to 1.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validation_route_conditions	conditional_rows	Verify each conditional input and output against work orders and procedure records; absent oxygen, natural gas, diesel, water, sodium hydroxide, galvanizing zinc, primer or direct-combustion routes must be marked not applicable rather than zero-filled into an average.	fhwa-bridge-welding-reference-manual-2020; fhwa-thermal-spray-coatings-2014; fhwa-one-coat-steel-bridges-2011
validation_coating_compatibility	coated_products	Confirm coating identity, layer/system, surface preparation, application location, wet/dry basis and inclusion of permanent coating mass are consistent with the declared released product.	fhwa-thermal-spray-coatings-2014; fhwa-one-coat-steel-bridges-2011
validation_direct_emissions	direct_combustion	Confirm natural-gas and diesel fossil CO2 rows include direct foreground combustion only, use measured fuel or representative monitoring, and retain compatible factor provenance and fossil fraction without double counting upstream emissions.
validation_data_quality	dataset_release	Confirm temporal coverage, calibration, source traceability, data gaps, proxy use, cut-offs, allocation and uncertainty disclosures are complete enough for the stated downstream role.	eu-pef-2021-2279

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Product-specific or facility-average factory-gate inventory dataset for a declared iron/steel bridge, bridge section, tower or lattice mast product
downstream_use	May be used as a secondary_dataset or background_dataset for construction, infrastructure, energy or communications systems when product subtype, geography, technology, period and factory-gate boundary match
allowed_use	Product-specific modelling; supplier or facility benchmarking with aligned scopes; downstream construction and asset models that add transport, erection, use, maintenance and end-of-life explicitly
excluded_use	Constructed-bridge or installed-tower results; erection/construction service datasets; generic structural steel production; use-stage durability claims; substitution or recycling credits not documented by the consuming method
required_metadata	PCR id and version/status; reference UUID and amount; product subtype; complete/section scope; drawing/specification; steel grade; joining and coating routes; net-mass method; factory and geography; period; allocation; cut-offs; upstream dataset list; added atomic exchanges
required_quality_disclosure	Foreground versus estimated shares; measurement/calibration status; temporal, geographical and technological representativeness; material and utility reconciliation; factor provenance; unresolved flow identities; uncertainty and proxy use
update_trigger	Material change in product design or mass, steel grade or supplier route, welding/assembly technology, coating system, factory energy mix, fuel, allocation method, outsourced scope, emission factor, geography, or reporting period; or resolution of an unresolved UUID/range evidence need

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	Dataset (dataset)	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Ver. 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, row 42110, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Official classification identity and English product title
china-mof-2013-tariff-schedule	Official guidance (official_guidance)	Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China, tariff schedule, page 127, lines 73081000 and 73082000, https://gss.mof.gov.cn/gzdt/zhengcefabu/201306/P020130708509079068339.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Professional Chinese product terminology for bridge sections, towers and lattice masts
fhwa-bridge-welding-reference-manual-2020	Handbook (handbook)	U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Bridge Welding Reference Manual, FHWA-HIF-19-088, September 2019 with September 2020 errata, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif19088.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Welding-process decomposition, welding-consumable roles, electric welding equipment, inspection and quality records
fhwa-one-coat-steel-bridges-2011	Official guidance (official_guidance)	U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Performance Evaluation of One-Coat Systems for New Steel Bridges, FHWA-HRT-11-046, June 2011, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/bridge/11046/001.cfm (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Abrasive surface preparation and zinc-rich primer/coating-system process scope
fhwa-thermal-spray-coatings-2014	Official guidance (official_guidance)	U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Slip and Creep of Thermal Spray Coatings, FHWA-HRT-14-083, September 2014, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/14083/index.cfm (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Corrosion-protection route distinctions, blast cleaning, zinc-bearing coatings, hot-dip galvanizing and coating quality records
eu-pef-2021-2279	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission, Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279, Annex I Product Environmental Footprint Method, Official Journal L 471, 30 December 2021, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021H2279 (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Declared-unit and reference-flow method, company-specific BOM and manufacturing data, boundary and completeness rules, data quality, and allocation hierarchy