Soya bean oil, crude

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers the gate-to-gate production of crude soya bean oil from soya beans at an oilseed-processing plant. It begins with received soya beans and includes receiving and storage, cleaning, drying or tempering when performed, cracking, dehulling, conditioning, flaking, mechanical and/or solvent extraction, oil and meal desolventizing when applicable, solvent recovery, crude-oil cooling, storage, and loadout. It includes on-site utility use, recovered internal solvent loops, co-products, wastes, wastewater, and direct releases attributable to these operations.

The representative route is conventional hexane solvent extraction with solvent recovery because official process guidance identifies it as the widely used route. Mechanical pressing or combined pre-pressing and solvent extraction is covered when the route is declared and route-specific inputs, yields, co-products, and releases are collected. The reference product is unrefined, desolventized soya bean oil at the extraction-plant gate for further processing or loadout.

Refining operations such as alkali neutralization, bleaching, deodorization, and production of finished refined oil are outside this PCR. Soya bean oil that has undergone those operations, oil from other oilseeds, chemically modified oils, used cooking oils, oil/solvent miscella, biodiesel, and formulated food products are excluded. Product-food-safety compliance is not certified by this PCR.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.meat-fish-fruits-vegetables-oils-and-fats.soya-bean-oil-crude
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 21611 — Soya bean oil, crude
covered_products	Crude soya bean oil derived from seeds of Glycine max by mechanical pressing, solvent extraction, or a declared combined route; oil may be settled, filtered, cooled, stored, or water-degummed only when the degumming status is explicitly declared and no refining claim is made
excluded_products	Refined soya bean oil; oils from other botanical sources; oil/hexane miscella; hydrogenated, interesterified, re-esterified, or otherwise chemically modified oils; used cooking oil; biodiesel; consumer-ready formulations
representative_product	Desolventized crude soya bean oil from conventional hexane extraction, at extraction-plant gate
production_route	Soya bean receiving and preparation, extraction, solvent and meal desolventizing where applicable, solvent recovery, crude-oil cooling, storage, and loadout; mechanical or combined routes require explicit declaration
market_state	Bulk crude/unrefined oil at plant gate, intended for subsequent refining or other declared industrial use

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Crude soya bean oil supplied at the extraction-plant gate as an unrefined feedstock for subsequent processing
How much	1 kg net mass, excluding packaging
How well	Derived from soya beans; crude/unrefined; desolventized for a solvent route; extraction route, degumming status, and product specification declared
How long or cycle	One production lot or accounting-period output; storage duration and conditions before loadout declared
reference_flow_link	crude_soya_bean_oil_at_plant_gate

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Soya bean oil, crude 6464d0d3-fb5d-4e46-bfb3-01327a3ddbd3
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	extraction route; soya bean origin and grade; received moisture and foreign-matter basis; plant geography; crude/unrefined state; desolventizing status; degumming status; solvent identity and recovery configuration when applicable; storage duration; allocation method; temporal coverage

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_net_mass	Reference crude soya bean oil	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Measure net oil mass at the plant-gate transfer point after desolventizing and before downstream refining; exclude packaging and normalize all inventory amounts to 1 kg reference product.
soybean_mass_basis	Received soya beans, prepared flakes, hulls, meal, and rejects	Mass	kg	Preserve measured as-received masses and moisture; when a dry or clean basis is used, retain the original measurement and document the moisture, foreign-matter, and conversion equation.
solvent_inventory_basis	Fresh, recovered, stored, exported, and lost extraction solvent	Mass or volume with measured density	kg preferred; L allowed with density and temperature	Keep fresh make-up solvent separate from internal recovered solvent. Convert volume to mass only with batch- or period-representative density and temperature; never count the full circulating solvent as an external input.
energy_unit_consistency	Electricity, steam, fuel, and purchased heat	Energy	kWh or MJ	Preserve the metered unit and energy carrier. Any kWh-to-MJ or steam-to-energy conversion must state the conversion factor, steam condition, and source; do not mix energy and fuel mass.
codex_identity_measurements	Optional crude-oil identity testing	Relative density, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter	Codex CXS 210-1999 Table A2 units	When these tests are used, retain test method, temperature, sample identity, and result. The Codex ranges are identity screens, not substitutes for process mass records or a food-safety conformity decision.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Soya beans weighed at receipt into the extraction plant, with origin, grade, moisture, foreign matter, damaged-seed basis, and any prior off-site conditioning disclosed
starting_condition_role	Foreground gate input; upstream cultivation and delivery burdens are linked through separate supplier or background datasets
product_classification_scope	Crude soya bean oil only; CPC 3.0 code 21611 is classification context and does not broaden the product to refined or chemically modified oil
recursive_input_rule	Any crude soya bean oil used as rework, blend stock, or transferred intermediate is recorded as an upstream product input with quantity, source, and prior burden; do not recursively reconstruct its production inside the same foreground package
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link soya bean production and delivery, electricity, fuels or purchased heat, water, solvent manufacture, auxiliary materials, nitrogen, and treatment services using geography-, time-, and technology-appropriate datasets
disclosure	Declare extraction route, plant geography, accounting period, soybean moisture basis, solvent system and recovery controls, degumming status, storage boundary, co-product handling, allocation method, excluded operations, and every temporary default

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_gate_to_gate	Foreground crude-oil production	Include receiving and storage, cleaning, preparation, extraction, desolventizing, solvent recovery, crude-oil finishing and storage, co-product handling inside the plant, utilities, wastes, wastewater, and direct releases up to crude-oil loadout.	us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
boundary_refining_exclusion	Downstream oil treatment	Exclude alkali neutralization, bleaching, deodorization, and finished refined-oil production. If these occur at the same site, meter or subdivide them and assign only pre-refining burdens to this PCR.	unsd-cpc-3-2025; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
boundary_solvent_route	Solvent extraction route	Include solvent make-up, storage changes, recovery, vents and leaks, residual solvent leaving in oil or meal when measured, wastewater-related losses, and control equipment. Do not treat recovered internal solvent as a new external input.	us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
boundary_upstream_linking	Purchased inputs	Keep upstream production outside the foreground gate while linking each material, energy, water, and service input to an appropriate upstream dataset; disclose missing or proxy datasets.	iso-14044-2006
boundary_route_specificity	Mechanical, solvent, or combined route	Declare one route and include only operations actually performed. Solvent-only rows are not zero-filled for a mechanical route; they are marked not applicable with route evidence.	us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
soybean_receiving_preparation	Soya bean receiving and preparation	required	Always included from plant receipt; drying, tempering, and dehulling are included only when performed	Foreground preparation of received beans for extraction	kg prepared beans or flakes transferred to extraction, reconciled to 1 kg final crude oil
oil_extraction_recovery	Oil extraction, desolventizing, and recovery	required	Declare mechanical, solvent, or combined route; solvent and recovery rows apply only to a solvent route	Foreground separation of crude oil and co-products	kg intermediate crude oil transferred to storage, reconciled to 1 kg final crude oil
crude_oil_storage_loadout	Crude-oil finishing, storage, and loadout	required	Always included; filtration, water degumming, inerting, and heating are included when performed	Foreground preparation of reference product at plant gate	1 kg net crude soya bean oil at loadout

Process: Soya bean receiving and preparation (soybean_receiving_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Received soya beans (received_soya_beans)

Record all soya beans entering the extraction plant, including accepted lots and the measured basis used to determine moisture and foreign matter.

• Selected flow: Soya beans, other

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: weigh received soya beans and normalize accepted input to 1 kg final crude oil

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil at plant gate

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_soybean_receipts

• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

• Range: Preliminary soybean-input QA screen inferred from reported soybean oil content and residual oil after extraction; replace with facility mass balance

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 4
  • Upper: 8
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Preparation electricity (preparation_electricity)

Record metered electricity for conveying, aspiration, cleaning, cracking, dehulling, flaking, and preparation auxiliaries.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: meter or allocate electricity to preparation using a documented sub-metering rule
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Preparation heat (preparation_heat)

Record fuel, purchased heat, or steam used for drying, tempering, and conditioning only when these operations occur.

• Selected flow: Route-specific heat or fuel supply
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: meter energy by carrier and operation; mark not applicable when no thermal preparation occurs
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared soya bean flakes or press feed (prepared_soya_feed)

Record the mass transferred to extraction as an internal product flow so process subdivision remains mass-balanced.

• Selected flow: Prepared soya bean flakes or press feed, internal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass corrected only with documented moisture conversion
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_transfer_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Soya bean hulls (soybean_hulls)

Record recovered hulls as a co-product when sold or used beneficially; otherwise classify them as waste with the actual treatment route.

• Selected flow: Soya bean hulls, facility market state
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weigh hull output by destination and retain moisture basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Waste flows

Cleaning rejects (cleaning_rejects)

Record foreign material, damaged material rejected from production, and unrecovered screenings by treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Oilseed cleaning rejects
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weigh or reconcile rejects from receiving and cleaning records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Elementary flows

Preparation particulate releases (preparation_particulate_releases)

Record measured or permitted direct particulate releases from receiving, conveying, aspiration, cleaning, cracking, dehulling, drying, and flaking after controls.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air, size fraction reported
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: use stack tests, continuous records, or a disclosed approved emission calculation for each source and control configuration
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_release_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Process: Oil extraction, desolventizing, and recovery (oil_extraction_recovery)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared soya bean feed (prepared_soya_feed_input)

Record the internal prepared feed entering extraction and reconcile it with the preparation-process output.

• Selected flow: Prepared soya bean flakes or press feed, internal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: equal the corresponding internal transfer output after any documented storage change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_transfer_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Fresh make-up extraction solvent (hexane_makeup)

For a solvent route, record purchased or externally supplied make-up solvent adjusted for opening and closing stock; do not record the total circulating solvent as input.

• Selected flow: Hexane or declared extraction solvent, make-up supply
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: external receipts plus opening stock minus closing stock minus documented external transfers, converted from volume only with measured density
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_solvent_balance_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Extraction electricity (extraction_electricity)

Record metered electricity for extractors or presses, pumps, vacuum systems, condensers, meal handling, and recovery auxiliaries.

• Selected flow: Electricity, facility supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: meter or allocate electricity to the extraction and recovery line using documented sub-metering
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Extraction steam or heat (extraction_steam_heat)

Record route-specific steam, purchased heat, or fuel used for conditioning, oil stripping, meal desolventizing and toasting, drying, and solvent recovery.

• Selected flow: Steam, heat, or fuel supply by carrier
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: meter by carrier and steam condition; separate on-site fuel combustion from purchased heat
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Process and cooling water (extraction_water)

Record make-up water crossing the plant boundary for steam generation, condensers, scrubbing, and other extraction-line uses; do not count recirculating water repeatedly.

• Selected flow: Process water or cooling-water make-up
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: meter make-up water by use and subtract only measured return flows that cross the same boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Intermediate desolventized crude soya bean oil (intermediate_crude_oil)

Record the crude oil transferred to storage before downstream refining and reconcile it to final loadout, storage changes, samples, spills, and off-spec material.

• Selected flow: Crude soya bean oil, internal transfer
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass after oil desolventizing or pressing and clarification
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_transfer_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Soya bean meal or press cake (soybean_meal_cake)

Record desolventized meal, white flakes, press cake, or other protein-rich co-product separately by market state, moisture, protein grade, and destination.

• Selected flow: Soya bean meal, flakes, or press cake by declared grade
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weigh each co-product stream and retain moisture and grade basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Recovered solvent for internal reuse (recovered_solvent_internal)

Record recovered solvent as an internal loop for solvent-balance checking; it receives no upstream burden and is not added to external make-up input.

• Selected flow: Recovered extraction solvent, internal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured recovered solvent returned to the process loop
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_solvent_balance_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Waste flows

Solvent-bearing wastewater and oily residues (solvent_wastewater_residues)

Record wastewater, separator residues, spent scrubber materials, sludges, and oily solids by measured quantity and treatment route.

• Selected flow: Facility-specific wastewater or extraction residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: meter wastewater and weigh residues; retain solvent concentration when measured
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Elementary flows

Direct extraction-solvent release to air (hexane_voc_release)

For a solvent route, record total direct solvent loss to air from vents, leaks, storage, shutdowns, and other fugitive sources using a plant-specific period balance whenever available.

• Selected flow: Hexane or declared extraction solvent to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate from the site solvent balance and separately report measured residual solvent leaving in products or wastewater to avoid double counting
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_solvent_balance_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Direct combustion and process releases (extraction_direct_releases)

Record each direct elementary flow from on-site boilers, dryers, meal coolers, vents, and control devices; purchased energy carries upstream emissions in its supplier dataset instead.

• Selected flow: Each measured elementary flow to air or water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: use monitored values or a disclosed approved calculation tied to fuel, stack, operating time, and control efficiency
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate crude oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_release_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Process: Crude-oil finishing, storage, and loadout (crude_oil_storage_loadout)

Inputs

Product flows

Intermediate crude soya bean oil (intermediate_crude_oil_input)

Record the internal crude-oil transfer and reconcile it with storage inventory and final loadout.

• Selected flow: Crude soya bean oil, internal transfer
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: equal the extraction-process output after documented transfer loss or sampling
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_loadout_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Storage and loadout utilities (storage_utilities)

Record electricity, heat, filtration aids, nitrogen, and water only when they cross the boundary for crude-oil storage, optional water degumming, filtration, or loadout.

• Selected flow: Utility or auxiliary material by actual carrier
• Flow property / unit: Carrier-appropriate property and unit
• Amount rule: meter or obtain purchase/issue records for each material; do not aggregate unlike carriers
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_loadout_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Crude soya bean oil at plant gate (crude_soya_bean_oil_at_plant_gate)

This is the quantitative reference output after desolventizing, cooling, declared crude-oil finishing, storage, and loadout preparation.

• Selected flow: Soya bean oil, crude 6464d0d3-fb5d-4e46-bfb3-01327a3ddbd3
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: normalize measured net loadout mass to exactly 1 kg
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_loadout_records
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-2025; codex-cxs-210-1999-2026; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Waste flows

Off-spec oil, filter residue, and spills (storage_oil_waste)

Record off-spec material, filter residue, tank bottoms, and spills that leave the product inventory, including recovery or treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Crude-oil storage waste by actual treatment route
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weigh or calculate from reconciled tank and incident records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_loadout_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

Elementary flows

Storage and loadout releases (storage_loadout_releases)

Record measured direct solvent or other emissions from tanks and loadout that are not already included in the extraction-line period balance.

• Selected flow: Facility-specific elementary flow to air or water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: use tank records, monitoring, or a disclosed approved calculation; demonstrate no overlap with hexane_voc_release
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final crude soya bean oil at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_release_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid_by_subdivision	Crude oil, meal or cake, hulls, and other co-products	First avoid allocation by sub-metering and subdividing receiving, preparation, extraction, meal handling, and storage operations wherever their inputs and releases can be measured separately.	iso-14044-2006
allocation_physical_then_other	Remaining shared burdens	Where subdivision or system expansion consistent with the study goal is not feasible, allocate using a documented physical relationship that reflects the shared process. If no defensible physical relationship exists, use another relationship such as economic value and justify the choice.	iso-14044-2006
allocation_measure_before_partition	All product and co-product streams	Measure oil, meal or cake, hulls, recovered saleable products, wastes, moisture, and storage changes before calculating allocation factors; allocation must not hide an omitted mass stream.	iso-14044-2006; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
allocation_internal_recovery	Recovered solvent, water, heat, and internal transfers	Treat closed internal recovery loops as internal flows without avoided-product credit. Record only net external inputs and direct losses at the foreground boundary.	iso-14044-2006; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
allocation_sensitivity_disclosure	Comparative or public downstream studies	Report the allocation basis and factors and test at least one plausible alternative for materially important co-products; disclose the influence on the crude-oil result.	iso-14044-2006

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_soybean_receipts	soybean_receiving_preparation	Received soya beans	Weighbridge, receiving inspection, and supplier lot records	lot_id; supplier; origin; receipt_time; gross_mass; tare_mass; net_mass; moisture; foreign_matter; damaged_seed_fraction; accepted_mass	Calibrated weighbridge plus representative lot sampling	kg; mass %	Every delivery	At least 12 consecutive months or all campaigns in the declared period	All supplying lots to the represented plant	Sum accepted net mass; retain rejected mass separately; calculate weighted moisture and foreign matter	Scale calibration, sample plan, laboratory results, and reconciliation to inventory
cp_utility_records	soybean_receiving_preparation; oil_extraction_recovery	Electricity, fuel, steam, heat, and water	Meters, invoices, boiler logs, and sub-meter records	carrier; meter_id; opening_reading; closing_reading; unit; steam_pressure_temperature; fuel_LHV_HHV_basis; allocation_driver; operating_hours	Prefer calibrated sub-metering; otherwise documented engineering allocation from whole-site records	kWh; MJ; kg steam; kg water; carrier-specific	Continuous or each billing period	Same period as product and co-product records	All included equipment and on-site utility systems	Sum by carrier and process; convert only with documented factors; normalize after period reconciliation	Meter calibration, invoices, boiler efficiency records, and allocation worksheet
cp_process_transfer_records	soybean_receiving_preparation; oil_extraction_recovery	Prepared feed and intermediate crude oil	Belt-scale, tank gauge, batch sheet, and transfer log	timestamp; source_process; destination_process; mass_or_volume; density; temperature; moisture; opening_stock; closing_stock; samples	Direct measurement at internal transfer points	kg preferred; L with density and temperature	Every batch or continuous totalizer	Same period as reference output	All internal transfers between included processes	Reconcile sending and receiving records and storage changes before normalization	Calibration, batch traceability, and signed transfer reconciliation
cp_solvent_balance_records	oil_extraction_recovery	Fresh, recovered, stored, transferred, residual, and released solvent	Purchase records, tank gauges, flow meters, recovery meters, product/residue tests, and incident logs	solvent_identity; receipts; opening_stock; closing_stock; external_transfers; recovered_internal; residual_in_oil; residual_in_meal; residual_in_wastewater; measured_vent_release; spill_release	Period material balance with measured stock change and separately measured non-air exits	kg preferred; L with measured density	Each delivery and daily or batch stock; period balance monthly and annually	Full declared production period	Entire solvent system, storage, recovery, vents, products, and wastewater	Calculate net make-up and reconcile destinations; prevent double counting of storage and vent losses	Tank calibration, density and temperature records, purchase invoices, recovery-meter checks, and incident reports
cp_coproduct_waste_records	soybean_receiving_preparation; oil_extraction_recovery	Hulls, meal or cake, rejects, wastewater, and residues	Scales, tank meters, laboratory tests, waste manifests, and sales records	stream_id; quantity; moisture; grade; protein_or_oil_content_if_relevant; destination; sale_or_waste_status; treatment	Measure each distinct stream and destination	kg; kg water; m3 only with density where mass conversion is required	Every batch, shipment, or disposal	Same period as reference output	All co-products and wastes from included processes	Sum by stream, grade, and destination; do not net co-products against inputs	Scale calibration, sales invoices, manifests, laboratory results, and mass-balance reconciliation
cp_storage_loadout_records	crude_oil_storage_loadout	Crude-oil storage, finishing, and reference loadout	Tank gauges, load-cell or flow-meter tickets, utility issue records, and quality tests	tank_id; opening_stock; closing_stock; receipts; loadout_mass; density; temperature; filtration_or_degumming_status; storage_days; nitrogen; utilities; samples; off_spec; spills	Calibrated tank and custody-transfer measurement plus lot testing	kg preferred; L with density and temperature	Every transfer and daily stock; each loadout lot	Full declared production period	All crude-oil tanks and loadout lines in scope	Reconcile extraction transfer, stock change, loadout, samples, off-spec material, and spills; normalize net conforming loadout	Calibration and custody-transfer tickets, tank reconciliation, batch genealogy, and laboratory reports
cp_direct_release_records	soybean_receiving_preparation; oil_extraction_recovery; crude_oil_storage_loadout	Direct elementary releases	Stack tests, continuous monitoring, solvent balance, permit calculations, wastewater tests, and incident logs	source_id; pollutant; method; concentration; flow_rate; operating_time; control_device; control_efficiency; discharge_quantity; incident_quantity	Source-specific monitoring or disclosed approved calculation	kg pollutant; concentration and flow supporting fields	Monitoring frequency required by method or permit; incidents when they occur	Same period as activity data	Every included vent, stack, discharge, tank, and fugitive source	Calculate each elementary flow separately and reconcile solvent releases to the solvent balance	Method reference, calibration, detection limit, control operating log, and reviewer trace

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	Every inventory row	normalized amount = reconciled period quantity / reconciled net kg of conforming crude soya bean oil loaded out	Period flow quantity; net reference-product loadout	Amount per 1 kg reference product	iso-14044-2006
calc_soybean_dry_clean_basis	Soya bean inputs and solid co-products	dry clean mass = as-received mass × (1 − moisture fraction − separately measured foreign-matter fraction); retain the as-received value and avoid subtracting overlapping fractions	As-received mass; moisture; foreign matter; sampling basis	Dry clean mass with conversion audit trail	us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
calc_solvent_makeup_balance	Solvent route	net external make-up = external receipts + opening stock − closing stock − documented external transfers; reconcile net make-up to air loss, residuals in products and wastewater, spills, and unexplained difference	Solvent receipts, stocks, transfers, residual tests, releases, and incidents	Net make-up and destination balance per period and per kg oil	us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
calc_hexane_temporary_screen	Solvent route with missing plant-specific balance	The AP-42 3.3 L/Mg raw-soybean factor is a D-rated temporary screening default only. Convert it using documented density and measured soybean throughput, label the result as temporary, and replace it before comparative or publication-grade use.	Raw-soybean throughput; 3.3 L/Mg screening factor; representative density	Explicitly flagged temporary total-loss screen	us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
calc_process_mass_balance	Each process and full foreground system	reconcile measured inputs = products + co-products + wastes + releases + stock change + documented measurement difference on consistent moisture and solvent bases	All mass flows, stocks, moisture, and residual-solvent records	Balance closure and unexplained difference	iso-14044-2006; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
calc_allocation_factors	Shared process burdens	allocation factor for output i = declared allocation quantity or value for i / sum of the same basis over all co-products; factors must sum to 1 within rounding tolerance	Measured co-product quantities, chosen physical relation or values, and declared period	Allocation factors and sensitivity case	iso-14044-2006

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_reference_identity	Reference product	Verify the product-flow UUID, Product flow type, Mass reference property, CPC 21611 classification, crude/unrefined state, and separation from CPC 21612 refined oil.	Tiangong flow readback, batch specification, and classification record
dq_temporal_representativeness	All foreground activity	Use at least 12 consecutive months or all campaigns in the declared period; explain shutdowns, start-ups, atypical lots, and partial-year extrapolation.	Production calendar, meter coverage, purchase records, and loadout ledger
dq_technology_route	Extraction and recovery	Declare mechanical, solvent, or combined route, solvent identity, recovery and control equipment, meal-desolventizing route, optional degumming, and actual included operations.	Process flow diagram, equipment list, operating procedure, and source-specific records
dq_mass_completeness	Foreground inventory	Reconcile soya beans, oil, meal or cake, hulls, rejects, wastes, solvent, wastewater, stock changes, and direct releases; disclose unexplained differences and omitted streams.	Signed mass-balance worksheet and variance investigation
dq_primary_over_default	Important inputs and releases	Prefer calibrated measurements and period records. Any AP-42 or other default must be identified as temporary, quality-rated, and replaced when plant-specific records become available.	Meter and calibration evidence, invoices, tests, and explicit default register
dq_geographic_supplier_fit	Upstream datasets	Match the plant, soybean origin, electricity market, fuels, solvent, water, and treatment services to the represented geography and period or disclose proxies.	Supplier metadata, dataset geography and year, and proxy justification
dq_allocation_transparency	Co-product burdens	Retain pre-allocation inventory, co-product measurements, chosen hierarchy step, factors, rationale, and sensitivity result.	Allocation workbook and reviewer sign-off
dq_test_method_traceability	Crude-oil identity screens	For Codex-related property screens, retain test method, temperature, units, sample and lot identity, laboratory, detection limits, and result.	Laboratory certificate and sampling chain of custody

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	Reference flow	The reference output must be 1 kg net Soya bean oil, crude 6464d0d3-fb5d-4e46-bfb3-01327a3ddbd3 using Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, and kg.	unsd-cpc-3-2025
validate_scope_and_route	Product and process boundary	Confirm soya bean origin, crude/unrefined state, declared extraction route, desolventizing and degumming status, and absence or subdivision of alkali refining, bleaching, deodorization, and other refined-oil operations.	unsd-cpc-3-2025; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
validate_process_coverage	Process map	Receiving and preparation, route-specific extraction and recovery, crude-oil storage and loadout, utilities, co-product handling, wastes, wastewater, and direct releases must be represented or explicitly not applicable with evidence.	us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
validate_solvent_balance	Solvent route	Check net make-up, stock change, internal recovery, residual solvent in products and wastewater when measured, direct air loss, spills, and unexplained difference; reject double counting of circulating recovered solvent.	us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
validate_mass_and_allocation	Full foreground system	Require a documented mass balance, measured co-product streams, allocation factors summing to 1 within declared rounding tolerance, and preservation of the unallocated inventory.	iso-14044-2006; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
validate_codex_crude_oil_screen	Optional identity-test results	When Codex Table A2 tests are used, screen ordinary crude soyabean oil against relative density 0.919–0.925 at 20 °C, refractive index 1.466–1.470 at 40 °C, saponification value 189–195 mg KOH/g oil, iodine value 124–139, and unsaponifiable matter no more than 15 g/kg. Any result outside the screen requires investigation and disclosure; the screen is not a food-safety certification.	codex-cxs-210-1999-2026
validate_temporary_defaults	Publication and comparative use	Identify every temporary factor or proxy. A result using the AP-42 D-rated 3.3 L/Mg soybean hexane-loss default fails publication-grade completeness until replaced by a plant-specific period balance or explicitly accepted by review for a limited use.	us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995; iso-14044-2006
validate_bilingual_and_period_alignment	Dataset package	Confirm that qualifiers, period totals, calculations, allocation basis, and source identifiers are internally consistent and that no process amount is normalized to a different oil output period.	iso-14044-2006

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset for crude soya bean oil at extraction-plant gate
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Gate-to-gate oilseed-processing studies; cradle-to-gate models when upstream soya bean and utility datasets are linked; downstream refined-oil models using crude oil as an input; scenario analysis with disclosed route and allocation
excluded_use	Representation of refined soya bean oil or consumer-ready edible oil; food-safety certification; undisclosed substitution for another vegetable oil; public comparative assertions when temporary defaults, unresolved identity, material balance gaps, or unreviewed allocation choices remain
required_metadata	PCR id; reference UUID and unit support; plant geography; period; soybean origin, grade, moisture, and foreign matter; extraction route; solvent and recovery system; degumming status; storage duration; process coverage; co-product grades and destinations; allocation basis and factors; upstream dataset identities
required_quality_disclosure	Meter and scale coverage; calibration; sampling and laboratory methods; mass- and solvent-balance closure; stock changes; direct-release method; missing streams; proxy datasets; temporary defaults and quality ratings; allocation sensitivity; Codex identity-screen results when used
update_trigger	Material change in soybean supply, extraction or recovery technology, energy system, solvent, emission control, degumming or storage practice, co-product market or allocation relation, plant geography, product specification, source standard, UUID support, or a temporary default being replaced by foreground evidence

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-3-2025	dataset	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 3.0, structure dated 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/CPC (retrieved 2026-08-10)	CPC 21611 identity, crude/refined category distinction, and classification scope
codex-cxs-210-1999-2026	standard	Codex Alimentarius Commission, CXS 210-1999, Standard for Named Vegetable Oils, current 2026 publication, https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd9108en (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Botanical soya bean oil identity and optional crude-oil composition and physical-property screening ranges
us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995	official_guidance	United States Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42 Section 9.11.1 Vegetable Oil Processing and its background report, Supplement A, November 1995: final section https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/c9s11-1.pdf; background report https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/b9s11-1.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Soybean-processing decomposition, crude/refined boundary, solvent recovery, co-products, particulate and hexane releases, plant-specific solvent balance, source oil-content and residual-oil observations used only to infer the temporary soybean-input QA guardrail, and the D-rated temporary hexane-loss screen
iso-14044-2006	standard	ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines, confirmed current in 2022, https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html (retrieved 2026-08-10)	System-boundary consistency, allocation hierarchy, transparency, data quality, sensitivity, and reporting rules