Sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oil, crude

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground data packages for crude oil produced from sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus L.) or safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and delivered at the oil mill gate. It covers seed receipt and preparation, mechanical pressing where used, solvent extraction and solvent recovery where used, crude-oil clarification, on-site storage before dispatch, co-product handling, direct emissions, and on-site waste management attributable to the crude-oil production campaign.

The PCR applies to conventional, high-oleic, and other declared sunflower or safflower seed varieties when the oilseed species, variety or oil type, extraction route, solvent use, degumming status, and crude product quality are disclosed. It does not merge sunflower and safflower production into an undisclosed average.

Cultivation and delivery of oilseed to the mill are represented by upstream datasets and are not re-authored inside the foreground mill processes. Oil refining after crude-oil production, including neutralisation, bleaching, deodorisation, winterisation, and manufacture of retail edible oil, is excluded. Packaging, retail, use, and end-of-life are excluded. A study may add transport beyond the mill gate, but that transport is not part of this reference flow.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.meat-fish-fruits-vegetables-oils-and-fats.sunflower-seed-and-safflower-seed-oil-crude
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 21631, Sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oil, crude
covered_products	crude sunflower-seed oil; crude safflower-seed oil; mechanically pressed crude oil; solvent-extracted crude oil; crude oil from a declared pre-press plus solvent-extraction route
excluded_products	refined, bleached, deodorised, winterised, hydrogenated, interesterified, blended, formulated, or packaged retail oil; crude oils from other oilseeds; biodiesel and other chemical derivatives
representative_product	one kilogram of separately identified crude sunflower-seed oil or crude safflower-seed oil at the oil mill gate
production_route	received oilseed preparation followed by declared mechanical pressing, solvent extraction, or combined pre-press/solvent extraction, then solvent removal where applicable and crude-oil clarification
market_state	unrefined bulk crude vegetable oil at the oil mill gate, before downstream refining or retail packaging

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	provision of crude sunflower-seed oil or crude safflower-seed oil as an intermediate oil product at the oil mill gate
How much	1 kg
How well	species and oil type identified; crude and unrefined state demonstrated; extraction route, solvent use, degumming status, and quality basis declared
How long or cycle	one production batch or campaign; no use-duration function is assigned
reference_flow_link	1 kg of the qualifying reference product flow at the declared mill gate

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oil, crude e48ecaca-7bfe-427a-a117-7eeeb8253565
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	oilseed species; variety or oil type; extraction route; solvent used and recovery arrangement; degumming status; crude quality specification; moisture and volatile-matter basis; geography; production period; mill gate; allocation method

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference crude oil	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Express the reference flow as net mass of qualifying crude oil at the mill gate; exclude container, transport vehicle, free water, and separately measured settled solids.
species_route_separation	oilseed and crude-oil production records	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Keep sunflower and safflower campaigns, and materially different mechanical or solvent routes, separate unless a documented production-weighted aggregation is reported.
moisture_basis	received and prepared oilseed	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record measured mass and moisture content for each lot; convert seed-input comparisons to the declared moisture basis without silently treating wet mass as dry mass.
energy_conversion	purchased electricity and thermal energy	energy	kWh and MJ	Preserve meter units and conversion factors; 1 kWh equals 3.6 MJ. Report electricity and thermal energy separately before any combined energy indicator is calculated.
hexane_loss_basis	solvent route	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg/t cleaned seed	Calculate annual or campaign hexane loss from verified make-up, stock change, recovered solvent returned to inventory, and solvent leaving in products, wastes, water, or air; normalise to tonnes of cleaned seed processed.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	separately identified sunflower-seed or safflower-seed lots received at the oil mill gate, with mass, moisture, origin, and oil type declared
starting_condition_role	upstream agricultural dataset linkage point and foreground seed-receipt control point
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 21631, limited to crude sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oil
recursive_input_rule	purchased crude oil in the same category that is blended with site output is recorded as an upstream product input with its own dataset and share; its production is not recursively replayed inside the foreground mill model
upstream_dataset_requirement	species-, geography-, period-, and farm-gate-representative sunflower-seed or safflower-seed production dataset plus transport to the declared mill gate when transport is in study scope
disclosure	disclose oilseed species and oil type, seed moisture basis, route, solvent use, solvent recovery, degumming status, included preparation steps, crude-oil quality basis, co-products, allocation method, geography, period, and any excluded shared utilities

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_required_operations	all foreground mill routes	Include seed receipt, weighing and quality checks, cleaning and preparation, route-specific oil extraction, crude-oil clarification, on-site storage before dispatch, attributable utilities, co-products, residues, waste water, and direct emissions.	fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
boundary_solvent_route	solvent extraction or combined pre-press/solvent route	Include solvent input, solvent recovery and reuse, oil and meal desolventising, make-up solvent, solvent in oil/meal/water/waste, and vented or fugitive losses; do not represent a solvent route as mechanical pressing only.	fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
boundary_excluded_operations	downstream and upstream stages	Exclude oilseed cultivation from mill foreground operations and link it as an upstream dataset; exclude neutralisation, bleaching, deodorisation, winterisation, retail packaging, distribution, use, and end-of-life from this crude-oil reference flow.	fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
boundary_shared_services	shared mill utilities and treatment systems	Include the measured share of shared electricity, steam, water, storage, dust control, solvent recovery, and waste-water treatment only when an auditable meter, engineering driver, or allocation rule links it to the declared campaign.	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
seed_receipt_and_preparation	Seed receipt and preparation	required		foreground preparation	kg prepared oilseed leaving preparation
crude_oil_extraction_and_clarification	Crude-oil extraction and clarification	required	route-specific pressing and/or solvent operations are selected from the declared production route	foreground production	1 kg qualifying crude oil at the mill gate

Process: Seed receipt and preparation (seed_receipt_and_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Received sunflower or safflower oilseed (received_oilseed)

Record separately identified oilseed lots entering mill preparation. The selected flow must match the declared species and oil type; no combined sunflower/safflower seed flow is assumed.

• Selected flow: Select a public Tiangong sunflower-seed or safflower-seed product flow matching the declared lot
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured received seed mass at measured moisture content, reconciled to stock change and normalised to qualifying crude-oil output
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg qualifying crude oil at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_received_oilseed
• Sources:
• Range: Sunflower-route clean-seed conversion benchmark
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 3.34
  • Upper: 4.06
  • Unit: kg clean sunflower seed/kg crude sunflower oil
  • Basis: FAO conversion examples for solvent-extraction and pressing routes using sunflower seed with 44% oil content
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared oilseed to extraction (prepared_oilseed)

Record the mass transferred to pressing or solvent extraction after cleaning, optional dehulling, size reduction, conditioning, and optional flaking. This is a site intermediate, not the reference product.

• Selected flow: Site-specific prepared sunflower-seed or safflower-seed intermediate flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass after preparation, reconciled with separated material and preparation stock change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg received oilseed and per 1 kg qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_prepared_seed_mass
• Sources:
• Range: Preparation mass-balance screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.75
  • Upper: 1.00
  • Unit: kg prepared seed/kg received seed
  • Basis: broad preparation-output fraction allowing route-specific cleaning and optional dehulling
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Screenings, foreign material, and non-valued hulls (preparation_residues)

Record removed foreign material, rejected seed, and hulls as waste only when they have no intended co-product use or economic value; otherwise classify the relevant fraction as a product co-product.

• Selected flow: Select route-specific preparation residue or waste flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured separated residue mass by disposition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg received oilseed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_residue_mass
• Sources:
• Range: Preparation-residue screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.25
  • Unit: kg/kg received oilseed
  • Basis: includes optional hull removal and other preparation by-products reported for sunflower processing
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010

Elementary flows

Preparation dust emitted to air (preparation_dust_to_air)

Record measured or calculated dust passing final abatement from seed receiving, cleaning, dehulling, grinding, conditioning, and conveying. Do not report captured dust again as an elementary emission.

• Selected flow: Select the Tiangong particulate-matter elementary flow matching the monitored size fraction and compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: stack or fugitive measurement, or activity multiplied by a documented site emission factor and control efficiency
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per tonne received oilseed and per 1 kg qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional controlled-dust screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg/t received oilseed
  • Basis: broad replaceable first-pass estimate after site dust control
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Crude-oil extraction and clarification (crude_oil_extraction_and_clarification)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared oilseed input (prepared_oilseed_input)

Transfer the measured prepared oilseed from the preparation process without changing species, campaign, moisture basis, or route identity.

• Selected flow: Site-specific prepared sunflower-seed or safflower-seed intermediate flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: equal to reconciled prepared-oilseed output assigned to this extraction campaign
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_prepared_seed_mass
• Sources:
• Range: Prepared-seed transfer consistency check
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.75
  • Upper: 1.00
  • Unit: kg/kg received oilseed
  • Basis: transfer fraction from the matched preparation process
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
  • Sources: fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010

Purchased electricity (purchased_electricity)

Record electricity for preparation, pressing, conveying, pumps, solvent recovery, clarification, abatement, and attributable storage. Sub-meter route-specific loads where practicable.

• Selected flow: Select geography-, voltage-, and period-representative electricity supply flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: measured meter consumption minus exports and unrelated loads, allocated only through a documented driver when shared
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional crude-oil electricity screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.05
  • Upper: 1.10
  • Unit: kWh/kg crude oil
  • Basis: broad replaceable range bounded to cover mill configurations; not the integrated crushing-and-refining BAT range
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Thermal energy and steam (thermal_energy)

Record fuel-derived or purchased heat for conditioning, pressing, solvent distillation, desolventising, drying, and other attributable operations. Record fuel inputs and direct combustion emissions when heat is generated on site.

• Selected flow: Select technology- and geography-representative fuel, steam, or heat flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: measured fuel lower-heating-value input or purchased heat/steam energy, separated from electricity
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional thermal-energy screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 5
  • Unit: MJ/kg crude oil
  • Basis: broad replaceable route-sensitive range; zero is allowed only for a documented unheated route without attributable thermal utility
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Hexane make-up (hexane_makeup)

Include this row only when hexane or a hexane-containing extraction solvent is used. Record purchased make-up and campaign stock changes; recovered and reused internal solvent is not counted repeatedly as new external input.

• Selected flow: Select a public Tiangong hexane product flow with verified chemical identity
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: purchased make-up plus opening stock minus closing stock, corrected for transfers and inventory changes
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per tonne cleaned seed processed and per 1 kg qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_hexane_balance
• Sources:
• Range: Sunflower-seed hexane-loss BAT-AEL
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.2
  • Upper: 0.7
  • Unit: kg/t cleaned sunflower seed
  • Basis: yearly average total hexane consumed per tonne of cleaned sunflower seed processed; apply only to a solvent route in the BAT scope
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Process and cleaning water (process_water)

Record water crossing the foreground boundary for conditioning, solvent recovery, clarification, equipment cleaning, and emission control. Keep uncontaminated cooling water separately identified.

• Selected flow: Select location-specific process-water supply flow
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: measured intake minus separately discharged uncontaminated water, with recycled internal water reported but not double-counted as external supply
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per tonne qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_wastewater
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional crude-oil water-use screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1.0
  • Unit: m3/t crude oil
  • Basis: broad replaceable range for crude-oil operations only; do not substitute the integrated crushing-and-refining BAT range without matching scope
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Qualifying crude sunflower-seed or safflower-seed oil (crude_oil_reference_output)

The reference output is measured after route-specific solvent removal and clarification at the declared mill gate, before downstream refining. Species-specific production remains separately reported.

• Selected flow: Sunflower-seed and safflower-seed oil, crude e48ecaca-7bfe-427a-a117-7eeeb8253565
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net qualifying crude-oil mass; all exchanges are normalised to exactly 1 kg reference output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg qualifying crude oil at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_crude_oil_output_quality
• Sources:
• Range: Reference-output identity
  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: normalized PCR reference output
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
  • Sources: codex-cxs-210-1999-2026

Press cake, extracted meal, and valued hull co-products (oilseed_coproducts)

Record each saleable or intentionally used cake, meal, or hull fraction as a separate product flow with moisture, residual oil, disposition, and market value. Do not use a soybean-meal flow as a proxy for sunflower or safflower meal.

• Selected flow: Select species- and product-state-specific press-cake, meal, or hull product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured co-product mass at declared moisture content, separated by product and disposition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_residue_mass
• Sources:
• Range: Sunflower meal-output benchmark
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.88
  • Upper: 1.83
  • Unit: kg meal/kg crude sunflower oil
  • Basis: FAO general yield statement and route conversion examples; verify actual moisture and route before use
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010

Waste flows

Clarification solids and non-valued process residues (clarification_residues)

Record filter cake, settled solids, spent filter aid, contaminated absorbent, and other non-valued residues by treatment route. A residue with intended feed, fuel, or material use is a co-product, not waste.

• Selected flow: Select treatment-route-specific residue or waste flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured residue mass leaving the process, net of recovered oil returned to the process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_residue_mass
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional clarification-residue screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.05
  • Unit: kg/kg crude oil
  • Basis: broad replaceable first-pass estimate for clarification residues
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process waste water (process_wastewater)

Record contaminated water sent to on-site or off-site treatment. Keep separately discharged uncontaminated cooling water outside this row and disclose it separately.

• Selected flow: Select a waste-water flow matching composition and treatment route
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: measured discharge by destination, corrected for internal recycle and stock change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per tonne qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_wastewater
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional crude-oil waste-water screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1.0
  • Unit: m3/t crude oil
  • Basis: broad replaceable range for crude-oil operations only
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Hexane emitted to air (hexane_to_air)

Include this row only for a solvent route. Reconcile measured or calculated channelled and fugitive emissions with the campaign solvent balance and do not assume that all make-up solvent reaches air when measured solvent leaves in oil, meal, water, or waste.

• Selected flow: Select the Tiangong hexane elementary flow for emission to air with verified chemical identity and compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured emissions plus documented fugitive estimate, reconciled with the total hexane balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per tonne cleaned seed processed and per 1 kg qualifying crude-oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_hexane_balance
• Sources:
• Range: Sunflower-seed total hexane-loss BAT-AEL
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.2
  • Upper: 0.7
  • Unit: kg/t cleaned sunflower seed
  • Basis: yearly average total hexane loss; air emissions are the reconciled air fraction rather than an automatic copy of total loss
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid	independently measurable preparation, pressing, extraction, clarification, and treatment operations	Avoid allocation by subdivision and direct measurement wherever the operation or utility can be separated; do not allocate a separately metered route through a plant-wide revenue key.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_coproducts	crude oil, press cake, extracted meal, and valued hulls from an inseparable campaign	After subdivision is exhausted, use a documented physical relationship only when it represents a verified causal relationship between inputs and co-product functions. Otherwise allocate remaining shared burdens by relative economic value at the mill gate using contemporaneous prices, and report a mass-allocation sensitivity result.	eu-pef-2021-2279; fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010
allocation_residue_status	hulls, screenings, clarification solids, spent filter aid, and waste water	Determine product, co-product, or waste status from intended use, legal status, and economic value. Assign waste handling to the generating process; do not grant an avoided-product credit without an empirically supported substitution scenario.	eu-pef-2021-2279; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
allocation_documentation	every multifunctional or shared operation	Retain unallocated quantities, co-product masses and moisture, prices and currency, price period, allocation factors, excluded flows, and sensitivity results so the allocation is reproducible and sums to one.	eu-pef-2021-2279

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_received_oilseed	seed_receipt_and_preparation	received oilseed	weighbridge and lot-quality record	lot id; species; variety/oil type; origin; gross mass; tare; net mass; moisture; damaged/foreign matter; receipt time	calibrated weighbridge plus representative lot sampling	kg; %	each received lot	complete declared campaign	all receiving points serving the campaign	sum accepted lot net mass; retain rejected lots separately; report production-weighted moisture	scale calibration; sampling procedure; lot certificates; reconciliation to inventory
cp_prepared_seed_mass	seed_receipt_and_preparation	prepared oilseed and separated preparation material	transfer scale and preparation log	campaign id; preparation route; input mass; output mass; hulls; screenings; moisture; stock change	calibrated belt scale, hopper scale, or batch mass reconciliation	kg; %	each batch or continuous shift total	complete declared campaign	all preparation lines serving the campaign	input plus opening stock minus outputs and closing stock; normalise after moisture-basis disclosure	calibration; batch log; mass-balance closure
cp_energy_records	crude_oil_extraction_and_clarification	electricity, fuel, heat, and steam	meter, invoice, and fuel-stock record	meter id; opening/closing readings; fuel quantity; heating value; steam mass/enthalpy; exports; shared-load driver; downtime	sub-meter reading or reconciled purchase and stock records	kWh; MJ; kg fuel	continuous or each shift; reconcile monthly	all months overlapping the campaign	all utility meters and supply points serving the campaign	subtract exports and unrelated loads; convert with documented factors; allocate shared loads only through an auditable driver	meter calibration; invoice; fuel certificate; reconciliation
cp_hexane_balance	crude_oil_extraction_and_clarification	hexane make-up, recovery, and losses	purchase, tank, recovery, product, waste-water, waste, and emission records	solvent composition; purchases; opening/closing stock; transfers; recovered volume; density/temperature; oil/meal/water/waste solvent; channelled/fugitive emissions	mass balance supported by calibrated tanks/meters and analytical measurements	kg	daily operating record; campaign and annual reconciliation	complete declared campaign and annual reconciliation period	every solvent-extraction line in scope	convert volumes at measured temperature/density; total input minus recovered closing inventory and quantified outputs equals unresolved loss; report air fraction separately	tank calibration; purchase records; laboratory results; leak/vent monitoring; closure statement
cp_water_wastewater	crude_oil_extraction_and_clarification	process water and waste water	water-meter and discharge record	intake; recycle; segregated cooling water; discharge volume; destination; COD/TOC; TSS; oil and grease; pH; temperature	calibrated meters and representative sampling at relevant discharge points	m3; mg/L; pH	continuous volume; sampling per permit or monitoring plan	complete declared campaign	all relevant water intake and discharge points	prevent double counting recycled water; report direct, indirect, and separately discharged uncontaminated water by route	calibration; chain of custody; laboratory accreditation; discharge reconciliation
cp_crude_oil_output_quality	crude_oil_extraction_and_clarification	qualifying crude-oil output	tank gauge/scale, dispatch, and laboratory record	species; oil type; extraction route; batch; net mass; water/volatile matter; insoluble impurities; density; quality tests; degumming status; dispatch time	calibrated tank/scale measurement and representative laboratory testing	kg; %; g/ml	each tank batch and dispatch	complete declared campaign	all in-scope crude-oil tanks and dispatch points	sum only batches meeting the declared crude-oil identity; normalise all exchanges to net qualifying mass	calibration; laboratory method and result; batch release; dispatch reconciliation
cp_coproduct_residue_mass	seed_receipt_and_preparation; crude_oil_extraction_and_clarification	co-products, hulls, screenings, meal, cake, and residues	scale, stock, dispatch, and waste-transfer record	material id; product/waste status; mass; moisture; residual oil; destination; price; currency; disposal/treatment	calibrated scale plus stock and dispatch reconciliation	kg; %; currency/kg	each batch or dispatch	complete declared campaign	all preparation, extraction, storage, and waste-transfer points	aggregate by material, moisture basis, status, and destination; do not merge valued products with wastes	calibration; sales invoice; waste manifest; inventory closure
cp_air_emissions	seed_receipt_and_preparation; crude_oil_extraction_and_clarification	dust and route-specific air emissions	stack test, continuous monitor, leak survey, and operating-hour record	pollutant/flow; compartment; concentration; flow rate; operating time; control device; efficiency; fugitive method	applicable standard measurement or documented activity-factor calculation	kg; mg/Nm3	per permit/monitoring plan and after material changes	representative normal operation plus abnormal-event disclosure	all relevant emission points, fugitive sources, and control devices	calculate mass emission from measured concentration, gas flow, and time; add separately estimated fugitives; avoid double counting captured material	test report; instrument calibration; operating log; control-device record

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_seed_input	received oilseed	accepted received seed kg assigned to campaign / qualifying crude-oil kg	cp_received_oilseed; cp_crude_oil_output_quality	kg received seed/kg crude oil	fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010
calc_preparation_balance	seed preparation	received seed + opening stock = prepared seed + separated co-products/residues + closing stock + quantified loss	cp_received_oilseed; cp_prepared_seed_mass; cp_coproduct_residue_mass	preparation mass-balance closure and unresolved difference	fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010
calc_energy_intensity	electricity and thermal energy	attributable energy / qualifying crude-oil mass; retain electricity and thermal results separately	cp_energy_records; cp_crude_oil_output_quality	kWh/kg oil and MJ/kg oil	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
calc_hexane_loss	solvent route	(make-up + opening stock + imports - closing stock - exports - recovered stock change) / cleaned seed tonnes; reconcile oil, meal, water, waste, and air fractions	cp_hexane_balance; cp_prepared_seed_mass	kg total hexane loss/t cleaned seed and kg hexane-to-air/t cleaned seed	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
calc_water_intensity	process water and waste water	external water or waste-water discharge / qualifying crude-oil tonnes, reported separately	cp_water_wastewater; cp_crude_oil_output_quality	m3/t crude oil	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
calc_allocation_factors	inseparable shared burdens	selected driver value for each co-product / sum of driver values; verify factors sum to 1.000 within rounding tolerance	cp_coproduct_residue_mass; allocation decision record	allocation factors and mass-allocation sensitivity factors	eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_extraction_mass_balance	extraction and clarification	prepared seed + material auxiliaries = crude oil + co-products + wastes + measured stock change + quantified emissions + unresolved difference	cp_prepared_seed_mass; cp_crude_oil_output_quality; cp_coproduct_residue_mass; cp_hexane_balance; cp_water_wastewater; cp_air_emissions	campaign mass-balance closure and unresolved difference	fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	reference product and oilseed input	Demonstrate species, oil type, crude/unrefined state, route, solvent use, degumming status, and mill gate for every included batch.	lot certificates; route log; laboratory release; reference-flow UUID check
dq_measurement	mass, energy, solvent, and water records	Use calibrated instruments or reconciled purchase/stock records; retain units, conversions, missing-data treatment, and instrument coverage.	calibration certificates; invoices; stock reconciliation; calculation workbook
dq_temporal	declared reporting period	Use a continuous campaign or at least 12 representative months for an annual dataset; disclose shutdowns, abnormal releases, and seasonality.	production calendar; operating log; exception record
dq_completeness	foreground inventory	Cover all material seed, crude-oil, co-product, utility, solvent, water, residue, waste-water, and direct-emission flows; quantify or justify exclusions.	signed completeness checklist; mass/energy/solvent reconciliation
dq_representativeness	geography and technology	Match seed source, mill geography, extraction route, solvent-recovery technology, and production scale, or document and assess extrapolation.	site description; supplier geography; technology record; extrapolation note
dq_source_scope	external QA ranges	Apply the FAO sunflower ranges only to matching sunflower routes and the EU BAT-AEL only to matching regulated solvent-route scope; do not silently transfer them to safflower or mechanical-only cases.	applicability assessment linked to source ids

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	reference flow	Fail if the reference UUID, Mass property, Units of mass group, 1 kg amount, species qualifier, crude/unrefined state, or mill gate is missing or inconsistent.	codex-cxs-210-1999-2026
validate_route_completeness	process map and inventory	Fail if the declared mechanical, solvent, or combined route omits a required route operation; a solvent route must include solvent recovery/desolventising and solvent balance, while refining operations must not be included in the crude-oil foreground result.	fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
validate_species_separation	combined datasets	Fail if sunflower and safflower batches are aggregated without production weights, species-specific input/output records, and disclosure of the aggregation method.	codex-cxs-210-1999-2026
validate_mass_balance	each process and campaign	Flag an unexplained preparation or extraction mass-balance difference above 2% of the largest material throughput; require correction or documented investigation rather than forced closure.	fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
validate_hexane_balance	solvent route	Fail if make-up, stock change, recovered solvent, quantified product/water/waste fractions, and air emissions are not reconciled; flag a matching-scope sunflower yearly loss outside 0.2-0.7 kg/t cleaned seed for investigation, not automatic replacement.	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031; us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995
validate_allocation	co-products and shared services	Fail if allocation is used before documented subdivision review, factors do not sum to one, waste and co-product status is inconsistent, or price/physical-driver evidence and sensitivity results are absent.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_quality_and_coverage	published foreground package	Fail if required qualifiers, protocol coverage, calibration evidence, temporal coverage, direct emissions, quality tests, or excluded-flow justifications are missing.	codex-cxs-210-1999-2026; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	unit_process foreground data package for crude-oil production
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	LCA models requiring crude sunflower-seed or safflower-seed oil at a matching mill gate, species/oil type, geography, period, extraction route, solvent practice, degumming status, and allocation method
excluded_use	refined or packaged edible oil; other oilseed oils; undisclosed sunflower/safflower averages; routes or geographies with materially different extraction and recovery technology; direct food-compliance claims without applicable testing
required_metadata	PCR id and version; reference-flow UUID; oilseed species and variety/oil type; geography; period; mill gate; route; solvent and recovery; degumming status; crude quality basis; upstream seed dataset; allocation method; protocol coverage; data-quality assessment
required_quality_disclosure	measured versus calculated coverage; missing-data substitutions; provisional-range use; instrument calibration; mass, energy, water, and solvent reconciliation; co-product status and allocation sensitivity; abnormal operations; excluded flows
update_trigger	material change in oilseed species/oil type, seed source, extraction or solvent-recovery route, degumming/clarification, geography, energy or water system, co-product market, allocation method, legal status, reference UUID, or evidence base

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
fao-ebrd-sunflower-oils-2010	official_guidance	FAO/EBRD, Sunflower Crude and Refined Oils: Agribusiness Handbook, 2010, https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/tci/docs/1_AH10-Sunflower%20Crude%20%26%20Refined%20Oils.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	sunflower process decomposition; seed preparation, pressing, solvent extraction, clarification, co-products, and route conversion benchmarks
codex-cxs-210-1999-2026	standard	Codex Alimentarius CXS 210-1999, Standard for Named Vegetable Oils, official 2026 corrected text, https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd9108en (retrieved 2026-08-10)	sunflower/safflower product identity, crude-oil trade applicability, quality and physical-property context
eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031	standard	Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2031, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2019/2031/oj (retrieved 2026-08-10)	foreground inventory, monitoring, energy/water/solvent accounting, oilseed dust and sunflower-route hexane-loss QA
us-epa-ap42-9-11-1-1995	official_guidance	U.S. EPA AP-42 Section 9.11.1, Vegetable Oil Processing, November 1995, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/c9s11-1.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	solvent-route process decomposition, crude-versus-refined boundary, dust and hexane emission accounting
eu-pef-2021-2279	standard	Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on Environmental Footprint methods, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj (retrieved 2026-08-10)	allocation hierarchy, physical/economic allocation evidence, sensitivity and documentation requirements