Other milk and cream in solid forms, n.e.c.

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies only to a milk or cream product in solid form that remains in CPC 22219 after an explicit product-identity gate. The gate is mandatory because n.e.c. is a residual category, not a synonym for all dairy powders. A foreground data package shall document all of the following before using this PCR:

1. the product is supplied in a solid form at the declared factory gate;
2. its commercial name, dairy species, ingredient or constituent bill of material, and measured composition establish that the essential product is milk or cream rather than a non-dairy formulated food;
3. the product is not whole milk powder under CPC 22211 and is not skim milk or whey powder under CPC 22212;
4. no other more specific CPC leaf or applicable product-category rule describes the product; and
5. the actual concentration and drying route, including all intermediate states entering the foreground boundary, is declared.

Cream powder and another solid milk or cream product may be included only when the concrete product passes this gate. The representative cream-powder route below is a modelling representative and does not enlarge the classification scope. Products failing any gate condition are outside this PCR.

Excluded products include whole milk powder; skim milk powder; whey powder; liquid milk, cream, whey, or liquid concentrates; butter, cheese, yoghurt and other fermented or acidified products; casein, lactose and isolated dairy ingredients classified elsewhere; infant formula and other formulated foods whose essential character is not solid milk or cream; and a product whose identity, species, composition, or route is not supported by batch or product records.

Codex CXS 206-1999 may support the interpretation of dairy terms. Codex CXS 207-1999 is used only when the concrete product is demonstrably within that standard's scope. Its compositional provisions shall not be extrapolated to the whole CPC 22219 residual category and shall not be entered as LCI amounts.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.dairy-products-and-egg-products.other-milk-and-cream-in-solid-forms-n-e-c
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 22219, Other milk and cream in solid forms, n.e.c. (exact residual leaf under 2221)
covered_products	Solid-form milk or cream products that pass the mandatory residual-category gate; the dataset shall state the commercial name, dairy species, measured composition, ingredients or milk constituents, and applicable product standard.
excluded_products	CPC 22211 whole milk powder; CPC 22212 skim milk and whey powder; liquid or concentrated-liquid milk and cream; and all products assigned to a more specific dairy, ingredient, or formulated-food category.
representative_product	Cream powder made from declared bovine cream by a documented concentration and drying route; representative only, not a default identity for every CPC 22219 product.
production_route	Receipt and identity gate; formulation or standardisation when performed; optional membrane or thermal concentration; declared drying technology; post-drying conditioning; packing; cleaning and emission-control operations.
market_state	Shelf-stable solid or powder at the factory gate, with packaging included in the product system but excluded from the 1 kg net reference amount.

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provide a documented solid milk or cream product that passes the CPC 22219 residual-category gate.
How much	1 kg net product at the factory gate, excluding packaging mass.
How well	The data package declares commercial identity, dairy species, measured moisture or total-solids basis, fat and protein composition where relevant, all added ingredients or milk constituents, applicable CXS 207 status, concentration route, drying technology, and packaging configuration.
How long or cycle	One declared production batch or campaign represented at the factory gate; the averaging period and any shelf-life claim are reported separately.
reference_flow_link	The reference product flow below is the only quantitative reference; every inventory amount is normalized to 1 kg net conforming product.

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg net conforming product at the factory gate, excluding packaging mass
Reference product flow	Other milk and cream in solid forms, n.e.c. 5f6f1d34-4370-4557-99b2-a84879462c51
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	CPC 22219 gate outcome and rejected alternatives; commercial product name; dairy species; ingredient or constituent bill of material; measured composition and analytical basis; applicable standard and CXS 207 scope decision; received-feed state; concentration route; drying technology; rework policy; net moisture basis; factory-gate packaging; site, batch or campaign, and time period

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers shall be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent data-package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference-flow definition incomplete.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_net_mass	reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Measure net conforming product mass on calibrated equipment. Exclude primary, secondary, and transport packaging from the reference amount while inventorying packaging separately.
moisture_solids_basis	received feed, intermediates, final product, recovered solids, and rejects	Mass and mass fraction	kg and kg/kg	Record the analytical method, sampling point, wet or dry basis, and batch result for moisture or total solids. Do not substitute a standard compositional limit for a measured batch result.
composition_identity	product gate and formulation	Mass and mass fraction	kg and kg/kg	Retain the product-specific bill of material and measured composition needed to distinguish the residual product from whole milk powder, skim milk powder, whey powder, and non-dairy formulated foods.
internal_flow_consistency	prepared feed, concentrate, and bulk dried product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use the same batch boundary and analytical basis for linked intermediate flows; reconcile changes in water and milk-solids mass through recorded outputs, residues, wastewater, and emissions.
energy_records	electricity, fuel, steam, and purchased heat	Energy or fuel mass/volume as invoiced	original unit plus kWh or MJ	Preserve meter or invoice units and conversion factors. Allocate shared energy only through a documented physical driver or another disclosed PEF-consistent method.
water_and_effluent	process water, cleaning water, condensate, and wastewater	Mass or volume; concentration where applicable	kg or m3; kg/m3 where applicable	Record water and effluent volume by batch or monitoring period. Calculate pollutant mass only from matched flow and concentration records; regulatory or BAT concentration levels are not LCI values.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Milk, cream, or a documented milk/cream intermediate received at the foreground facility gate, with species, supplier, physical state, temperature where material, composition, and moisture or total-solids basis declared.
starting_condition_role	Upstream dairy production and any supplier processing are represented by linked upstream datasets; the foreground begins with site receipt, identity gate, and storage or handling of the declared feed.
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 code 22219 only after the residual-category gate excludes CPC 22211, CPC 22212, and every more specific applicable product category.
recursive_input_rule	A purchased input that itself meets CPC 22219 is recorded once as a technosphere product input with a compatible upstream dataset and declared state; do not recursively reconstruct its production unless it is under foreground operational control.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Provide traceable upstream datasets for received dairy materials, added ingredients or milk constituents, electricity, fuels or heat, water supply, cleaning chemicals, packaging materials, transport brought into the study scope, and waste treatment.
disclosure	State the species, composition, received-feed state, concentration and drying route, included site processes, outsourced steps, allocation choices, rework, product losses, monitoring coverage, exclusions, and whether each input is primary, supplier-specific, or secondary.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_scope_gate	product eligibility	Apply and retain the CPC 22219 gate before modelling. A product with unresolved identity or a match to CPC 22211, CPC 22212, or another more specific category shall not use this PCR.	unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-206-1999; codex-cxs-207-1999
boundary_foreground_operations	foreground facility	Include receipt and gate records, formulation or standardisation when performed, concentration when performed, drying, post-drying conditioning, packing, cleaning, product recovery, on-site wastewater or waste handling, and controlled direct emissions.	eu-fdm-bat-2019
boundary_upstream_inputs	purchased inputs and services	Link upstream datasets for all environmentally relevant dairy materials, ingredients, utilities, chemicals, packaging, transport, and treatment services that cross the boundary.	eu-pef-2021
boundary_complete_inventory	cut-off and omissions	Inventory all known environmentally relevant material, energy, product, co-product, waste, and elementary flows. Disclose and justify every omission; neither a product standard nor a BAT performance level authorizes an LCI cut-off.	eu-pef-2021; eu-fdm-bat-2019
boundary_route_disclosure	route-specific modelling	Keep separate records for membrane concentration, evaporation, spray drying, roller drying, freeze drying, fluidised-bed finishing, agglomeration, or another declared route actually used. Do not model an unverified representative route as site fact.	eu-fdm-bat-2019
boundary_downstream_exclusion	default factory-gate study	Distribution, retail, use, and end-of-life are outside the default foreground boundary. Include them only under an explicitly expanded study scope and report them separately.	eu-pef-2021

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
receipt_and_identity_gate	Receipt, storage, and residual-category identity gate	required	Always required.	Establish eligible received material and product identity before production modelling.	kg accepted dairy feed per batch and measured composition
formulation_and_standardisation	Formulation and standardisation	conditional	Include when milk constituents, ingredients, or streams are added, removed, blended, separated, or standardised.	Establish the declared feed composition to concentration or drying.	kg prepared feed and component mass balance per batch
concentration	Membrane or thermal concentration	conditional	Include every membrane, evaporation, or other concentration step performed inside the foreground boundary; declare when no concentration occurs.	Remove water and produce the feed to the dryer.	kg concentrate and kg water removed per batch
drying	Drying and powder recovery	required	Always required; identify the actual dryer and finishing stages.	Convert the declared dairy feed to bulk solid product and control dust and product loss.	kg conforming bulk dried product per batch
conditioning_and_packaging	Post-drying conditioning and packaging	required	Always required for the factory-gate product; list every conditioning and packing step actually used.	Produce saleable net product and account for packaging.	1 kg net conforming factory-gate product
cleaning_and_environmental_control	Cleaning, wastewater, waste, and emission control	required	Always required for foreground operations; treatment may be on site or linked as an external service.	Account for CIP, cleaning, product recovery, effluent, wastes, and controlled emissions.	records allocated to the same production batch or campaign

Process: Receipt, storage, and residual-category identity gate (receipt_and_identity_gate)

Inputs

Product flows

Received dairy feed (received_dairy_feed)

Record every milk, cream, or milk/cream intermediate received for the modelled batch, including returned or reworked material when accepted.

• Selected flow: Declared milk, cream, or milk/cream intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured received mass by supplier lot and batch, paired with composition and moisture or total-solids records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_receipt_identity_and_composition

Receipt and cold-storage electricity (receipt_electricity)

Record metered electricity for unloading, transfer, cooling, and storage under foreground control.

• Selected flow: Electricity, declared supplier or grid mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered batch use or allocated shared-meter use using recorded operating time and a documented physical driver
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_energy_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted dairy feed to production (accepted_dairy_feed)

Record only the mass that passes the receipt checks and is released to the declared production route.

• Selected flow: Accepted dairy feed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured released mass reconciled to receipts, returns, sampling, and rejects
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch released to formulation, concentration, or drying
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_receipt_identity_and_composition

Waste flows

Rejected or returned received material (rejected_received_material)

Record material rejected, returned, disposed of, or diverted before production and state its destination.

• Selected flow: Rejected dairy material
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured mass by disposition record
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of accepted dairy feed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_receipt_identity_and_composition

Elementary flows

Process: Formulation and standardisation (formulation_and_standardisation)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted dairy feed (standardisation_dairy_feed)

Record the accepted feed entering separation, blending, or standardisation.

• Selected flow: Accepted dairy feed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass from the receipt process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of prepared feed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_formulation_and_standardisation

Added milk constituents or ingredients (added_constituents_and_ingredients)

Record each added milk constituent, permitted ingredient, carrier, processing aid remaining in product, or other formulation input as a separate underlying inventory item and retain its supplier identity.

• Selected flow: Declared milk constituent or ingredient
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed or metered addition from the product-specific batch recipe and issue records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of prepared feed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_formulation_and_standardisation
• Sources: eu-pef-2021

Standardisation electricity (standardisation_electricity)

Record electricity used by separators, homogenisers, pumps, mixers, and heat-exchange auxiliaries when this process is included.

• Selected flow: Electricity, declared supplier or grid mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered use or shared-meter allocation from equipment operating records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of prepared feed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_energy_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021; eu-fdm-bat-2019

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared feed to concentration or drying (prepared_dairy_feed)

Record the measured mass and composition of the prepared feed at the hand-off to the next declared step.

• Selected flow: Prepared dairy feed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass with matched composition and total-solids result
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of prepared feed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_formulation_and_standardisation

Separated dairy stream or saleable co-product (standardisation_coproduct)

Record every separated or exported dairy stream, its composition, destination, and economic status; do not hide a saleable output in waste.

• Selected flow: Declared separated dairy stream or co-product
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured mass and composition by batch
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of prepared feed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_formulation_and_standardisation

Waste flows

Formulation and transfer loss (standardisation_loss)

Record spills, line hold-up, off-spec material, and unrecovered product-bearing residues not represented elsewhere.

• Selected flow: Dairy product residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or mass-balance-reconciled batch loss with destination
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of prepared feed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_formulation_and_standardisation

Elementary flows

Process: Membrane or thermal concentration (concentration)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared feed to concentration (concentration_feed)

Record the feed mass, temperature where material, and total-solids composition entering each concentration stage.

• Selected flow: Prepared dairy feed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured stage feed mass with matched total-solids result
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of concentrate output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_concentration_mass_energy_and_water

Concentration electricity (concentration_electricity)

Record pumps, vacuum systems, mechanical vapour recompression, and other electrical loads for the actual route.

• Selected flow: Electricity, declared supplier or grid mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered stage use or documented allocation from shared meters
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of concentrate output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_concentration_mass_energy_and_water
• Sources: eu-pef-2021; eu-fdm-bat-2019

Concentration thermal energy (concentration_thermal_energy)

Record purchased steam or heat, or the fuel and directly generated heat, without double counting heat recovery.

• Selected flow: Declared steam, heat, or fuel input
• Flow property / unit: Energy or fuel mass/volume / original unit plus MJ
• Amount rule: metered or invoiced batch use with documented conversion and heat-recovery treatment
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of concentrate output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_concentration_mass_energy_and_water
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Concentrated feed to dryer (concentrated_dairy_feed)

Record mass, moisture or total solids, and composition at the dryer feed point.

• Selected flow: Concentrated dairy feed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass paired with batch analysis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of concentrate output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_concentration_mass_energy_and_water

Recovered condensate or permeate (recovered_concentration_water)

Record condensate or permeate as a product stream when reused or exported, with quality, destination, and any treatment declared.

• Selected flow: Recovered water stream
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured recovered quantity by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of concentrate output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_concentration_mass_energy_and_water
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Waste flows

Concentration reject or product-bearing effluent (concentration_reject)

Record rejected membrane stream, unrecovered condensate, product-bearing wastewater, and residues by actual disposition.

• Selected flow: Concentration reject or product-bearing effluent
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured quantity with matched composition or pollutant record where relevant
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of concentrate output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_concentration_mass_energy_and_water

Elementary flows

Process: Drying and powder recovery (drying)

Inputs

Product flows

Dryer feed (dryer_feed)

Record the actual liquid, concentrated, or otherwise prepared feed entering the declared dryer.

• Selected flow: Declared dairy dryer feed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured feed mass with moisture or total-solids analysis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of conforming bulk dried product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records

Drying electricity (drying_electricity)

Record fans, atomisation, pumps, conveyors, fluidised-bed finishing, powder recovery, and other actual dryer electrical loads.

• Selected flow: Electricity, declared supplier or grid mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered dryer and finishing use or documented shared-meter allocation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of conforming bulk dried product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021; eu-fdm-bat-2019

Drying thermal energy (drying_thermal_energy)

Record the actual purchased heat, steam, or fuel used by the drying route and any downstream dryer, with recovered energy netting disclosed.

• Selected flow: Declared heat, steam, or fuel input
• Flow property / unit: Energy or fuel mass/volume / original unit plus MJ
• Amount rule: metered or invoiced batch use with documented conversion and no double counting of recovered energy
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch of conforming bulk dried product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Conforming bulk dried product (bulk_dried_product)

Record only dried product released to conditioning or packing after batch composition and quality checks.

• Selected flow: Conforming bulk solid milk or cream product
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured released mass with moisture or total-solids and composition results
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per drying batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records

Recovered powder returned to product (recovered_powder_to_product)

Record powder recovered from cyclones, filters, or other systems only when quality release authorizes return to the same batch or declared rework pool.

• Selected flow: Recovered dairy powder
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured recovered and released mass, with internal-loop treatment documented to prevent double counting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per drying batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records

Waste flows

Off-spec or unrecovered dried product (drying_product_loss)

Record off-spec powder, start-up and shutdown loss, filter fines not returned to product, and other dried residues by disposition.

• Selected flow: Off-spec dairy powder or drying residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured mass or batch mass-balance reconciliation with destination
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per drying batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_batch_records

Elementary flows

Channelled drying dust to air (drying_dust_to_air)

Record actual mass emitted after control from stack testing or matched gas-flow and concentration measurements. BAT emission levels are compliance references, not substitutes for site LCI data.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air, declared size fraction where measured
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or calculated emitted mass for the represented operating period
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_effluent_monitoring
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Process: Post-drying conditioning and packaging (conditioning_and_packaging)

Inputs

Product flows

Bulk dried product to conditioning (conditioning_bulk_product)

Record bulk product entering actual cooling, agglomeration, screening, blending, storage, and packing steps.

• Selected flow: Conforming bulk solid milk or cream product
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per packing batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_conditioning_and_packaging

Packaging materials (packaging_materials)

Record each primary, secondary, and transport packaging component by material and actual batch issue or bill of materials.

• Selected flow: Declared packaging material or component
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: product-specific packaging bill of materials reconciled to issued, returned, and scrapped packaging
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_conditioning_and_packaging
• Sources: eu-pef-2021

Conditioning and packing electricity (packaging_electricity)

Record electricity for cooling, conveying, screening, blending, inert-gas systems when used, warehousing under foreground control, and packing.

• Selected flow: Electricity, declared supplier or grid mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered use or documented equipment-time allocation from site records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_energy_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Factory-gate reference product (reference_product_output)

Record the net mass of released, conforming product. Packaging remains in the system inventory but not in this net mass.

• Selected flow: Other milk and cream in solid forms, n.e.c. 5f6f1d34-4370-4557-99b2-a84879462c51
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg net released product after batch normalization
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Not applicable (not_applicable)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)

Waste flows

Conditioning product loss and packaging scrap (packing_losses)

Record screened fines not recovered, spills, off-spec packed product, and packaging scrap separately in underlying records and by destination.

• Selected flow: Product loss or packaging scrap, separated by material
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured batch disposition and packaging reconciliation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_conditioning_and_packaging

Elementary flows

Process: Cleaning, wastewater, waste, and emission control (cleaning_and_environmental_control)

Inputs

Product flows

Cleaning and CIP water (cleaning_water)

Record water supplied to cleaning, CIP, rinsing, wet emission control, and sanitation for equipment in the foreground boundary.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: metered cleaning-water use allocated to the represented batch or campaign
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_environmental_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Cleaning and treatment chemicals (cleaning_chemicals)

Record each cleaning, disinfection, neutralisation, and wastewater-treatment chemical actually consumed.

• Selected flow: Declared cleaning or treatment chemical
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: issue, dosing, or purchase records reconciled to concentration and solution strength
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_environmental_records

Cleaning and treatment energy (cleaning_and_treatment_energy)

Record electricity and thermal energy for CIP, sanitation, air pollution control, wastewater handling, and on-site treatment without double counting process meters.

• Selected flow: Declared electricity, heat, steam, or fuel input
• Flow property / unit: Energy or fuel mass/volume / original unit plus kWh or MJ
• Amount rule: metered use or documented allocation from equipment operating records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_environmental_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Recovered product or reusable water (recovered_cleaning_stream)

Record product recovered before cleaning and any water stream reused or exported, with quality, destination, and internal-loop treatment documented.

• Selected flow: Recovered dairy material or reusable water stream
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured quantity by batch and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_environmental_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Waste flows

Wastewater to treatment or discharge (wastewater_output)

Record wastewater volume, destination, and matched pollutant measurements at the point represented in the model; distinguish untreated, pretreated, and final effluent.

• Selected flow: Dairy processing wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume and pollutant mass / m3 and kg
• Amount rule: measured flow and matched concentration records converted to pollutant mass for the monitoring period
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_effluent_monitoring
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Treatment sludge and other controlled waste (treatment_residues)

Record sludge, spent filters, collected dust not recovered, and other treatment residues by measured mass, moisture basis, and destination.

• Selected flow: Declared treatment residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed removal or documented waste-transfer record
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_environmental_records

Elementary flows

Direct emissions from on-site utilities and treatment (direct_site_emissions)

Record relevant direct air, water, or soil emissions from on-site fuel combustion and treatment only when they cross the environmental boundary; keep pollutants as separate underlying flows.

• Selected flow: Declared direct elementary emission
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: direct measurement or calculation from collected activity data and a documented factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_effluent_monitoring
• Sources: eu-pef-2021; eu-fdm-bat-2019

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid_by_subdivision	multifunctional foreground processes	First use separate meters, batch records, and unit-process subdivision to assign inputs, outputs, wastes, and emissions directly. Consider system expansion only when the additional function and study result are reported consistently.	eu-pef-2021
allocation_physical_relationship	inseparable shared operations	If subdivision or system expansion is not feasible, use a quantified physical relationship that represents the causal use of the shared operation, such as measured equipment time, evaporated-water load, dryer feed solids, net product mass, or occupied storage volume-time. Record the driver and calculation.	eu-pef-2021
allocation_other_relationship	residual multifunctionality	Use economic or another relationship only when no defensible physical relationship exists. Use contemporaneous values at the point of co-production, disclose the period and sensitivity, and do not apply a generic dairy allocation factor.	eu-pef-2021
allocation_internal_recovery	recovered powder, condensate, permeate, rework, and reusable water	Treat an internal recovery loop as an internal flow and avoid burden or credit duplication. An exported stream is a co-product or waste according to its documented destination and regulatory status.	eu-fdm-bat-2019; eu-pef-2021
allocation_mass_balance_check	all allocation results	Reconcile allocated material, energy, product, co-product, waste, and emission totals to the unallocated facility or batch records. Report unallocated residuals and the reason.	eu-pef-2021; eu-fdm-bat-2019

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_receipt_identity_and_composition	receipt_and_identity_gate	received, accepted, rejected, and returned dairy material; identity gate	weighbridge, tank gauge, lot record, product specification, certificate, laboratory result, disposition record	supplier lot; species; commercial name; received state; mass; temperature where material; moisture or total solids; fat; protein; other identity constituents; ingredients; standard status; gate decision; destination	Calibrated mass measurement plus representative batch sampling and documented analytical method; retain the gate checklist and rejected alternatives.	kg; kg/kg; declared analytical units	each receipt lot and production batch	all lots contributing to the represented batch or campaign	each supplying site and receiving facility	Sum masses only after lot identity and analytical basis are aligned; retain weighted composition and rejected mass separately.	calibration, sampling plan, laboratory method, certificates, chain of custody, and release or rejection record
cp_formulation_and_standardisation	formulation_and_standardisation	formulation inputs, prepared feed, separated streams, and losses	recipe, batch sheet, scale or flowmeter, separator record, laboratory result, inventory issue, disposition record	component identity; supplier lot; input and output mass; composition; total solids; equipment time; separated stream; loss; destination	Reconcile recipe issues and measured process transfers to batch outputs on a consistent wet-mass and solids basis.	kg; kg/kg; h	each included batch	full represented batch or campaign	each included line and facility	Calculate per-batch component and solids balances before normalization; do not average across materially different formulations.	approved recipe, scale or meter calibration, laboratory result, batch reconciliation, and deviation record
cp_concentration_mass_energy_and_water	concentration	feed, concentrate, condensate or permeate, rejects, electricity, and heat	flowmeter, tank gauge, laboratory result, utility meter, steam meter, fuel invoice, operating log	technology; stage; feed and output mass; moisture or total solids; electricity; steam or heat; fuel; recovered water; reject; operating time; heat recovery	Collect synchronized material and utility records for each concentration stage and document conversion and recovered-energy treatment.	kg; kg/kg; m3; kWh; MJ; original invoice units	each batch, meter interval, and campaign	all concentration runs contributing to the dataset	each included concentration line and utility source	Reconcile stage mass and solids, then allocate shared utilities by a documented physical driver and normalize to net reference product.	meter calibration, laboratory result, invoice reconciliation, equipment log, and mass-balance review
cp_drying_batch_records	drying	dryer feed, energy, bulk product, recovered powder, and drying loss	batch sheet, feed and product scales, moisture analysis, electricity and heat meters, recovery-system record, waste record	dryer technology; feed mass and solids; product mass and moisture; electricity; heat or fuel; recovered powder; rework; off-spec mass; operating time	Synchronize feed, release, utility, recovery, and disposition records to the same dryer batch or campaign.	kg; kg/kg; kWh; MJ; h	each dryer batch and meter interval	all drying runs contributing to the represented product	each included dryer and finishing stage	Calculate wet-mass, solids, and water-removal balances before normalization; exclude internal recirculation from gross output.	calibrated meters and scales, analytical method, release record, rework trace, and batch mass-balance sign-off
cp_conditioning_and_packaging	conditioning_and_packaging	bulk transfer, net product, packaging, packing energy, and losses	batch transfer, checkweigher, packaging specification, material issue and return, electricity meter, scrap and disposition record	bulk input; net released product; product moisture; packaging component and mass; units packed; electricity; product loss; packaging scrap	Reconcile net packed product and each packaging component to batch issues, returns, and scrap.	kg; item; kWh	each packing batch	all packing batches contributing to the dataset	each packing line and packaging configuration	Normalize packaging and energy to net product mass; keep packaging outside the 1 kg reference amount.	checkweigher verification, packaging bill of materials, meter records, stock reconciliation, and release record
cp_site_energy_records	receipt_and_identity_gate	shared and process electricity	submeter, main meter, invoice, equipment run log	meter id; time interval; kWh; supplier mix; equipment; run time; batch; physical allocation driver	Prefer process submeters; otherwise reconcile the site meter or invoice and allocate only by a documented physical driver.	kWh; h; driver-specific unit	meter interval and each campaign	representative operating period covering all modelled batches	each included site and electricity source	Assigned process electricity plus disclosed unassigned use shall reconcile to the site total for the same interval.	meter calibration or verification, invoice, supplier evidence, run logs, and allocation workbook
cp_cleaning_and_environmental_records	cleaning_and_environmental_control	water, cleaning and treatment chemicals, energy, recovery, wastewater, sludge, and wastes	water meter, dosing log, chemical issue, CIP log, energy meter, recovered-stream log, waste-transfer record	water; chemical identity and strength; dose; cycle; electricity; heat; recovered material; wastewater; sludge; waste mass; destination	Record each CIP or cleaning cycle and environmental-control operation, separating reusable streams from wastewater and waste.	kg; m3; kWh; MJ; cycle	each cycle and monitoring interval	all operations serving the represented batch or campaign	each process area and treatment system in scope	Allocate shared cleaning only by documented equipment, cycle, or production driver; reconcile water inputs to reuse, effluent, retention, and loss where measurable.	calibrated meters, dosing verification, CIP log, waste manifest, destination evidence, and water-balance review
cp_emissions_and_effluent_monitoring	cleaning_and_environmental_control	drying dust, wastewater pollutants, and direct site emissions	stack test, continuous or periodic monitor, wastewater flowmeter, laboratory result, fuel record, emission-factor calculation	source; pollutant; flow; concentration; sampling time; operating state; treatment state; fuel activity; factor; result; detection limit	Match flow and concentration in time, or calculate from collected activity data with a documented factor; identify untreated, treated, and discharge points.	kg; m3; kg/m3; original instrument units	each required monitoring event and representative operating period	period aligned to the represented production campaign	every relevant controlled emission and discharge point	Convert to emitted mass for the same period, then normalize to net product; do not replace measurements with permit or BAT limits.	accredited method where applicable, sampling chain, laboratory QA, instrument calibration, operating log, and calculation record

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalisation	every inventory row	normalized amount = amount attributable to represented batches / net mass of conforming factory-gate product; packaging mass is not included in the denominator	attributable flow amount; net released product mass	amount per 1 kg reference product	eu-pef-2021
calc_product_specific_bom	formulation and packaging	Build the product-specific ingredient and packaging bill of materials from issued quantity minus returned and separately recorded scrap; retain each component as an underlying flow.	recipe; issue; return; scrap; net product	kg component per kg net product	eu-pef-2021
calc_solids_and_water_balance	receipt, formulation, concentration, and drying	For each aligned batch, reconcile wet mass and measured solids across inputs, product, co-products, recovered streams, wastewater, dust, rejects, hold-up, and documented uncertainty; never infer composition from a CXS limit.	masses; moisture or total-solids analyses; recovery and loss records	batch solids and water reconciliation plus unresolved residual	eu-fdm-bat-2019; eu-pef-2021
calc_shared_utility_assignment	shared electricity, heat, water, cleaning, storage, and treatment	Assign directly measured use first; otherwise multiply the matched facility total by the documented physical driver share. Report unassigned use and avoid double counting recovered energy or internal loops.	facility total; process meter; equipment time or another causal driver; recovery record	attributable utility amount per process and batch	eu-pef-2021; eu-fdm-bat-2019
calc_emission_mass	stack and wastewater emissions	emitted mass = matched flow or discharged volume multiplied by measured concentration, with unit conversion and treatment point stated; alternatively use collected activity multiplied by a documented source factor.	flow or volume; concentration; activity; factor; time alignment	kg pollutant per represented period and per kg product	eu-fdm-bat-2019; eu-pef-2021
calc_allocation_reconciliation	multifunctional processes	Sum directly assigned and allocated burdens across all outputs and compare with the unallocated process total for the same period; disclose allocation driver, residual, and sensitivity where another relationship is used.	process totals; direct assignments; output quantities; allocation drivers	reconciled burden by output	eu-pef-2021

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_scope_identity	product eligibility	Retain the CPC gate decision, commercial identity, species, bill of material, composition, applicable-standard decision, and reasons CPC 22211, CPC 22212, and other specific categories were rejected.	product specification, label or sales description, batch recipe, laboratory results, supplier evidence, and signed gate review
dq_route_specificity	process map	Identify the received-feed state and each actual formulation, separation, concentration, drying, conditioning, recovery, and treatment technology; do not substitute the representative cream-powder route for unverified site facts.	process flow diagram, equipment list, operating procedure, batch sheet, and site confirmation
dq_temporal_alignment	all foreground records	Use records covering the same batch, campaign, or justified representative period. State the reference year, seasonality, downtime, abnormal operations, and excluded batches.	timestamped batch, meter, laboratory, invoice, maintenance, and deviation records
dq_completeness	material, energy, waste, and emissions	Reconcile all known inputs and outputs at process and site level, including internal recovery, rework, losses, wastewater, dust, packaging, and direct emissions. List every data gap or omission.	product and solids balances, utility reconciliation, water balance, waste manifests, emission inventory, and completeness checklist
dq_measurement_quality	measured and calculated quantities	Document instrument identity, calibration or verification, sampling, analytical method, detection limit where relevant, unit conversion, and calculation version.	calibration certificates, sampling plan, laboratory QA, meter checks, invoices, and calculation workbook
dq_representativeness	foreground and upstream datasets	Assess technological, geographical, time-related representativeness, precision, completeness, methodological consistency, documentation, nomenclature, and review for material datasets.	data-quality assessment and source metadata consistent with the study goal
dq_no_limit_as_inventory	standard and BAT references	Use product-standard provisions and BAT levels only for applicability, specification, or QA context. Do not enter them as measured composition, resource use, wastewater, dust, or other LCI amounts.	source-use review showing each numeric inventory value originates from a site, batch, supplier, dataset, or documented factor record

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_residual_gate	product identity	Fail validation unless the dataset records a positive CPC 22219 gate and explicit rejection of CPC 22211, CPC 22212, and every other plausible specific category.	unsd-cpc-3-0-2025
validate_required_qualifiers	reference flow	Fail validation when commercial name, species, measured composition basis, ingredients or constituents, applicable-standard decision, received-feed state, concentration route, drying technology, batch, site, or time period is missing.	codex-cxs-206-1999; codex-cxs-207-1999
validate_reference_mass	reference product	The quantitative reference shall equal 1 kg net conforming product using the stated Mass flow property and unit group; packaging shall be inventoried but excluded from net mass.	eu-pef-2021
validate_process_route	process map and inventory	Receipt and gate, drying, conditioning and packaging, and cleaning and environmental control shall be present. Formulation and concentration shall match the declared route and cannot be silently omitted when performed.	eu-fdm-bat-2019
validate_product_specific_records	foreground inventory	Reject a generic or standard-limit-derived inventory where product-specific BOM, manufacturing activity, composition, and release records are required.	eu-pef-2021; codex-cxs-207-1999
validate_mass_and_solids	batch balance	Require a wet-mass and milk-solids reconciliation covering product, co-products, recovered streams, rework, losses, wastewater, dust, and stated residual uncertainty.	eu-fdm-bat-2019; eu-pef-2021
validate_energy_water_emissions	utilities and direct flows	Require site or batch records for electricity, heat or fuel, water, cleaning chemicals, wastewater, dust, and other material direct emissions. A BAT or permit limit is not acceptable as an LCI value.	eu-fdm-bat-2019; eu-pef-2021
validate_allocation	multifunctionality	Verify the hierarchy of subdivision or system expansion, then physical relationship, then another disclosed relationship; require reconciliation to unallocated totals and prevent double counting internal recovery.	eu-pef-2021
validate_upstream_linkage	purchased materials and services	Require traceable upstream datasets and state, geography, time, technology, and quality metadata for dairy materials, ingredients, utilities, chemicals, packaging, transport in scope, and treatment services.	eu-pef-2021
validate_data_quality_and_gaps	dataset publication	Require temporal coverage, calibration and analytical evidence, representativeness assessment, completeness review, disclosure of exclusions and data gaps, and an update trigger.	eu-pef-2021; eu-fdm-bat-2019

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Product-specific foreground production dataset for one declared CPC 22219 solid milk or cream product and factory-gate route.
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Use as a factory-gate foreground dataset or reviewed background dataset only for products that pass the same residual-category gate and match species, composition, received-feed state, technology, geography, time, allocation, and packaging conditions.
excluded_use	Do not use for whole milk powder, skim milk powder, whey powder, liquid products, other specifically classified dairy products, unverified formulations, a generic dairy-powder average, or downstream stages not modelled.
required_metadata	PCR id; CPC gate and rejected alternatives; product and commercial name; species; bill of material; measured composition and basis; applicable standards; site and geography; reference period; received-feed state; concentration and drying route; process map; allocation; packaging; upstream dataset references; collection and calculation protocol versions.
required_quality_disclosure	Data source for every material flow; meter and laboratory coverage; technological, geographical, and temporal representativeness; precision; completeness; mass, solids, utility, and water reconciliation; direct-emission monitoring; allocation drivers; data gaps; exclusions; deviations; reviewer status.
update_trigger	Reassess and update when product identity or classification changes; species, formulation, composition, supplier feed state, concentration or drying technology, recovery, packaging, site, allocation, monitoring method, product standard, or source evidence changes materially; or when the represented data period no longer reflects normal production.

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-3-0-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 3.0 structure, 30 June 2025, official source file: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-06-23)	CPC 22219 residual-leaf identity and exclusion of the named sibling leaves CPC 22211 and CPC 22212.
codex-cxs-206-1999	standard	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 206-1999, General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms.	Dairy-term applicability and product-identity gate only; no LCI amounts.
codex-cxs-207-1999	standard	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 207-1999, Standard for Milk Powders and Cream Powder.	Concrete-product scope and specification applicability only when the product is covered; compositional provisions are not extrapolated across CPC 22219 and are not LCI amounts.
eu-pef-2021	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on the use of the Environmental Footprint methods, CELEX 32021H2279: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32021H2279 (retrieved 2026-08-12)	Product-specific bill of materials and manufacturing data, complete LCI, company-specific data, allocation hierarchy, data quality, packaging, and disclosure.
eu-fdm-bat-2019	official_guidance	Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2031 establishing BAT conclusions for the food, drink and milk industries, CELEX 32019D2031: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32019D2031 (retrieved 2026-08-12)	Dairy process decomposition, resource and emission inventory, concentration and drying route disclosure, cleaning, wastewater, dust, monitoring, and record-quality requirements; BAT levels are not used as LCI values.