Whole milk powder

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to whole milk powder made by removing water from milk or cream while retaining milk fat within the compositional range for whole milk powder. The foreground product is finished powder at the dairy factory gate, either bulk or packaged as declared. Regular, agglomerated, and instantised whole milk powder are covered when the relevant heat treatment, agglomeration, lecithination, and packaging operations are reported.

The default production route starts with raw whole milk available at the farm gate, includes transport to the dairy, reception and storage, composition standardisation, pasteurisation or other declared heat treatment, evaporation, homogenisation when used, spray or other declared drying, powder recovery and finishing, cleaning, and packaging. Upstream raw-milk production is represented by a separate supplier or regional dataset. Distribution after the dairy factory gate, retail, reconstitution, consumption, and packaging end-of-life are outside the default foreground boundary.

The PCR excludes skim milk powder, partly skimmed milk powder, cream powder, whey powder, fat-filled powder in which milk fat is replaced by non-milk fat, infant formula, formulated nutritional powders, and powder blends containing material non-dairy ingredients beyond processing aids or declared instantisation ingredients. Roller-dried whole milk powder may use this PCR only when the drying route and route-specific quality effects are disclosed; spray drying is the representative route.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.dairy-products-and-egg-products.whole-milk-powder
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 22211, Whole milk powder, exact scope candidate pending accepted mapping governance
covered_products	Whole milk powder containing at least 26% and less than 42% milk fat by mass, including regular and instantised or agglomerated forms, for direct consumption or further processing
excluded_products	Cream powder; partly skimmed milk powder; skim milk powder; whey powder; buttermilk powder; non-milk fat-filled powder; infant formula; formulated nutritional powder; dairy powder blends whose identity is not whole milk powder
representative_product	Spray-dried whole milk powder made from standardised and pasteurised whole milk
production_route	Raw milk reception and standardisation; heat treatment; evaporation; optional homogenisation; spray drying; powder recovery or optional agglomeration and lecithination; packaging
market_state	Finished dry powder at dairy factory gate; bulk or packaged state must be declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provision of whole milk powder at the dairy factory gate for direct consumption or further food processing
How much	1 kg net whole milk powder
How well	Conforms to the declared market specification and, at minimum for Codex identity, contains at least 26% and less than 42% milk fat, no more than 5% water, and at least 34% milk protein in milk solids-not-fat
How long or cycle	One production batch at factory gate; no use duration is assigned; declared shelf-life and storage conditions are product metadata
reference_flow_link	Exactly 1 kg net output of the Tiangong Whole milk powder product flow after final quality release

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg net product
Reference product flow	Whole milk powder f268b0b6-9cf3-4bba-aaf7-7b57e4f3fac0
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	animal species and raw-milk origin; milk-fat fraction; water or moisture fraction; milk protein in milk solids-not-fat; regular or agglomerated/instantised form; heat-treatment class or time-temperature record; drying technology; packaging state and packaging included/excluded; production geography and period; allocation method; factory-gate release specification

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	released whole milk powder	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use net product mass after subtracting packaging tare. Moisture present in the released powder remains part of the reference mass.
composition_identity	released whole milk powder	mass fraction	% m/m	Measure and report milk fat, water, and milk protein in milk solids-not-fat using the applicable product specification and test methods. The product must meet the whole-milk-powder identity limits in Codex CXS 207-1999.
energy_reporting	electricity and thermal energy	energy	kWh for electricity; MJ for fuels, steam, and purchased heat	Preserve metered carrier quantities and conversion factors. Do not combine electricity and thermal energy into one unqualified energy value.
water_reporting	process water, cleaning water, condensate, and wastewater	volume or mass	m3 or kg	Keep intake water, recovered evaporator condensate, reused water, and wastewater separate. State density or conversion assumptions when mass and volume are converted.
mass_balance_basis	milk solids, product, recovered fines, rejects, and losses	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg dry matter and kg wet mass	Report wet mass and dry matter consistently so retained milk solids, removed water, recovered fines, off-specification powder, and unexplained loss can be reconciled for the same batch period.
packaging_basis	packaging materials	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg material/kg net product	Report each packaging material separately and declare whether packaging is included in the factory-gate product system.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Raw whole milk is available at the farm gate with measured mass, animal species, origin, collection period, fat, protein, and total-solids or water content; any cream, skim milk, retentate, permeate, or lactose used for composition adjustment is separately identified
starting_condition_role	Upstream product input to the foreground dairy-processing system
product_classification_scope	Whole milk powder only; classification references describe mapping context and do not broaden the PCR to other milk, whey, cream, or formulated powders
recursive_input_rule	Purchased whole milk powder used as an input must be represented by a separately sourced upstream whole-milk-powder dataset and its purpose and mass disclosed; do not recursively recreate its production inside the same foreground system
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geographically, temporally, technologically, and species-representative datasets for raw milk, ingredients, packaging, electricity, fuels, heat, water supply, transport, waste treatment, and wastewater treatment
disclosure	Declare starting geography and time, raw-milk composition and mass, transport to dairy, included unit operations, packaging state, allocation choices, recycled fines and condensate treatment, exclusions, and any change from the default factory-gate boundary

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_rule_1	default foreground system	Include transport of raw milk from farm gate to dairy, reception and storage, standardisation, heat treatment, concentration, drying, powder recovery and finishing, packaging when supplied with the product, on-site utilities, cleaning, wastewater, direct air emissions, refrigerant losses, and waste handling through the dairy factory gate.	idf-bulletin-445-2010; fao-dairy-industry
boundary_rule_2	upstream inputs	Represent raw-milk production and production of purchased ingredients, operating materials, packaging, electricity, fuels, heat, and water with upstream datasets rather than treating those inputs as burden-free.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
boundary_rule_3	downstream stages	Exclude post-factory-gate distribution, retail, storage, reconstitution, use, and end-of-life from the default foreground package; include them only in an explicitly extended lifecycle model and disclose the extension.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
boundary_rule_4	completeness	Do not omit known material, energy, water, refrigerant, wastewater, waste, or direct-emission streams merely because they are not separately metered. Estimate or bound them transparently, and disclose justified exclusions and their expected significance.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
boundary_rule_5	product identity	Keep fat-filled powders, skim or partly skimmed powders, cream powder, whey powder, and formulated nutritional powders outside this product system unless represented as separate co-products or upstream/downstream products.	codex-cxs-207-1999

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
milk_reception_standardisation	Milk reception, storage, and composition standardisation	required	Always; include separation or addition of permitted milk constituents when used	Establish accepted raw-milk quantity, quality, and target whole-milk composition	kg standardised milk sent to heat treatment
heat_treatment_evaporation	Heat treatment and evaporation	required	Always; record actual time-temperature and evaporator configuration	Product safety or functionality treatment and energy-efficient removal of bulk water	kg concentrate sent to drying
homogenisation_spray_drying	Homogenisation and spray drying	required	Homogenisation is conditional when not used; drying is always required and non-spray routes must be declared	Powder formation; Tiangong spray-drying process identity 311f94da-b94d-402e-ae4b-5e0b2389e07d is an identity reference only	kg powder leaving dryer and fluid-bed system
powder_finishing_packaging	Powder finishing, optional instantisation, and packaging	required	Agglomeration, lecithination, gas flushing, and retail packaging are included only when performed	Final quality release and factory-gate product preparation	kg net released whole milk powder
cleaning_wastewater_management	Cleaning and on-site wastewater management	required	Allocate shared cleaning and treatment records to the covered production period	Record water, cleaning chemicals, recovered condensate, wastewater, sludge, and treatment routing	production-period records allocated to 1 kg net product

Process: Milk reception, storage, and composition standardisation (milk_reception_standardisation)

Inputs

Product flows

Raw whole milk at farm gate (raw_whole_milk)

Raw milk enters the foreground system as the principal milk-solids and milk-fat input. Select a product flow matching animal species, origin, and market state.

• Selected flow: Dataset-specific raw whole milk product flow matching the declared species and origin
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted raw-milk mass for the production batch
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_raw_milk_receipt
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010

Milk constituents for composition adjustment (milk_constituent_adjustments)

Cream, skim milk, milk retentate, milk permeate, or lactose is recorded separately when added or withdrawn to achieve the declared composition. Non-milk fat is not a permitted adjustment within this PCR.

• Selected flow: Dataset-specific milk constituent product flow matching the actual adjustment material
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured mass added to or withdrawn from the standardisation balance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_standardisation_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-207-1999

Waste flows

Rejected or spilled raw milk (rejected_raw_milk)

Rejected deliveries, reception spills, and milk sent to waste treatment are recorded as waste; material returned to the supplier is disclosed separately.

• Selected flow: Dataset-specific waste milk flow and treatment route
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or mass-balance-derived rejected and spilled milk
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_losses
• Sources: fao-dairy-industry

Elementary flows

No elementary input is expected from this process unless water is abstracted directly from the environment; record such abstraction with a location-appropriate elementary flow.

Outputs

Product flows

Standardised whole milk (standardised_whole_milk)

The output carries the measured fat, protein, and total-solids composition used for downstream heat and mass balances.

• Selected flow: Internal standardised whole milk intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass with laboratory composition record
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg standardised milk sent to heat treatment
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_standardisation_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-207-1999

Waste flows

Withdrawn milk fractions that leave the product system without sale as co-products are recorded with their actual waste treatment route.

Elementary flows

No routine elementary output is expected; separately record any measured direct refrigerant loss from reception cooling.

Process: Heat treatment and evaporation (heat_treatment_evaporation)

Inputs

Product flows

Standardised whole milk feed (standardised_milk_feed)

Standardised milk enters the declared heat-treatment and evaporation train.

• Selected flow: Internal standardised whole milk intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass from standardisation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg concentrate output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_evaporation_mass_balance
• Sources: tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook

Thermal energy for heat treatment and evaporation (evaporation_thermal_energy)

Record purchased heat, steam, or fuel by carrier. Where steam is generated on-site, record fuel and boiler inputs and avoid double counting purchased heat.

• Selected flow: Dataset-specific fuel, steam, or purchased heat product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ; steam may additionally be recorded in kg with enthalpy calculation
• Amount rule: metered carrier quantity allocated to the batch and converted with documented net energy or enthalpy factors
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg concentrate output and per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_utilities
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010

Electricity for pumps, separation, and evaporation (evaporation_electricity)

Record sub-metered electricity or allocate a complete meter balance using operating time and rated load only when sub-metering is unavailable.

• Selected flow: Geography- and period-specific electricity product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered or transparently allocated electricity consumption
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg concentrate output and per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_utilities
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010

Waste flows

Evaporator cleaning waste and product losses (evaporator_product_loss)

Milk solids discharged during start-up, shutdown, fouling removal, or cleaning are recorded with the actual recovery or treatment route.

• Selected flow: Dataset-specific dairy product loss or wastewater flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured discharge or dry-matter balance difference assigned to this process
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_losses
• Sources: fao-dairy-industry

Elementary flows

No elementary input is expected unless on-site water abstraction or direct fuel extraction is modelled; ordinary water and fuels supplied by utilities are product flows.

Outputs

Product flows

Concentrated whole milk (concentrated_whole_milk)

Concentrate mass and total-solids fraction are measured at the dryer feed boundary.

• Selected flow: Internal concentrated whole milk intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured concentrate mass and total-solids fraction
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg concentrate sent to drying
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_evaporation_mass_balance
• Sources: tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook

Recovered evaporator condensate (evaporator_condensate)

Condensate is tracked separately as an internal reuse stream, discharged water, or exported product according to actual quality and routing.

• Selected flow: Internal recovered water or dataset-specific wastewater/product-water flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured condensate quantity by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg concentrate output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010

Waste flows

Condensate failing reuse or discharge requirements is transferred to wastewater management and not credited as recovered water.

Elementary flows

Direct combustion and refrigerant emissions (evaporation_direct_emissions)

Record measured or source-factor-calculated emissions from on-site combustion and refrigerant leakage without duplicating emissions already embedded in purchased energy datasets.

• Selected flow: Pollutant-specific elementary flow to the measured environmental compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: continuous measurement, periodic test, refrigerant inventory balance, or documented factor multiplied by collected fuel activity
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010

Process: Homogenisation and spray drying (homogenisation_spray_drying)

Inputs

Product flows

Concentrated whole milk feed (dryer_concentrate_feed)

The dryer feed includes concentrate and any declared permitted fortification or instantisation ingredients added before drying.

• Selected flow: Internal concentrated whole milk intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dryer-feed mass and total-solids fraction
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg powder leaving drying and fluid-bed stages
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dryer_mass_balance
• Sources: tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook

Thermal energy for drying air (dryer_thermal_energy)

Record fuel, steam, or purchased heat used to heat drying air and fluid beds by carrier and actual metering boundary.

• Selected flow: Dataset-specific fuel, steam, or purchased heat product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: metered or calculated energy allocated to dryer operation for the batch
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg powder leaving drying and per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_utilities
• Sources: tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook; idf-bulletin-445-2010

Electricity for homogenisation, atomisation, fans, and powder handling (dryer_electricity)

Record electricity for the homogeniser when used, feed pumps, atomiser, fans, cyclones or filters, fluid beds, cooling, and powder conveying.

• Selected flow: Geography- and period-specific electricity product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: sub-metered electricity or documented allocation from complete equipment records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg powder leaving drying and per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_utilities
• Sources: tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook; idf-bulletin-445-2010

Waste flows

Off-specification powder and unrecovered fines (dryer_powder_loss)

Separate internally recycled fines from powder sold as a lower-grade co-product and powder sent to animal feed, rework, wastewater, or disposal.

• Selected flow: Dataset-specific off-specification dairy powder or waste flow by actual route
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured collection and destination records reconciled with dryer mass balance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dryer_mass_balance
• Sources: tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook

Elementary flows

Drying air is not quantified as an elementary input unless the study explicitly inventories atmospheric resource flows; energy and direct emissions remain mandatory.

Outputs

Product flows

Whole milk powder from dryer (dryer_powder_output)

Powder output is measured before final packaging and carries moisture, fat, protein, bulk-density, and route-specific quality results.

• Selected flow: Whole milk powder f268b0b6-9cf3-4bba-aaf7-7b57e4f3fac0
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured powder mass leaving the dryer and fluid-bed system, including recovered fines only once
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg powder leaving drying
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dryer_mass_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-207-1999; tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook

Waste flows

Collected powder dust that is not returned to product is recorded under dryer_powder_loss with its actual treatment or recovery route.

Elementary flows

Powder particulate released to air (dryer_particulate_air)

Record particulate that passes final control equipment as an elementary emission; do not treat internally recovered cyclone or filter powder as an emission.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter elementary flow to air matching the reported size fraction and compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: stack measurement or site-specific emission factor multiplied by dryer throughput
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions
• Sources: tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook

Process: Powder finishing, optional instantisation, and packaging (powder_finishing_packaging)

Inputs

Product flows

Dryer powder (finishing_powder_feed)

Dryer powder enters final blending, sieving, agglomeration or lecithination when used, quality release, and packaging.

• Selected flow: Whole milk powder f268b0b6-9cf3-4bba-aaf7-7b57e4f3fac0
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass into finishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_batch_output_quality
• Sources: tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook

Instantisation and fortification ingredients (finishing_ingredients)

Lecithin, vitamins, minerals, or other declared ingredients are recorded individually. Material additions that change the product identity beyond whole milk powder require another PCR.

• Selected flow: Ingredient-specific product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed batch addition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_ingredients
• Sources: tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook; codex-cxs-207-1999

Packaging materials and packaging gases (packaging_materials)

Primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging and any nitrogen or carbon dioxide used for gas flushing are recorded by material and packaging format.

• Selected flow: Material-specific packaging and gas product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: purchased-and-issued packaging balance minus documented unused returns, divided by net released product mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010

Finishing and packaging electricity (finishing_electricity)

Record electricity for fluidisation or agglomeration, cooling, conveying, sieving, blending, compressed air, and packaging.

• Selected flow: Geography- and period-specific electricity product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered or documented equipment allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_utilities
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010

Waste flows

Packaging scrap and rejected finished powder (finishing_waste)

Record packaging scrap, product retained for rework, and rejected powder separately by destination.

• Selected flow: Material-specific packaging waste or off-specification powder flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured waste and rework destination records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_losses
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010

Elementary flows

No routine elementary input is expected.

Outputs

Product flows

Released whole milk powder (reference_whole_milk_powder)

This is the quantitative reference. Net mass and composition are based on released lots only; packaging tare is excluded from the 1 kg product mass.

• Selected flow: Whole milk powder f268b0b6-9cf3-4bba-aaf7-7b57e4f3fac0
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: exactly 1 kg net released product after quality acceptance
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)
• Collection protocol: cp_batch_output_quality
• Sources: codex-cxs-207-1999; idf-bulletin-445-2010

Waste flows

Rejected lots are not included in the reference output and remain under finishing_waste until reworked, sold as a declared co-product, or treated as waste.

Elementary flows

Record direct refrigerant or packaging-gas releases when measured; do not duplicate upstream production emissions for purchased gases.

Process: Cleaning and on-site wastewater management (cleaning_wastewater_management)

Inputs

Product flows

Fresh water and recovered water for cleaning (cleaning_water)

Record fresh water and suitable recovered condensate separately so reuse is visible and water intake is not overstated.

• Selected flow: Source-appropriate water supply product flow and internal recovered-water flow
• Flow property / unit: Volume or mass / m3 or kg
• Amount rule: metered water by source and use, allocated to the covered production period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010; fao-dairy-industry

Cleaning and sanitation chemicals (cleaning_chemicals)

Record alkaline, acid, disinfectant, and other cleaning agents by active product and concentration.

• Selected flow: Chemical-specific product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured issue or purchase balance corrected for inventory change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_records
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010; fao-dairy-industry

Waste flows

No waste input is expected unless wastewater is transferred from another declared on-site product system; disclose and prevent double counting when that occurs.

Elementary flows

Direct water abstraction is recorded as an elementary input only when it crosses from the environment rather than from a water-supply product system.

Outputs

Product flows

Recovered condensate or treated water exported for another product system is reported only when it meets the declared quality and transfer criteria; otherwise it remains an internal reuse or waste stream.

Waste flows

Dairy wastewater to treatment (dairy_wastewater)

Wastewater quantity and treatment route are recorded together with representative load indicators. Product losses to drain remain in the dry-matter balance.

• Selected flow: Dataset-specific dairy wastewater flow to the actual treatment route
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3; pollutant loads additionally in kg
• Amount rule: metered discharge volume with sampled or calculated COD, BOD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and milk-solids loads as available
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010; fao-dairy-industry

Wastewater-treatment sludge (wastewater_sludge)

Record wet and dry sludge mass and the actual recovery, land application, digestion, incineration, or disposal route.

• Selected flow: Dataset-specific wastewater sludge waste flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg wet mass and kg dry matter
• Amount rule: measured sludge quantity and solids fraction allocated to the covered production period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
• Sources: fao-dairy-industry

Elementary flows

On-site wastewater-treatment emissions (wastewater_treatment_emissions)

Record direct methane, nitrous oxide, or other measured emissions from on-site treatment when applicable; off-site treatment emissions belong to the selected treatment dataset.

• Selected flow: Pollutant-specific elementary flow to the measured compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured emission or documented factor multiplied by collected treatment activity
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net released whole milk powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions
• Sources: idf-bulletin-445-2010

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_rule_1	separately metered unit operations	Avoid allocation by subdividing reception, standardisation, evaporation, drying, finishing, cleaning, and packaging wherever process meters and mass balances permit direct assignment.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
allocation_rule_2	internal fines, condensate, heat recovery, and rework	Treat material or energy returned to the same production system as an internal loop. Record gross generation and return where available, but do not create a co-product credit or double count the returned flow.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
allocation_rule_3	cream, skim milk, or other saleable dairy co-products from standardisation	When subdivision cannot assign shared burdens, use a documented physicochemical allocation reflecting milk-component and resource relationships. Apply factors to each shared input or emission category rather than assuming one mass-only factor for all resources.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
allocation_rule_4	residual shared burdens without a defensible physicochemical relationship	Use economic allocation only as a disclosed fallback or sensitivity case, based on representative multi-year prices where available. Report quantities, prices, period, geography, and resulting factors.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
allocation_rule_5	off-specification powder and material sent to feed, rework, or disposal	Classify the output according to its actual destination and market function. Do not assign avoided-burden credits unless an explicitly extended lifecycle model applies system expansion and reports the substituted product and sensitivity.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
allocation_rule_6	shared site utilities and cleaning	Allocate only the residual shared quantity after direct metering, using documented causal drivers such as operating time, clean-in-place circuit volume, heat duty, throughput, or wastewater load; disclose the driver and reconciliation to site totals.	idf-bulletin-445-2010

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_raw_milk_receipt	milk_reception_standardisation	raw milk quantity, composition, origin, and transport	weighbridge or calibrated flowmeter plus intake laboratory record and delivery log	accepted mass; rejected mass; species; supplier/origin; collection date; fat; protein; total solids or water; transport distance and mode	reconcile delivery tickets to intake meter and laboratory sample identifier	kg; % m/m; km	each delivery and batch	representative continuous 12-month period or declared seasonal campaign	all suppliers and receiving points serving the product	sum accepted mass and mass-weight composition by batch; retain supplier stratification	calibration; sampling plan; laboratory method; delivery-ticket reconciliation
cp_standardisation_balance	milk_reception_standardisation	standardised milk and adjustment constituents	calibrated meters, tank levels, and laboratory composition results	input and output masses; fat; protein; total solids; cream/skim/retentate/permeate/lactose additions or withdrawals	closed batch mass and milk-solids balance	kg; % m/m	each batch	same period as product output	all standardisation trains	reconcile inputs, outputs, inventory change, and losses	meter calibration; sample chain; balance closure
cp_evaporation_mass_balance	heat_treatment_evaporation	heat treatment and concentrate production	batch records, time-temperature recorder, flowmeters, density and total-solids tests	feed mass; feed solids; time-temperature; concentrate mass; concentrate solids; condensate by destination; start-up/shutdown loss	link control-system records to batch identifier	kg; % m/m; °C; s or min	each batch	same period as product output	all heat-treatment and evaporator lines	dry-matter and water balance by batch, then production-weight average	sensor calibration; laboratory duplicates; condensate meter check
cp_dryer_mass_balance	homogenisation_spray_drying	dryer feed, powder, fines, rejects, and emissions activity	feed and powder meters, hopper or silo inventory, total-solids and moisture tests, filter or cyclone recovery logs	concentrate feed mass and solids; powder output and moisture; recovered fines; rework; rejects; inventory change; dryer hours	reconcile milk-solids entering and leaving dryer system	kg; % m/m; h	each batch or shift	same period as product output	all dryers and powder recovery equipment	dry-matter balance with recycled fines counted once	meter calibration; moisture method; inventory reconciliation; exception log
cp_batch_output_quality	powder_finishing_packaging	net released product and product identity	released-lot weights, packaging tare, and certificate of analysis	gross mass; tare; net mass; fat; water; protein in milk solids-not-fat; product form; heat class; lot status	sum released net mass and link laboratory results to lots	kg; % m/m	each released lot	same period as inventory	all finished-product silos and packing lines	exclude rejected lots until release or rework; production-weight quality results	scale calibration; laboratory accreditation or QA; release authorisation
cp_finishing_ingredients	powder_finishing_packaging	lecithin, vitamins, minerals, and other additions	batch dosing records and inventory balance	ingredient identity; supplier lot; mass added; concentration; destination batch	reconcile weighed additions with stock issue and returns	kg	each batch	same period as product output	all finishing lines	sum by ingredient and divide by released product	calibrated scales; formulation approval; lot traceability
cp_packaging_records	powder_finishing_packaging	primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging and gases	bill of materials, issue/return records, packaged-unit counts, and scrap logs	material; unit mass; units used; unused returns; scrap; gas mass; product format	material balance by packaging format	kg	each lot or shift	representative 12 months or declared campaign	all packaging lines for the product	net issued material divided by released net product	supplier specification; unit-mass check; inventory reconciliation
cp_energy_and_utilities	all foreground processes	electricity, fuels, steam, heat, compressed air, and refrigeration	calibrated sub-meters, utility invoices, fuel meters, and operating logs	carrier; meter start/end; fuel mass or volume; lower heating value; steam mass, pressure and enthalpy; operating hours; allocation driver	direct assignment first; reconcile residual allocation to site totals	kWh; MJ; kg; m3	continuous or each shift; invoice monthly	at least 12 representative months or full campaign	all relevant equipment and shared utility systems	sum by carrier and process; normalize to released product after allocation	meter calibration; invoice reconciliation; documented conversion factors
cp_water_and_wastewater	cleaning_wastewater_management	water intake, condensate reuse, wastewater, and sludge	source and discharge meters, sampling, treatment logs, and sludge tickets	water by source/use; condensate by destination; discharge volume; COD; BOD; total nitrogen; total phosphorus; sludge wet mass and solids; treatment route	meter balance plus representative composite sampling	m3; kg pollutant; kg sludge	continuous volume; representative samples by permit or operating plan	at least 12 representative months or full campaign	all water sources, clean-in-place circuits, and treatment routes serving product	reconcile intake, reuse, evaporation, product water, discharge, and inventory	meter calibration; sample chain; laboratory QA; permit reports
cp_cleaning_records	cleaning_wastewater_management	cleaning and sanitation chemicals	clean-in-place recipe, dosing meter, chemical issue record, and inventory balance	chemical identity; concentration; dose; cycle count; circuit; recovered or discarded solution	sum active product by circuit and allocate residual shared cycles causally	kg product and kg active substance	each cleaning cycle	same period as production	all circuits used by covered processes	direct assignment by circuit; reconcile to purchases and inventory	dosing calibration; concentration verification; cycle log
cp_material_losses	all foreground processes	spills, rejects, rework, waste, and co-products	incident, rework, waste transfer, and sales records	material identity; wet mass; solids; destination; recovered quantity; treatment; batch	reconcile losses and destinations with process mass balances	kg wet mass; kg dry matter	each event and batch	same period as production	all covered lines and storage areas	sum by material and destination; count rework only at final destination	weigh tickets; transfer records; mass-balance closure
cp_direct_emissions	relevant foreground processes	combustion, refrigerant, particulate, and treatment emissions	stack test or continuous monitor, fuel records, refrigerant inventory, maintenance logs, and treatment activity	pollutant; compartment; measured concentration and flow; test period; fuel activity; refrigerant charge and refill; emission factor and source	use measurements where representative; otherwise multiply collected activity by disclosed factor	kg pollutant; mg/Nm3; Nm3; kg refrigerant	continuous, periodic test, or annual inventory as applicable	representative operating states in the production period	all direct emission points serving covered processes	aggregate by pollutant and compartment; prevent overlap between measurement and factor methods	method, detection limit, calibration, operating-state evidence, factor reference

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_mass	released product	Net released powder mass = gross packed mass - packaging tare; normalize all allocated foreground quantities by net released powder mass.	gross mass; tare; released-lot status	kg input or output per 1 kg net released powder	idf-bulletin-445-2010
calc_milk_solids_balance	standardisation through drying	For the same batch period, dry matter in raw milk and added milk constituents = dry matter in released powder + saleable co-products + off-specification material + wastewater/product losses + inventory change + unexplained difference. Report the unexplained percentage.	mass and solids fraction for all milk-bearing inputs and outputs	closed dry-matter balance and unexplained difference	codex-cxs-207-1999; tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook
calc_water_balance	evaporation, drying, and cleaning	Water input in milk, ingredients, and utility water = water in product and co-products + separately recovered condensate + wastewater + evaporated water + inventory change + unexplained difference. Keep internal reuse out of net intake.	wet mass; solids or moisture; water meters; condensate; wastewater	water balance by destination per reference flow	idf-bulletin-445-2010; fao-dairy-industry
calc_energy_normalisation	each energy carrier	Normalize collected carrier quantity after direct assignment and disclosed allocation. For fuels, retain quantity and lower-heating-value conversion; for steam, retain mass and enthalpy difference.	meter records; fuel properties; steam state; released product	kWh electricity or MJ thermal energy per reference flow	idf-bulletin-445-2010
calc_physicochemical_allocation	multi-product dairy processing	After subdivision, allocate each residual shared input or emission using the documented physicochemical or resource-use factor applicable to that stream; factor for product i = quantity_i × relation_factor_i divided by the sum over co-products.	co-product quantities; stream-specific relation factors; shared burden	allocation factor by burden stream and product	idf-bulletin-445-2010
calc_packaging_intensity	packaging	Packaging intensity by material = net packaging material issued to released lots divided by net released whole milk powder.	issued material; returns; scrap attribution; released net product	kg packaging material per kg net product	idf-bulletin-445-2010

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	product and reference flow	Demonstrate whole-milk-powder identity and exact Tiangong product-flow UUID; retain released-lot fat, water, and protein-in-milk-solids-not-fat results and all required qualifiers.	certificate of analysis; specification; Tiangong identity reference; lot release record
dq_temporal	all foreground records	Use one coherent representative period, preferably 12 consecutive months for continuous plants or the complete declared campaign; explain shutdowns, abnormal production, seasonality, and substitutions.	meter dates; production calendar; invoice period; exception log
dq_technological	process route	Identify evaporator, homogeniser, dryer stage configuration, powder recovery, agglomeration or lecithination, utility generation, emission controls, and packaging line represented by the data.	equipment list; process flow diagram; operating records
dq_geographical	raw milk and upstream datasets	Match raw-milk origin, transport, electricity, fuel, heat, water, and treatment datasets to the declared geography or justify proxies.	supplier origin; route records; dataset metadata; proxy rationale
dq_completeness	mass, energy, water, and emissions	Reconcile milk-solids, wet-mass, water, energy-carrier, packaging, wastewater, and waste records to site or line totals; quantify and explain unresolved differences and exclusions.	signed balance sheets; meter and invoice reconciliation; exclusion register
dq_measurement	measured and calculated values	Record instrument identifier, calibration status, sampling method, laboratory method, detection limit where relevant, calculation formula, and responsible record owner.	calibration certificates; laboratory QA; calculation workbook; audit trail
dq_allocation	shared processes and co-products	Preserve direct measurements, shared totals, co-product quantities, factors, prices when used, allocation period, formulas, and sensitivity results.	allocation workbook; production and price records; reconciliation to site total
dq_source_age	external factors and secondary datasets	Use factors and secondary datasets current for the study period where available; record version, geography, technology, and replacement rationale for every proxy.	dataset metadata; factor citation; update log

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_rule_1	PCR and reference identity	The manifest id, Markdown canonical_pcr_id, and reference product flow must identify whole milk powder, and the reference amount must be exactly 1 kg net product using Mass and the Units of mass unit group.	codex-cxs-207-1999
validation_rule_2	released product composition	Reject the dataset as outside this PCR if released powder has milk fat below 26% or at or above 42% m/m, water above 5% m/m, or milk protein below 34% m/m of milk solids-not-fat.	codex-cxs-207-1999
validation_rule_3	required qualifiers	Fail completeness when species/origin, composition, product form, heat treatment, drying route, packaging state, geography/time, allocation method, or factory-gate release specification is missing.	codex-cxs-207-1999; idf-bulletin-445-2010
validation_rule_4	process coverage	Require records for reception and standardisation, heat treatment and evaporation, drying, finishing and packaging, cleaning and wastewater, and all applicable transport, utilities, refrigerants, wastes, and direct emissions; mark a step not applicable only with evidence.	idf-bulletin-445-2010; fao-dairy-industry; tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook
validation_rule_5	mass and water balances	Require a common batch or production period for milk-solids and water balances. Report unexplained differences and block review when balance scope, inventory change, or recycled fines could cause material double counting.	idf-bulletin-445-2010; tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook
validation_rule_6	allocation	Require subdivision before allocation, documented factors for every residual shared burden, factors summing to one for each shared burden, and reconciliation of allocated quantities to site totals.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
validation_rule_7	data provenance	Every foreground or calculated value must link to a collection protocol and period; every external factor or rule must link to a listed source id. Tiangong UUID lookup is identity evidence and is not listed as an external data source.	idf-bulletin-445-2010
validation_rule_8	double counting	Internal fines, condensate, heat recovery, rework, and shared-site utility allocation must be checked so generation and reuse are visible without counting the same burden or product twice.	idf-bulletin-445-2010

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground whole-milk-powder production data package and factory-gate product dataset
downstream_use	May be published as a secondary_dataset or background_dataset after review and combined with representative upstream raw-milk, energy, material, transport, and treatment datasets
allowed_use	Attributional factory-gate modelling of whole milk powder with matching composition, species, geography, technology, packaging state, period, and allocation method; extended lifecycle models may add downstream stages explicitly
excluded_use	Skim, partly skimmed, whey, cream, fat-filled, infant-formula, or formulated powders; comparative claims when product identity, allocation, geography, technology, packaging, or data quality is not equivalent; use as a cradle-to-consumer dataset without added downstream stages
required_metadata	PCR id and version; product-flow UUID; facility geography; reference period; raw-milk species and origin; composition; product form and heat class; evaporation and drying technology; packaging state; included processes; upstream dataset identities; allocation method; data owner and review status
required_quality_disclosure	Metering and sampling coverage; laboratory methods; mass, dry-matter, and water balance closure; allocation factors and sensitivity; temporal, geographical, and technological representativeness; data gaps, proxies, exclusions, uncertainty, and unresolved identities
update_trigger	Material change in raw-milk sourcing or composition, product specification, evaporator or dryer technology, energy supply, packaging, emission control, water reuse, wastewater treatment, allocation method, facility geography, or reference period; replacement of a material proxy or source rule also triggers review

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
codex-cxs-207-1999	standard	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 207-1999, Standard for Milk Powders and Cream Powder, official English text, https://www.fao.org/input/download/standards/333/CXS_207e.pdf, retrieved 2026-08-10	whole-milk-powder definition, permitted composition adjustment, identity limits, exclusions, product validation
idf-bulletin-445-2010	official_guidance	International Dairy Federation Bulletin 445/2010, A common carbon footprint approach for dairy: The IDF guide to standard lifecycle assessment methodology for the dairy sector, https://www.ukidf.org/documents/bulletin445.pdf, retrieved 2026-08-10	processing-gate functional unit, processing boundary, inventory data fields, allocation, completeness, reporting and data quality
fao-dairy-industry	official_guidance	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dairy Industry, https://www.fao.org/4/x6114e/x6114e06.htm, retrieved 2026-08-10	reception and milk-powder process context, evaporation, cleaning wastewater, product losses, treatment outputs
tetra-pak-milk-powder-handbook	handbook	Tetra Pak Dairy Processing Handbook, Milk and whey powdered ingredients, https://dairyprocessinghandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/milk-and-whey-powdered-ingredients, retrieved 2026-08-10	whole-milk-powder route, standardisation, pasteurisation, evaporation, homogenisation, spray and multi-stage drying, fines recovery, agglomeration and product quality fields