Processed liquid milk

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to liquid milk made fit for the declared market by one or more operations such as separation or fat standardisation, homogenisation, pasteurisation, sterilisation, ultra-high-temperature treatment, permitted fortification, cooling, and filling. It covers whole, partially skimmed, skimmed, and composition-equivalent reconstituted milk when the final product remains unflavoured, non-fermented liquid milk. The foreground data package represents processing from accepted milk at the dairy gate through the declared packaged or bulk product at the dairy gate.

The PCR does not cover raw milk, fresh cream, concentrated or dried milk, sweetened milk, fermented or acidified milk, flavoured milk, infant formula, or plant-based milk alternatives. Upstream raw-milk production, production of purchased utilities and packaging, distribution after the dairy gate, retail, use, and end-of-life are not foreground operations; they are connected through declared upstream or downstream datasets when required by the study scope.

Tiangong process bf42212c-0425-402b-85bc-64ec44aec568 is an identity reference for an aggregated processed-liquid-milk manufacturing process whose quantitative reference is the selected product flow. It supports the category-level process identity but does not replace the site-specific process decomposition and foreground records required below.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.dairy-products-and-egg-products.processed-liquid-milk
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 22110, Processed liquid milk, exact
covered_products	Unflavoured processed liquid milk, including whole, partially skimmed, skimmed, fortified, pasteurised, homogenised, sterilised, UHT, and composition-equivalent reconstituted milk
excluded_products	Raw milk; fresh or concentrated cream; concentrated, evaporated, condensed, or dried milk; sweetened, flavoured, fermented, curdled, or acidified milk; infant formula; plant-based alternatives
representative_product	Unflavoured processed cow milk in its declared primary package, ready for dispatch at the dairy gate
production_route	Milk reception and chilled storage; conditional clarification, separation, and standardisation; heat treatment; conditional homogenisation; cooling; filling; storage; cleaning and effluent management
market_state	Finished liquid product at dairy gate; refrigerated for pasteurised or other cold-chain products, or ambient-stable in an aseptic package for a validated UHT or sterilised route

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Supply of processed liquid milk meeting the declared composition, food-safety treatment, and packaging specification at the dairy gate
How much	1 kg net mass of processed liquid milk, excluding the mass of its primary and secondary packaging
How well	Conforms to the declared animal species, fat class, solids or fortification specification, heat-treatment route, homogenisation state, packaging configuration, and applicable food-safety requirements
How long or cycle	One production lot at release from the dairy gate; shelf-life duration and required storage temperature are declared but no consumer storage service is included
reference_flow_link	The functional unit is realised by exactly 1 kg of the Tiangong product flow specified below

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg net processed liquid milk
Reference product flow	Processed liquid milk 02cfe33a-6f85-4477-bfde-c8057d01cfa1
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	animal species and source-milk identity; raw-milk versus composition-equivalent reconstituted route; fat class or measured fat content; protein and total-solids basis; heat-treatment route; homogenisation state; fortification; package material and nominal fill size or bulk delivery; net-product mass basis; production geography; dairy-gate storage temperature; declared shelf life

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_net_mass	reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report the net mass of liquid milk only. Record packaging as separate inventory inputs and do not include packaging mass in the 1 kg reference amount.
volume_to_mass	milk, water, and liquid chemical records	Mass or volume with measured conversion basis	kg or m3	Convert volume records to mass only with a density applicable to the measured material, temperature, composition, and lot or reporting period. Retain the original volume, density, temperature, and calculation.
composition_basis	milk and dairy co-products	Mass fraction	kg/kg	Record fat, protein, and total solids on a consistent analytical and wet-mass basis; identify sampling method and averaging period. Do not infer a missing composition from a product name.
energy_carrier_separation	purchased electricity, fuels, steam, hot water, and cooling	Energy	kWh, MJ, or MWh	Preserve each energy carrier as a separate exchange. For facility-level QA only, convert electricity and thermal energy to MWh using documented physical unit conversions and do not combine primary energy with delivered energy.
wastewater_volume	process wastewater	Volume	m3	Report discharged wastewater volume after subtracting separately metered uncontaminated water that does not enter the process-wastewater system. Preserve treatment destination and measurement point.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Accepted milk at the dairy reception point, with supplier or source, animal species, quantity, temperature, composition, acceptance status, and lot or delivery time declared
starting_condition_role	Foreground collection starts with reception, storage, and processing at the dairy; production of source milk is represented by a matched upstream dataset
product_classification_scope	Unflavoured processed liquid milk within the reviewed semantic scope of CPC 3.0 22110, independent of the classification system used by a consuming dataset
recursive_input_rule	When processed liquid milk or off-specification milk from the same category is used as rework, record it as a distinct technosphere input with origin and quantity, terminate recursion at its supplying dataset, and prevent double counting of its prior processing
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geographically, temporally, technologically, animal-species, and composition-matched datasets for raw or reconstituted milk components, electricity, fuels or steam, water, cleaning chemicals, refrigerants, and packaging materials
disclosure	Declare source-milk route, facility geography, allocation boundary, included unit operations, bypassed or outsourced operations, heat-treatment and storage route, packaging scope, wastewater destination, and any process data shared with other dairy products

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_start_at_dairy_reception	foreground system boundary	Include milk reception, acceptance measurement, chilled storage, applicable standardisation, heat treatment, homogenisation, cooling, filling, dairy-gate storage, cleaning, product losses, and process wastewater generated for the declared product route.	ifc-dairy-ehs-2007; unsd-cpc-22110
boundary_upstream_inputs	upstream technosphere	Connect source milk, reconstitution ingredients where applicable, utilities, water, chemicals, packaging, and refrigerant supply through explicit upstream datasets; do not silently omit their production.	ifc-dairy-ehs-2007
boundary_downstream_exclusion	downstream stages	Exclude distribution after the dairy gate, retail, consumer refrigeration, consumption, packaging end-of-life, and product end-of-life from the foreground process, while identifying them as downstream stages for a lifecycle model.	idf-dairy-pefcr-2018
boundary_losses_and_effluent	losses and emissions	Include rejected milk, spills, separator residues, packaging scrap, cleaning chemicals, wastewater, treatment sludge, and direct refrigerant or combustion emissions when they cross the foreground boundary; disclose recovery, treatment, and destination.	ifc-dairy-ehs-2007
boundary_heat_route	heat treatment	Record the actual treatment route and its time-temperature or equivalent validation records. Apply the legal food-safety criteria of the production jurisdiction and disclose the criteria used.	eu-reg-853-2004

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
milk_reception_and_standardisation	Milk reception and standardisation	required	Always include reception and storage; include clarification, separation, composition adjustment, or reconstitution only when performed for the declared product	Foreground material preparation	kg accepted milk and kg standardised milk leaving the process
heat_treatment_and_filling	Heat treatment, cooling, and filling	required	Always include the validated heat-treatment and filling route; homogenisation and aseptic filling apply when used	Foreground product manufacture	1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate; Tiangong category process identity bf42212c-0425-402b-85bc-64ec44aec568
sanitation_and_wastewater_management	Sanitation and wastewater management	required	Include all cleaning, CIP, tanker or line washing, effluent collection, and on-site treatment attributable to the declared product route	Cross-cutting foreground support and treatment	reporting-period services allocated to the reference product

Process: Milk reception and standardisation (milk_reception_and_standardisation)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted source milk (source_milk_input)

Accepted raw milk, or declared preserved milk components and water for a composition-equivalent reconstituted route, enters the foreground dairy after quantity, temperature, quality, species, and composition checks.

• Selected flow: Site- and species-specific source milk or declared reconstitution components; exact Tiangong flow identity must be selected for the foreground package
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted mass after rejection, normalized to the net reference product
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_milk_mass_and_composition
• Sources: unsd-cpc-22110; ifc-dairy-ehs-2007
• Range: Provisional raw-milk mass-balance screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.95
  • Upper: 1.20
  • Unit: kg/kg net processed liquid milk
  • Basis: accepted source milk before separation losses or co-product removal per reference product
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Reception and separation electricity (reception_electricity)

Electricity for unloading, pumping, cooling, storage agitation, clarification, and separation is recorded from submeters or a documented facility allocation.

• Selected flow: Geography- and voltage-matched electricity product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: measured electricity attributable to reception and standardisation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007; eu-fdm-bat-2019

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Standardised milk intermediate (standardised_milk_output)

Accepted milk after the declared clarification, separation, composition adjustment, reconstitution, or storage steps is passed to heat treatment.

• Selected flow: Standardised milk intermediate, represented as an internal product flow without reusing the final reference product as an external output
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass reconciled with source milk, co-products, rejects, and retained line inventory
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_milk_mass_and_composition
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

Cream or other marketable milk fraction (separation_coproduct)

When fat standardisation or separation produces a marketable milk fraction, record its measured mass and composition as a co-product rather than a waste.

• Selected flow: Exact cream or milk-fraction product flow matching the sold or transferred material
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured co-product mass and composition leaving the process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_milk_mass_and_composition
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007; iso-14044-2006

Waste flows

Rejected milk and separator residues (reception_rejects)

Rejected deliveries, filter or separator residues, and milk lost during reception are recorded by destination; recovered food or feed material is reclassified as a product only when it has a documented use.

• Selected flow: Destination-specific organic waste or wastewater flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured rejection, spill, filter-residue, and separator-discharge mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_and_effluent_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

Elementary flows

Process: Heat treatment, cooling, and filling (heat_treatment_and_filling)

Inputs

Product flows

Standardised milk feed (standardised_milk_input)

The reconciled intermediate milk from reception and standardisation enters the validated heat-treatment route.

• Selected flow: Standardised milk internal product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass from the preceding process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_milk_mass_and_composition
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

Process electricity (process_electricity)

Electricity for pumping, homogenisation, heat-exchange auxiliaries, cooling, filling, packaging equipment, and product storage is retained as a separate carrier.

• Selected flow: Geography- and voltage-matched electricity product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: measured submetered electricity or documented allocation from facility meters
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007; eu-fdm-bat-2019

Thermal energy carriers (thermal_energy)

Fuel, steam, or hot-water inputs used for heat treatment and product-temperature control are recorded as separate purchased carriers or on-site fuel inputs without combining their delivered quantities.

• Selected flow: Carrier- and supplier-specific fuel, steam, or hot-water product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: metered delivered thermal energy or calculated energy from measured fuel use and a documented conversion
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007; eu-fdm-bat-2019

Primary packaging materials (primary_packaging)

All package components needed to contain and protect the reference product are recorded by material and component, including caps, closures, labels, and aseptic barrier layers where present.

• Selected flow: Material-specific packaging product flows matching the actual package bill of materials
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: issued packaging minus documented reusable or recycled in-process scrap, reconciled with good packaged units
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007
• Range: Provisional primary-packaging screening range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.005
  • Upper: 0.050
  • Unit: kg packaging/kg net processed liquid milk
  • Basis: total primary-package components issued per reference product
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Processed liquid milk reference product (processed_liquid_milk_output)

The released, conforming product at the dairy gate is the quantitative reference output.

• Selected flow: Processed liquid milk 02cfe33a-6f85-4477-bfde-c8057d01cfa1
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: fixed at 1 kg net liquid-milk mass after release checks; package mass is excluded
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)
• Sources: unsd-cpc-22110

Waste flows

Off-specification product and packaging scrap (filling_rejects)

Product losses, start-up and shutdown losses, damaged packages, and packaging offcuts are separately measured and assigned to reuse, recovery, wastewater, recycling, treatment, or disposal.

• Selected flow: Destination-specific milk-product waste and packaging-waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or mass-balanced rejected product and packaging material by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_and_effluent_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

Elementary flows

Refrigerant leakage to air (refrigerant_leakage)

When mechanical refrigeration serves the declared route, leakage is reported by actual refrigerant species; no generic refrigerant elementary flow may replace the substance-specific flow.

• Selected flow: Exact Tiangong elementary flow for the recorded refrigerant species emitted to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: annual inventory loss plus service additions minus documented recovery, allocated to the declared product route
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

Process: Sanitation and wastewater management (sanitation_and_wastewater_management)

Inputs

Product flows

Process and cleaning water (process_cleaning_water)

Potable or otherwise approved water used for product-contact operations, rinsing, tanker and line cleaning, CIP, and floor cleaning is measured at the relevant boundary.

• Selected flow: Geography- and quality-matched water supply product flow
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered process and cleaning water attributable to the declared product route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cip_and_water_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

Cleaning and sanitation chemicals (cleaning_chemicals)

Alkaline, acidic, disinfecting, and other cleaning agents are recorded by supplied formulation and active concentration without substituting a generic chemical for an unknown formulation.

• Selected flow: Formulation- or active-ingredient-specific chemical product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: issued chemical mass reconciled with stock change and dilution records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cip_and_water_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Process wastewater to treatment (process_wastewater)

Milk-bearing rinses, CIP discharge, tanker and line wash water, and other contaminated streams are recorded at the discharge or treatment-entry meter with destination and on-site treatment declared.

• Selected flow: Wastewater flow matching the actual treatment route and receiving system
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: measured process-wastewater discharge attributable to the declared product route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted source milk
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_and_effluent_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007; eu-fdm-bat-2019
• Range: Market-milk facility wastewater-discharge QA range
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.0003
  • Upper: 0.0030
  • Unit: m3/kg raw material
  • Basis: yearly average specific wastewater discharge for facilities where market milk is at least 80 percent of production
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Wastewater-treatment sludge (wastewater_sludge)

When wastewater is treated on site, treatment sludge and other residuals are recorded by wet or dry mass basis and destination.

• Selected flow: Destination-specific wastewater-treatment sludge flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured sludge mass with solids content, treatment, recovery, and disposal route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net processed liquid milk at dairy gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_and_effluent_records
• Sources: ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid_by_subdivision	all shared dairy operations	First avoid allocation by submetering and subdividing unit operations, and assign directly measured packaging, heat-treatment, cleaning, storage, and waste-management records to the product route that causes them.	iso-14044-2006; idf-dairy-pefcr-2018
allocation_reconcile_milk_components	standardisation and separation	Reconcile input and output mass plus fat, protein, and total solids before allocation. Cream and other saleable milk fractions are co-products; product losses and treatment residuals are not co-products unless a documented beneficial use makes them products.	ifc-dairy-ehs-2007
allocation_physical_relationship	residual shared burdens	When subdivision cannot remove a shared burden, use a documented physical relationship that reflects the causal use of the operation, such as throughput, treatment time, cooling load, or retained milk solids. Do not default to total wet mass when it does not represent the causal relationship.	iso-14044-2006
allocation_other_relationship	no defensible physical relationship	If no defensible physical relationship exists, use another documented relationship such as contemporaneous economic value, disclose price period and geography, and report a sensitivity check against a plausible alternative.	iso-14044-2006
allocation_no_avoided_burden_credit	wastes and recovered materials	Do not credit avoided products inside the foreground dataset unless the declared LCA modelling framework explicitly requires substitution. Report recovery outputs and treatment destinations transparently for downstream modelling.	iso-14044-2006

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_milk_mass_and_composition	milk_reception_and_standardisation	source milk, intermediates, products, co-products	weighbridge, calibrated flow meter, silo balance, laboratory record, batch record	delivery mass or volume; density and temperature when converted; species; supplier; fat; protein; total solids; accepted or rejected mass; intermediate transfer; co-product mass	capture each delivery and production lot; reconcile daily mass and composition	kg; kg/kg; °C	each delivery and lot, aggregated daily and monthly	at least 12 consecutive representative months or the full campaign	all reception, storage, separation, and product lines serving the declared product	sum masses after stock correction; calculate composition-weighted averages; normalize to released net product	calibration records, laboratory QA, stock reconciliation, rejection logs
cp_utility_records	heat_treatment_and_filling	electricity and thermal carriers	utility meter, submeter, invoice, fuel or steam meter	carrier identity; meter start and end; fuel quantity; steam or heat quantity; electricity; production downtime; allocation driver	capture carrier-specific meters and reconcile with facility invoices	kWh; MJ; MWh; carrier unit	continuous or shift, aggregated monthly	at least 12 consecutive representative months or the full campaign	all meters serving reception, processing, filling, cold storage, and allocated utilities	subtract excluded users; preserve carriers; allocate shared quantities with section 7 rules; normalize to accepted milk and net product	meter calibration, invoice reconciliation, documented conversion factors
cp_heat_treatment_records	heat_treatment_and_filling	validated treatment and release	automated time-temperature chart, divert-valve record, sterilisation or UHT validation, release test	route; inlet and outlet temperature; holding time; flow or batch; diversion events; validation criterion; release status	retain continuous critical-control records and exception review for each lot	°C; s or min; pass/fail	continuous for each lot	full reporting period	every heat-treatment line serving the declared product	link each released lot to treatment record and applicable legal or HACCP criterion	instrument calibration, HACCP verification, release authorization
cp_packaging_records	heat_treatment_and_filling	primary packaging and rejects	bill of materials, issue and return log, filler count, scrap record	component; material; supplier; component mass; units issued; good units; scrap; recycled or disposed quantity	reconcile packaging stock and line counts by product code	kg; item	each production lot, aggregated monthly	full reporting period	every filling and packing line serving the declared product	issued minus returned stock, separated by component and destination, divided by net product	supplier specifications, component weigh checks, line reconciliation
cp_cip_and_water_records	sanitation_and_wastewater_management	water and cleaning agents	water meter, CIP recipe, chemical issue and stock record	water volume; CIP circuit; cycle count; concentration; supplied formulation; chemical mass; recovered rinse; product route	meter water and reconcile chemical issues with recipes and stock	m3; kg; kg active ingredient	each CIP cycle or shift, aggregated monthly	full reporting period	all circuits and cleaning activities attributable to the declared product	subtract documented reuse; allocate shared cycles by causal driver; normalize to net product	meter calibration, concentration tests, CIP completion logs, stock reconciliation
cp_waste_and_effluent_records	sanitation_and_wastewater_management	rejects, wastewater, sludge, packaging waste	waste scale, effluent meter, treatment log, disposal or recovery manifest	waste identity; mass or volume; solids content; COD or BOD when monitored; treatment; destination; recovery status	meter or weigh each stream at a defined boundary and retain destination evidence	kg; m3; kg dry solids	continuous or each shipment, aggregated monthly	full reporting period	all product-route and shared treatment streams	keep streams separate; apply stock or solids correction; normalize to accepted milk and net product	meter calibration, laboratory QA, manifests, treatment records
cp_refrigerant_records	heat_treatment_and_filling	refrigerant emissions	refrigerant inventory, purchase, service, recovery, and equipment log	refrigerant species; opening and closing charge; additions; recovered mass; equipment and service event	annual mass balance by refrigerant species and equipment group	kg	each service event, reconciled annually	full reporting year	refrigeration equipment serving the declared route	opening inventory plus additions minus closing inventory and recovered mass, allocated by documented cooling-load driver	service certificates, cylinder records, leak-test and recovery logs

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalisation	all inventory rows	normalized amount = reporting-period amount attributable to the declared route divided by reporting-period net mass of released processed liquid milk	attributable amount; net released product mass	amount per 1 kg reference flow
calc_volume_to_mass	milk records reported by volume	mass = measured volume multiplied by density measured or documented for the applicable material, temperature, composition, and period	volume; density; temperature; composition	kg milk or liquid input
calc_mass_and_solids_balance	reception and standardisation	reconcile input mass and fat, protein, and total solids against products, co-products, wastes, stock change, and documented measurement uncertainty	source milk; components; products; co-products; waste; stock change; composition	mass and component closure percentages	ifc-dairy-ehs-2007
calc_site_energy_intensity	facility-level energy QA	specific energy = total delivered electricity plus delivered thermal energy converted to MWh divided by tonnes of raw materials; retain carrier-specific exchanges separately	electricity; thermal energy; raw-material mass	MWh/tonne raw materials	eu-fdm-bat-2019
calc_wastewater_intensity	facility-level wastewater QA	specific wastewater discharge = metered process-wastewater discharge divided by tonnes of raw materials	process wastewater volume; raw-material mass	m3/tonne raw materials	eu-fdm-bat-2019
calc_refrigerant_loss	refrigeration	emitted mass = opening charge plus additions minus closing charge minus recovered refrigerant, calculated separately for each species	inventory and service records	kg refrigerant emitted by species	ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product	Product species, composition, treatment route, package, geography, storage condition, and net mass basis are complete and consistent with the reference flow.	approved product specification, label or bulk contract, release record
dq_temporal_coverage	foreground activity data	Use at least 12 consecutive representative months unless the product is seasonal or campaign-based; explain downtime, abnormal production, and extrapolation.	dated meter extracts, production calendar, invoices, batch records
dq_mass_balance	milk and packaging	Reconcile milk and primary packaging input, product, co-product, waste, stock change, and documented uncertainty before normalisation.	signed mass-balance workbook, stock records, calibration evidence
dq_metering_and_conversion	measured quantities	Identify meter, calibration status, measurement point, original unit, conversion factor, and responsible record owner.	calibration certificates, meter map, calculation record
dq_allocation	shared operations and co-products	Retain direct assignments, allocation driver values, allocation factors, price or physical data when used, and sensitivity result.	allocation worksheet and source records
dq_source_dataset_match	upstream datasets	Document temporal, geographic, technological, species, composition, carrier, material, and treatment-route match; disclose proxies and their expected direction of bias.	dataset metadata and proxy justification
dq_traceability	all foreground records	Trace every normalized value to an immutable source record, calculation rule, responsible person or system, and reporting period without embedding private credentials.	record identifiers, audit trail, QA approval

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	reference flow	The reference output UUID, Mass flow-property UUID, Units of mass unit-group UUID, reference unit kg, and fixed amount 1 kg must exactly match section 3 and the output row.
validate_required_qualifiers	dataset metadata	Reject an incomplete package when any required qualifier is absent, ambiguous, or inconsistent with the selected product flow and process route.	unsd-cpc-22110
validate_scope_exclusions	product category	Reject raw milk, cream, concentrated or dried milk, sweetened, fermented, acidified, flavoured milk, and non-dairy alternatives from this PCR.	unsd-cpc-22110
validate_heat_treatment	heat-treatment route	Require treatment route, time-temperature or equivalent validation, exception handling, applicable jurisdictional criterion, and lot release linkage; if EU criteria are claimed, verify them against Regulation (EC) No 853/2004.	eu-reg-853-2004
validate_mass_and_solids_closure	milk processing	Flag unexplained imbalance in total milk mass or fat, protein, and total solids; the package must state closure, measurement uncertainty, stock change, and corrective action rather than forcing the balance.	ifc-dairy-ehs-2007
validate_energy_qa	facility-level energy	For a facility where market milk is at least 80 percent of production, compare yearly specific delivered energy with 0.1 to 0.6 MWh per tonne of raw materials; values outside the indicative range require explanation, not automatic replacement.	eu-fdm-bat-2019
validate_wastewater_qa	facility-level wastewater	For a facility where market milk is at least 80 percent of production, compare yearly specific process-wastewater discharge with 0.3 to 3.0 m3 per tonne of raw materials; values outside the indicative range require boundary and meter review.	eu-fdm-bat-2019
validate_coproduct_allocation	standardisation and shared operations	Require co-product classification, direct assignment, allocation driver, factor totals, and sensitivity disclosure; allocation factors across outputs must sum to one for each shared burden.	iso-14044-2006
validate_waste_destinations	waste and effluent	Every reject, residue, packaging scrap, wastewater, sludge, and recovered stream must have a quantity, classification, and destination without double counting recovery and disposal.	ifc-dairy-ehs-2007
validate_no_double_counting	foreground and upstream datasets	Verify that dairy reception and processing are not simultaneously embedded in the upstream milk dataset and repeated in the foreground, and that rework is not recursively expanded twice.
validate_refrigerant_species	refrigeration emissions	When refrigeration applies, require substance-specific inventory and elementary-flow identity; reject a generic refrigerant emission that obscures the actual species.	ifc-dairy-ehs-2007

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset for processed liquid milk at the dairy gate
downstream_use	May be published as a secondary_dataset or background_dataset after review, and may supply a downstream process or lifecyclemodel for distribution, retail, use, and end-of-life
allowed_use	Attributional dairy-gate inventories and broader lifecycle models whose product composition, treatment route, package, geography, time, allocation, and upstream milk route match the dataset
excluded_use	Raw-milk production; cream, concentrated, dried, sweetened, fermented, acidified, or flavoured milk; plant-based alternatives; unsupported comparison of unlike species, fat classes, treatments, packages, or allocation methods
required_metadata	PCR id and version when published; product and required qualifiers; geography; reference year and reporting period; facility and technology description; included and outsourced operations; upstream dataset identities; allocation method; data owners; review status
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data coverage; meter and laboratory QA; mass and solids closure; co-product and waste handling; energy and wastewater QA comparisons; proxy datasets; uncertainty and sensitivity; unresolved identity or range limitations
update_trigger	Material change in source milk or formulation, heat-treatment or filling technology, package, facility, utility mix, wastewater treatment, allocation method, legal food-safety requirements, Tiangong reference identities, or evidence used for QA ranges

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-22110	dataset	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC classification detail for code 22110, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Detail/EN/1073/22110, retrieved 2026-08-10	Included and excluded product scope and classification identity
ifc-dairy-ehs-2007	official_guidance	World Bank Group / IFC, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Dairy Processing, 30 April 2007, https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2000/2007-dairy-processing-ehs-guidelines-en.pdf, retrieved 2026-08-10	Dairy process decomposition, reception and cooling, standardisation, heat treatment, packaging, CIP, waste, wastewater, energy, and data-quality controls
eu-fdm-bat-2019	standard	Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2031 establishing BAT conclusions for the food, drink and milk industries, Official Journal L 313, 4 December 2019, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2019/2031/oj, retrieved 2026-08-10	Market-milk facility specific-energy and specific-wastewater-discharge QA ranges and resource-efficiency context
eu-reg-853-2004	standard	Regulation (EC) No 853/2004, consolidated text of 27 January 2026, Annex III Section IX, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2004/853/2026-01-27/eng, retrieved 2026-08-10	Heat-treatment route, time-temperature or equivalent validation, and release-record requirements
iso-14044-2006	standard	ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines, including published amendments, https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html, retrieved 2026-08-10	Allocation hierarchy, physical relationships, other relationships, sensitivity, reporting, and review
idf-dairy-pefcr-2018	official_guidance	International Dairy Federation, Dairy Product Environmental Footprint 2018, https://fil-idf.org/dairy-declaration/dairy-product-environmental-footprint-2018/, retrieved 2026-08-10	Dairy life-cycle stages, primary and secondary data roles, data quality, and downstream boundary disclosure