Sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oil, refined

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to bulk refined edible oil derived from sunflower seed, safflower seed, or a declared blend of the two, at the refinery plant gate. It covers the foreground refining of received crude oil through the route actually operated, including degumming, chemical neutralisation and washing when used, bleaching and filtration, deodorisation, finishing filtration, and bulk storage. Utilities, process water, refining aids, directly generated residues, wastewater, and direct releases are included when they cross the foreground boundary.

Agricultural seed production, crude-oil extraction, inbound transport before crude-oil receipt, retail packaging, distribution, retail, consumer use, and end-of-life are outside this gate-to-gate foreground boundary. Upstream crude-oil supply and other technosphere inputs shall be linked as background datasets. Virgin, cold-pressed, and unrefined oils are excluded because their production state and process route differ from refined oil. The product shall be identified as sunflower oil, safflower oil, or a declared sunflower/safflower blend and shall be in a state suitable for its declared food-market use.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.meat-fish-fruits-vegetables-oils-and-fats.sunflower-seed-and-safflower-seed-oil-refined
classification_refs	CPC 3.0:21632 (exact)
covered_products	Bulk refined sunflower-seed oil; bulk refined safflower-seed oil; declared blends consisting only of refined sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oils
excluded_products	Crude oil; virgin or cold-pressed oil; unrefined oil; oil from other botanical sources; formulated blends containing other oils; packaged retail products; used cooking oil; biodiesel and other chemically transformed derivatives
representative_product	Refined edible sunflower-seed or safflower-seed oil, bulk at refinery plant gate
production_route	Receipt of crude sunflower/safflower oil; degumming; chemical neutralisation and washing or a declared physical-refining route; bleaching and filtration; deodorisation; cooling or polishing filtration; bulk storage
market_state	Finished, refined, food-grade oil in bulk at the refinery plant gate, before retail packaging and distribution

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Bulk refined edible oil derived from sunflower seed, safflower seed, or their declared blend
How much	1 kg net mass of refined oil
How well	Meets the declared applicable food-grade specification and the declared sunflower/safflower identity; free of packaging mass
How long or cycle	One production lot or campaign at refinery plant-gate release; no service duration applies
reference_flow_link	refined_sunflower_safflower_oil

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oil, refined 1b88e515-861e-4552-b494-67bb3d645aa7
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	botanical source: sunflower, safflower, or declared blend ratio; refining route: chemical, physical, or combined; oleic grade where claimed; food-grade specification and release criteria; production geography; production period; bulk plant-gate state; packaging exclusion

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference product and all mass-normalised inventory rows	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report the reference product as 1 kg net oil mass. Exclude packaging, pallets, containers, and retained tank heel from the reference amount.
wet_dry_basis	crude oil, refining aids, residues, and wastewater	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	State whether each mass is as-received, dry, or active-substance basis. Do not convert between bases without measured moisture or concentration and a documented formula.
energy_conversion	purchased electricity, fuels, and steam	declared energy or mass property	kWh, MJ, or kg as applicable	Preserve the metered or invoiced unit in raw records; document conversion factors and avoid treating steam mass as an energy quantity without measured steam conditions or an explicit enthalpy method.
blend_accounting	sunflower/safflower blends	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record sunflower and safflower crude-oil inputs separately and disclose their mass shares; the shares shall reconcile to the total crude-oil feed after any separately measured non-oil additions.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Crude sunflower-seed oil, crude safflower-seed oil, or their declared blend received at the refinery gate, with mass, botanical source, quality state, supplier or upstream dataset, and receipt period recorded
starting_condition_role	Foreground refining feed and boundary hand-off from upstream oil extraction and transport
product_classification_scope	Refined sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oils only; CPC 3.0:21632 is classification context rather than canonical identity
recursive_input_rule	Any purchased refined sunflower/safflower oil entering the same category shall be recorded as a technosphere input with supplier dataset and shall not cause recursive reapplication of this foreground refining PCR
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link each crude-oil feed, utility, chemical, and other technosphere input to a geographically and temporally appropriate upstream dataset; disclose proxy use and any omitted transport
disclosure	Declare refining route, included unit operations, facility geography, production period, crude-oil botanical shares, co-products and residues, wastewater treatment hand-off, direct-emission coverage, and packaging exclusion

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_gate_to_gate	foreground refinery	Include operations from measured crude-oil receipt through release of bulk refined oil from plant storage, together with onsite utilities, refining aids, residues, wastewater, and direct releases attributable to that route.	ec-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca
boundary_route_disclosure	chemical, physical, or combined refining	Include only operations actually used and explicitly disclose omitted or substituted steps; chemical neutralisation and washing are conditional when physical refining is used.	nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca
boundary_upstream_handoff	purchased crude oil and other technosphere inputs	Keep upstream production outside the foreground refinery but require linked upstream datasets and disclose any proxy, cut-off, or missing transport.	ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011
boundary_quality_state	reference product	The output shall be released as refined oil in the declared food-market state; virgin, cold-pressed, crude, and packaged retail products are outside scope.	codex-cxs-210-1999

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
oil_refining	Crude sunflower/safflower oil refining	required	Always required; record the actual chemical, physical, or combined route	Foreground conversion of received crude oil to bulk refined edible oil	1 kg net refined oil at plant gate

Process: Crude sunflower/safflower oil refining (oil_refining)

Inputs

Product flows

Crude sunflower/safflower oil feed (crude_oil_feed)

Measure each botanical crude-oil feed received into the refining route. Keep sunflower, safflower, and blend components distinguishable in raw records.

• Selected flow: Sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oil, crude e48ecaca-7bfe-427a-a117-7eeeb8253565
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net mass of crude oil charged to the refining route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_inputs
• Range: Provisional crude-feed mass-balance screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1.0
  • Upper: 1.2
  • Unit: kg/kg refined oil
  • Basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process water (process_water)

Record water supplied for degumming, washing, cleaning, vacuum systems, and other refining uses that crosses the foreground boundary; keep non-contact cooling water separately identifiable.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered or reconciled water use allocated to the refining campaign
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_inputs
• Sources: nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca
• Range: Provisional water-use screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.5
  • Unit: kg/kg refined oil
  • Basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output; replace with route-specific evidence or foreground records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Bleaching earth and filter aids (bleaching_aids)

Record fresh adsorbents and filter aids consumed in bleaching and polishing filtration, with material type and moisture basis declared.

• Selected flow: Bleaching earth and filter aids
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: stock issue or purchase mass minus verified returns, normalised to refined oil output
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_inputs
• Sources: nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca
• Range: Provisional adsorbent screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.05
  • Unit: kg/kg refined oil
  • Basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output; replace with route-specific evidence or foreground records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Neutralisation and degumming chemicals (refining_chemicals)

Record caustic, acid, and other refining chemicals by commercial product mass and active concentration. This row is conditional on the declared route and actual chemical use.

• Selected flow: Refining chemicals, route-specific
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or invoiced chemical product mass, with active concentration recorded
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_inputs
• Range: Provisional refining-chemical screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.05
  • Unit: kg commercial product/kg refined oil
  • Basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output; replace with route-specific evidence or foreground records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Purchased steam or thermal utility (thermal_energy)

Record purchased steam mass and conditions, or the separately metered fuel and boiler system used to generate onsite steam. Do not count both purchased steam and its upstream fuel.

• Selected flow: Steam or thermal energy, route-specific
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg steam, or Energy / MJ, as metered
• Amount rule: measured purchased steam or calculated useful thermal energy from reconciled foreground records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_inputs
• Sources: nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca
• Range: Provisional purchased-steam screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1.0
  • Unit: kg steam/kg refined oil
  • Basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output; applicable only when steam mass is the recorded quantity
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Purchased electricity (electricity_input)

Record metered or invoiced electricity attributable to refining, pumping, vacuum, filtration, cooling, and bulk storage within the foreground boundary.

• Selected flow: Electricity, location-specific supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered electricity or a documented allocation of a complete facility meter balance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_inputs
• Sources: nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca
• Range: Provisional electricity screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1.0
  • Unit: kWh/kg refined oil
  • Basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output; replace with site or technology evidence
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

No waste input is required by this PCR. Record any recovered oil, rework, or externally received residue as a separate product or waste input with its origin and treatment status.

Elementary flows

Record any directly abstracted water or other resource input as the corresponding elementary flow rather than as purchased process water.

Outputs

Product flows

Bulk refined sunflower/safflower oil (refined_sunflower_safflower_oil)

The quantitative reference is the net mass of conforming bulk refined oil released from the foreground refinery.

• Selected flow: Sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oil, refined 1b88e515-861e-4552-b494-67bb3d645aa7
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: fixed quantitative reference of 1 kg net refined oil
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Not applicable (not_applicable)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)

Saleable soapstock, acid oil, or recovered oil (refining_coproducts)

Record each output separately when it has a documented destination and economic value; otherwise classify it as waste and document the treatment hand-off.

• Selected flow: Route-specific saleable refining co-product
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dispatch mass or tank reconciliation by co-product type
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_outputs_and_wastes
• Range: Provisional co-product screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.15
  • Unit: kg/kg refined oil
  • Basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output; replace with route-specific evidence or foreground records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Spent bleaching earth and filter residue (spent_bleaching_residue)

Record wet as-dispatched mass, retained oil where measured, waste classification, and treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Spent bleaching earth and filter residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dispatch mass with moisture and retained-oil basis disclosed
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_outputs_and_wastes
• Sources: nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca
• Range: Provisional spent-residue screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.1
  • Unit: kg/kg refined oil
  • Basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output; replace with route-specific evidence or foreground records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Refinery wastewater (refinery_wastewater)

Record wastewater leaving refining operations before onsite or offsite treatment; keep reused water and non-contact cooling water distinguishable.

• Selected flow: Refinery wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured discharge or documented water balance, before treatment hand-off
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_outputs_and_wastes
• Sources: nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca
• Range: Provisional wastewater screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1.0
  • Unit: kg/kg refined oil
  • Basis: per 1 kg net refined oil output; replace with route-specific evidence or foreground records
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Direct emissions to air, water, and soil shall be reported as individual elementary flows when they cross the site boundary. Do not use a generic aggregated emission row in place of measured pollutants.

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid	shared refinery operations and utilities	Avoid allocation where separately metered or otherwise separable operations can be subdivided. Do not allocate upstream crude-oil production to the foreground refinery.	ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011
allocation_physical_first	inseparable multi-output refining operations	If subdivision is not practicable, use a documented physical relationship that reflects the causation of inputs, energy use, residues, and emissions. Mass allocation shall not be used automatically when it does not reflect the physical relationship.	ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011
allocation_economic_fallback	saleable co-products lacking a defensible physical relationship	Economic allocation may be used only after documenting why subdivision, system expansion, and physical allocation are not practicable; use contemporaneous plant-gate values and disclose the price period and sensitivity.	ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011
allocation_waste_status	soapstock, acid oil, spent bleaching earth, filter residue, and wastewater	Classify an output as product or waste from its documented destination and economic status. Do not assign co-product credit to a waste output without a verified recovery function and receiving dataset.	ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_mass_inputs	oil_refining	crude oil, process water, bleaching aids, and refining chemicals	weighbridge ticket, tank dip or calibrated meter, stock ledger, purchase record, laboratory concentration record	date; batch; material identity; botanical source; gross and tare mass or meter reading; moisture or active concentration; returns; meter id	reconcile batch records to inventory movement and production output	kg; concentration as mass fraction where applicable	per delivery or batch, aggregated monthly	representative continuous 12-month period or complete declared campaign	all refining lines and storage feeding the reported output	sum net inputs by material and divide by conforming net refined-oil output; avoid double counting transfers	calibration record; inventory reconciliation; supplier specification; laboratory result; exception log
cp_energy_inputs	oil_refining	electricity, steam, and fuel	utility meter, invoice, boiler log, steam flow and condition record	timestamp; meter id; opening and closing reading; fuel quantity; steam pressure and temperature where used; allocation driver; downtime	direct submetering preferred; otherwise reconcile the complete facility balance and document allocation	kWh; MJ; kg steam; fuel-specific unit	continuous or per shift, aggregated monthly	same period as production output	all utilities serving the reported refining route	subtract verified non-production use, convert with documented factors, and normalise to net refined-oil output	meter calibration; invoice reconciliation; conversion-factor source; allocation worksheet
cp_outputs_and_wastes	oil_refining	refined oil, co-products, spent residue, and wastewater	certified production mass, dispatch ticket, tank reconciliation, waste manifest, wastewater meter and test	date; batch; output identity; net mass; moisture; retained oil; destination; economic status; wastewater volume or mass; treatment route	reconcile certified output, tank change, dispatch, and waste records	kg; m3 only when density and conversion are documented	per batch or dispatch, aggregated monthly	same period as inputs	all reported refining lines, storage, and waste hand-offs	sum each distinct output; convert volumes only with measured or justified density; normalise to reference output	product release certificate; weighbridge record; waste manifest; treatment receipt; meter calibration; mass-balance review

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalise_reference	every inventory amount	Normalised amount = period amount / conforming net refined-oil output for the same period. The reference product is then set to exactly 1 kg.	reconciled period amount; conforming net refined-oil output	amount per kg refined oil
calc_active_chemical	chemicals reported as solutions or commercial products	Active amount = commercial product mass × measured active mass fraction. Retain both commercial-product and active-substance values.	product mass; certificate or test concentration	kg active substance and kg commercial product per kg refined oil
calc_volume_to_mass	oil, water, steam condensate, and wastewater recorded by volume	Mass = measured volume × density at the declared temperature. Do not apply an assumed density without marking the result as modelled and disclosing the assumption.	volume; density; temperature	kg per kg refined oil	codex-cxs-210-1999
calc_mass_balance	refinery mass-bearing inputs and outputs	Mass-balance residual = total mass inputs − total measured product, co-product, waste, wastewater, and direct mass outputs. Investigate and disclose the residual rather than forcing it to zero.	all mass-bearing rows on a consistent wet/dry basis	residual kg and residual share per kg refined oil

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	crude and refined oils	Preserve botanical source, blend share, refining route, oleic grade where claimed, product specification, batch or campaign, and the selected Tiangong flow identity.	supplier specification; batch record; product release certificate; flow UUID verification
dq_measurement	all foreground amounts	Use calibrated meters, scales, tank reconciliations, invoices, or laboratory tests; disclose conversions, allocation drivers, missing records, and estimates.	calibration certificate; meter and invoice reconciliation; calculation worksheet; exception log
dq_temporal	foreground dataset	Cover a representative continuous 12-month period or the complete declared production campaign and disclose shutdowns, abnormal batches, and seasonality.	production calendar; maintenance and downtime logs; monthly completeness table
dq_completeness	process inventory	Account for reference output, crude feed, major aids, water, energy, co-products, waste, wastewater, and direct releases; document each excluded flow and demonstrate that it is immaterial to the intended use.	mass and energy balance; flow register; omission log; treatment receipts
dq_representativeness	foreground and linked upstream data	Report technological, geographical, and time-related representativeness and disclose all proxy datasets and mismatches.	dataset metadata; supplier and facility records; proxy and limitation statement; ilcd-data-network-compliance-2010

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	reference flow	Verify exact flow UUID, Mass property UUID, Units of mass UUID, kg unit, botanical-source qualifier, refining route, and bulk plant-gate state.	codex-cxs-210-1999
validate_reference_amount	quantitative reference	Require exactly 1 kg net refined oil and exclude packaging or container mass.
validate_route_coverage	process boundary	Confirm that every operated refining step, onsite utility, material aid, residue, wastewater hand-off, and direct release is included or explicitly justified as excluded.	ec-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca
validate_mass_balance	mass-bearing inventory	Recalculate the period mass balance on consistent wet/dry and concentration bases; any unexplained residual or forced closure is a finding requiring disclosure and correction.
validate_no_double_counting	utilities and upstream links	Reject simultaneous counting of purchased steam and the fuel used by an upstream steam dataset, or purchased crude oil and duplicated upstream extraction within the same foreground process.	ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011
validate_allocation	co-products and wastes	Confirm the allocation hierarchy, output economic status, factor period, and sensitivity disclosure; reject undocumented mass or economic allocation.	ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011
validate_quality_state	released reference product	Confirm the product is refined and meets the declared applicable food-grade identity and quality specification; reject crude, virgin, cold-pressed, off-spec, or packaged output as the reference product.	codex-cxs-210-1999
validate_provisional_ranges	reasoned-estimate ranges	Treat every reasoned_estimate range as a non-conformance screen only; do not substitute it for foreground data, and flag it for replacement before publication-critical use.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground gate-to-gate refinery dataset for bulk refined sunflower-seed and/or safflower-seed oil
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after methodology and translation review and with complete representativeness disclosure
allowed_use	Attributional product systems requiring bulk refined sunflower/safflower oil at plant gate; supplier or regional modelling when geography, route, period, blend share, and upstream links match
excluded_use	Agricultural seed production; crude-oil extraction; virgin or cold-pressed oil; packaged retail oil; unspecified generic vegetable oil; consequential substitution without a separate method; food-safety certification
required_metadata	facility geography; production period; botanical source and blend share; refining route; oleic grade where claimed; product specification; plant-gate bulk state; technology; allocation method; upstream dataset references; packaging exclusion
required_quality_disclosure	meter and scale coverage; temporal completeness; mass-balance residual; energy accounting method; wastewater and direct-emission coverage; co-product/waste classification; proxies; exclusions; provisional reasoned estimates; technological, geographical, and temporal representativeness
update_trigger	change in botanical blend, refining route, oleic grade, specification, facility or utility system, allocation basis, wastewater treatment, upstream crude-oil source, production period, or evidence sufficient to replace a provisional range

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
codex-cxs-210-1999	standard	FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, Standard for Named Vegetable Oils, CXS 210-1999, amended 2024 and republished with 2026 correction, https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/tr/?lnk=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fworkspace.fao.org%2Fsites%2Fcodex%2FStandards%2FCXS+210-1999%2FCXS_210e.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	sunflower and safflower oil identity; human-consumption state; refined-oil quality and measurement context
ec-jrc-fdm-bref-2019	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document in the Food, Drink and Milk Industries, adopted December 2019, https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/food-drink-and-milk-industries (retrieved 2026-08-10)	official industrial food-processing scope for vegetable raw materials and the range of activities at installations
nucci-et-al-2014-sunflower-oil-lca	literature	Nucci, B.; Puccini, M.; Pelagagge, L.; Vitolo, S.; Nicolella, C. (2014), Improving the environmental performance of vegetable oil processing through LCA, Journal of Cleaner Production 64, 310–322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.049; repository record https://hdl.handle.net/11568/236328 (retrieved 2026-08-10)	sunflower-oil processing and packaging scope; bleaching, steam production, wastewater treatment, water, energy, and bleaching-earth hotspot coverage
ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011	standard	WRI/WBCSD, Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard, 2011, https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/standards/Product-Life-Cycle-Accounting-Reporting-Standard-EReader_041613_0.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	boundary completeness; allocation avoidance, physical allocation, and economic fallback hierarchy
ilcd-data-network-compliance-2010	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, ILCD Data Network: Compliance rules and entry-level requirements, Version 1, 2010, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC58193/ilcd-data-network_compliance-entry-level_version1_march2010_f_isbn_fin.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	technological, geographical, and temporal representativeness; modelling and allocation disclosure