Skim milk and whey powder

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers foreground data production for saleable skimmed milk powder, whey powder, and acid whey powder at the powder-manufacturing factory gate. It applies to powders intended for direct consumption or further processing and includes receipt and conditioning of the declared liquid dairy feed, concentration, drying, powder finishing, containment or packaging, cleaning, and treatment of foreground wastes and emissions.

The product route must be declared. The skimmed milk powder route begins with skim milk or with raw milk when separation is operated inside the foreground. The whey powder route begins with whey or acid whey separated during cheese, casein, or similar manufacture. Upstream production of raw milk, cheese, casein, and externally supplied liquid feed is represented by upstream datasets and is not silently absorbed into the powder plant inventory.

Whey protein concentrates and isolates, lactose powder, casein powder, infant formula, formulated dairy blends, whole milk powder, partly skimmed milk powder, and cream powder are outside this PCR unless a reviewed scope update explicitly includes them. Product composition, route, modification such as demineralisation or neutralisation, and packaging format must be disclosed.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.dairy-products-and-egg-products.skim-milk-and-whey-powder
classification_refs	CPC 3.0:22212 Skim milk and whey powder (exact scope reference)
covered_products	Skimmed milk powder; whey powder; acid whey powder; the same powders in bulk or packaged market form
excluded_products	Whole and partly skimmed milk powder; cream powder; whey protein concentrates or isolates; lactose powder; casein powder; infant formula; formulated dairy blends
representative_product	Saleable skimmed milk powder; whey powder and acid whey powder are covered variants identified by the mandatory powder_type qualifier
production_route	Declared liquid dairy feed reception and conditioning, concentration, drying, finishing, containment or packaging, and foreground cleaning and waste handling
market_state	Dry, saleable powder at the manufacturing factory gate, in a declared bulk or packaged format

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provision of a declared dry skimmed milk, whey, or acid whey powder suitable for the stated food, feed, or ingredient application
How much	1 kg net saleable powder at the manufacturing factory gate
How well	Powder type and route declared; composition and moisture verified against the applicable Codex identity or a disclosed stricter market specification; contaminated, off-specification, and rework mass excluded from saleable output
How long or cycle	One completed production lot at factory gate; no storage life or downstream use duration is credited
reference_flow_link	packaged_reference_powder

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg net saleable powder
Reference product flow	Skim milk powder bf850eca-76f2-400d-9cfa-b62c10d64c0a
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	powder_type; liquid_feed_type; skim_milk_or_whey_origin; whey_acidity_or_modification; dry_matter_content; moisture_content; milkfat_content; milk_protein_content; packaging_format; geography; technology; temporal_scope

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package. The selected Tiangong product flow is the representative skim milk powder identity; a dataset must not conceal a whey or acid-whey route in its product description or qualifiers.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Net saleable reference powder	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Determine net powder mass after excluding packaging, rejected powder, retained samples, rework not released as product, and moisture or composition corrections not accepted by the product specification.
dry_matter_basis	Product, feed, and dairy co-products used in allocation	Mass and measured dry matter fraction	kg dry matter and kg wet mass	Retain wet mass and dry matter fraction separately. Do not substitute nominal solids when representative lot or campaign measurements are available.
energy_preservation	Electricity, thermal energy, and fuel records	Energy or fuel-specific property	kWh, MJ, or physical fuel unit	Preserve the metered unit and conversion factor. Report electricity and thermal energy separately; do not convert the EU BAT installation indicator into a product-normalised default without measured throughput and yield.
water_balance	Process water, condensate, cleaning water, and wastewater	Volume or Mass	m3 or kg	Keep gross withdrawal, recovered or reused condensate, recirculation, and final wastewater discharge as distinct quantities to prevent double counting.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	The foreground begins when the declared liquid dairy feed is accepted at the powder-manufacturing site; raw milk separation is included only when performed by the reporting site.
starting_condition_role	Gate-to-gate foreground starting condition linked to an upstream dataset for the supplied skim milk, whey, acid whey, or raw milk.
product_classification_scope	Skimmed milk powder, whey powder, and acid whey powder within the semantic product boundary; classification code is supporting mapping context only.
recursive_input_rule	A purchased skim milk or whey powder used as an ingredient is recorded as an upstream product input with its own dataset and is not recursively manufactured inside this PCR unless it is physically reprocessed on site.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Require a geographically and temporally representative upstream dataset for each externally supplied liquid dairy feed and other material or energy input; disclose when a proxy is used.
disclosure	Declare feed type and origin, whether separation is foreground or upstream, powder type, whey acidity or modification, allocation level, included shared utilities, treatment location, packaging format, and excluded downstream stages.

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
boundary_required_stages	foreground_powder_manufacturing	Include feed receipt and conditioning, concentration, drying and powder finishing, containment or packaging, cleaning, and foreground waste or emission treatment when operated by or for the reporting site.	eda-dairy-pefcr-2025; eu-fdm-bat-2019
boundary_upstream_feed	supplied_liquid_dairy_feed	Model production and transport of externally supplied skim milk, whey, acid whey, or raw milk through explicit upstream datasets; do not count those burdens again in foreground operations.	eda-dairy-pefcr-2025
boundary_route_specificity	whey_and_acid_whey_routes	Identify whether the feed is whey or acid whey and include declared route-specific operations such as clarification, neutralisation, demineralisation, crystallisation, or membrane treatment only when they actually occur.	codex-cxs-289-1995
boundary_downstream_exclusion	factory_gate_dataset	Exclude distribution, retail, consumer preparation, use, and end-of-life after the declared factory gate unless the study goal explicitly extends the boundary and reports those stages separately.	eu-pef-method-2021

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
feed_receipt_and_conditioning	Liquid feed receipt and conditioning	required	Always included; separation is activated only when raw milk is received	Foreground feed acceptance, storage, filtration, separation, and route-specific conditioning	Accepted kg of declared liquid feed
concentration_and_drying	Concentration, drying, and powder finishing	required	Always included; route-specific membrane, demineralisation, neutralisation, or crystallisation operations only when performed	Foreground water removal, drying, cooling, sieving, and powder recovery	kg of packable powder intermediate
packaging_and_storage	Containment, packaging, and factory-gate storage	required	Bulk containment is treated as the packaging format when retail or industrial packs are not used	Foreground final product mass, packaging, and warehouse handling	1 kg net saleable reference powder
cleaning_and_wastewater	Cleaning and foreground wastewater management	required	Include shared systems through direct metering or the disclosed allocation rule	Foreground cleaning inputs and wastewater or sludge outputs	Allocated service to the declared production lot

Process: Liquid feed receipt and conditioning (feed_receipt_and_conditioning)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted liquid dairy feed (liquid_dairy_feed)

Record the measured mass of accepted skim milk, whey, acid whey, or raw milk that crosses the site boundary for the declared powder route. Supplier delivery, acceptance, composition, and origin records provide the value.

• Selected flow: Declared liquid skim milk, whey, acid whey, or raw milk product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted mass net of rejected deliveries and returned material
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_feed_and_composition
• Sources: codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995

Conditioning electricity (conditioning_electricity)

Record metered or allocated electricity for unloading, chilling, storage, pumping, filtration, and separation or route-specific conditioning performed inside this process.

• Selected flow: Electricity, declared supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered electricity, or shared-meter electricity allocated by documented operating time and rated or submetered load
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_processing_utilities
• Sources: eda-dairy-pefcr-2025

Waste flows

Rejected feed and conditioning residues (conditioning_rejects)

Record rejected liquid feed, filter residue, and other conditioning losses by destination without subtracting them from utility records.

• Selected flow: Dairy processing residue or rejected feed waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or mass-balance-calculated residue sent to the declared destination
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_feed_and_composition
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Refrigerant leakage to air (conditioning_refrigerant_loss)

Record refrigerant leakage attributable to feed cooling and cold storage when refrigerant-containing equipment is inside the foreground.

• Selected flow: Declared refrigerant emission to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: service-log or inventory-balance refrigerant loss allocated to the production lot
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_processing_utilities
• Sources:

Outputs

Product flows

Conditioned liquid feed (conditioned_feed)

Record the mass and dry matter of conditioned liquid feed transferred to concentration and drying. Cream or other co-products separated on site are recorded separately.

• Selected flow: Conditioned skim milk, whey, or acid whey intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass and matched composition sample
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_feed_and_composition
• Sources: codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995

Separated dairy co-product (separated_dairy_coproduct)

Record cream or another saleable dairy co-product only when separation or standardisation occurs inside the foreground.

• Selected flow: Declared cream or dairy co-product
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured co-product mass with measured dry matter fraction
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_feed_and_composition
• Sources: eda-dairy-pefcr-2025

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Concentration, drying, and powder finishing (concentration_and_drying)

Inputs

Product flows

Conditioned liquid feed input (conditioned_feed_input)

Carry the measured conditioned feed and its dry matter into evaporation, membrane concentration, crystallisation, or drying without changing the upstream burden.

• Selected flow: Conditioned skim milk, whey, or acid whey intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: matched transfer mass from conditioned_feed
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_feed_and_composition
• Sources: codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995

Thermal energy for concentration and drying (drying_thermal_energy)

Record steam, heat, or fuel supplied to concentration and drying, separated from electricity and reported in its measured unit.

• Selected flow: Declared steam, heat, or fuel product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: metered thermal energy or fuel quantity converted with a disclosed measured or supplier factor
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_processing_utilities
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Process electricity (drying_electricity)

Record electricity for pumps, evaporators, membrane systems, spray or other dryers, fluidised beds, fans, cooling, sieving, conveying, and dust recovery that are inside the foreground.

• Selected flow: Electricity, declared supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered electricity or documented shared-meter allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_processing_utilities
• Sources: eda-dairy-pefcr-2025; eu-fdm-bat-2019

Process water and route-specific materials (drying_process_materials)

Record process water and any actually used neutralising, demineralising, membrane-cleaning, lactose-seeding, or anticaking material as separate measured inputs with their substance identities.

• Selected flow: Declared process water or route-specific material product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured issue to the production lot; zero when the operation or material is absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_processing_utilities
• Sources: codex-cxs-289-1995

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Drying air intake (drying_air_input)

Record drying air as an elementary input only when required by the target data model; do not assign an invented mass when airflow is unmetered.

• Selected flow: Air from technosphere or environment according to the target model
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: measured dry-air volume corrected to the declared conditions, otherwise reported as unresolved rather than estimated
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_processing_utilities
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Outputs

Product flows

Packable powder intermediate (packable_powder)

Record the cooled and finished powder accepted for bulk containment or packaging, together with measured moisture and applicable composition results.

• Selected flow: Declared skim milk powder, whey powder, or acid whey powder intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted powder mass before final packaging
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finished_powder
• Sources: codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995

Recovered condensate (recovered_condensate)

Record condensate recovered for reuse or exported as a product stream separately from gross process-water withdrawal.

• Selected flow: Recovered water or condensate product flow
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered recovered condensate by reuse or export destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_processing_utilities
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Waste flows

Off-specification powder and unrecovered fines (powder_rejects)

Record powder rejected from saleable output and unrecovered fines by actual reuse, rework, feed, treatment, or disposal destination.

• Selected flow: Dairy powder residue or off-specification powder waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured rejected powder plus mass-balance-calculated unrecovered fines
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_finished_powder
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Channelled drying dust to air (dryer_dust_to_air)

Record measured residual dust emitted after the declared air-emission control system; recovered powder returned to product or rework is not an elementary emission.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter or dust emission to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured concentration multiplied by corrected dry gas volume for the production period
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Process: Containment, packaging, and factory-gate storage (packaging_and_storage)

Inputs

Product flows

Powder transferred to packaging (powder_for_packaging)

Transfer packable powder without duplicating the manufacturing burden.

• Selected flow: Declared packable powder intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: matched transfer mass from packable_powder
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finished_powder
• Sources:

Primary containment and packaging (primary_packaging)

Record each bulk liner, sack, bag, carton, pallet wrap, or other primary containment material by material and mass. Packaging mass is not included in the 1 kg net product reference flow.

• Selected flow: Product-specific packaging material flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: purchased or issued packaging mass reconciled with filled units and stock change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_dispatch
• Sources: eda-dairy-pefcr-2025

Packaging and warehouse electricity (packaging_electricity)

Record electricity for filling, sealing, conveying, palletising, and in-boundary warehouse conditioning.

• Selected flow: Electricity, declared supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered electricity or documented shared-meter allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_dispatch
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Net saleable skim milk or whey powder (packaged_reference_powder)

This is the quantitative reference output. Record accepted net powder mass at factory gate, excluding containment and packaging mass.

• Selected flow: Skim milk powder bf850eca-76f2-400d-9cfa-b62c10d64c0a
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg net accepted saleable powder, calculated from filled-unit or bulk-dispatch records and verified by lot mass balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg net saleable reference powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_dispatch
• Sources: codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995

Waste flows

Packaging losses (packaging_waste)

Record damaged, trimmed, or rejected packaging by material and actual destination.

• Selected flow: Material-specific packaging waste flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured packaging waste or opening stock plus receipts minus closing stock minus packaging in dispatched units
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_dispatch
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Process: Cleaning and foreground wastewater management (cleaning_and_wastewater)

Inputs

Product flows

Cleaning water (cleaning_water)

Record fresh and reused cleaning water separately for cleaning-in-place and other sanitation attributable to the covered processes.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered withdrawal less separately metered non-cleaning use; retain reused water as a distinct internal stream
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Cleaning agents (cleaning_agents)

Record each acid, alkali, disinfectant, and other cleaning agent by product mass and active concentration when relevant.

• Selected flow: Product-specific cleaning agent flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured issue or purchase-and-stock-balance quantity attributable to the covered processes
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_wastewater
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Wastewater sent to treatment (process_wastewater)

Record wastewater volume and pollutant measurements at the transfer to on-site or off-site treatment. Do not add recovered condensate or reused water to final discharge.

• Selected flow: Dairy processing wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered wastewater volume allocated to the covered processes with matched concentration or load samples
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

Wastewater treatment sludge (wastewater_sludge)

Record allocated treatment sludge by measured wet mass, dry matter, and destination when treatment is inside the foreground.

• Selected flow: Wastewater treatment sludge
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured sludge mass and dry matter allocated to the covered wastewater load
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_wastewater
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Treated water discharge (treated_water_discharge)

Record final discharged water and measured pollutant loads only when treatment and discharge are inside the foreground.

• Selected flow: Water and measured pollutant emissions to the receiving compartment
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3 for water and Mass / kg for each pollutant
• Amount rule: measured discharge volume multiplied by matched pollutant concentration, net of explicitly modelled internal recirculation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared production lot and per 1 kg net saleable powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
allocation_direct_assignment	product_specific_processes_and_inputs	First assign metered process energy, materials, packaging, wastes, and emissions directly to the product and stage that causes them. Subdivide independently measured processes before applying allocation.	eda-dairy-pefcr-2025; eu-pef-method-2021
allocation_dry_matter	joint_dairy_products	When direct assignment is not possible for a joint dairy operation, allocate raw dairy feed, transport burdens, and joint processing burdens in proportion to each co-product's measured dry matter output: share_i = DM_i × Q_i / sum(DM_j × Q_j).	eda-dairy-pefcr-2025
allocation_factory_remainder	whole_factory_or_shared_utility_data	Assign available product-specific data first, subtract those quantities from the verified factory total, then allocate only the remainder among covered co-products by measured dry matter output. Directly attributable packaging and ingredients are never included in this remainder.	eda-dairy-pefcr-2025
allocation_waste_and_rework	rejected_product_rework_and_waste	Keep internally reworked material inside the mass balance without counting a second product. Record exported residues and wastes by actual destination; do not claim avoided burdens unless the downstream substitution scenario and quality equivalence are explicitly modelled and disclosed.	eu-pef-method-2021

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_feed_and_composition	feed_receipt_and_conditioning	Liquid feed, conditioned feed, and dairy co-products	Delivery, transfer-meter, laboratory, and rejection records	timestamp; supplier or upstream process; feed_type; wet_mass; dry_matter; fat; protein; moisture; acidity or pH; accepted_or_rejected; co_product_mass	Calibrated weighbridge, tank level or mass-flow meter matched to representative laboratory samples and lot identity	kg; mass fraction; pH	Each delivery or transfer and each representative lot sample	At least one representative operating year, with campaign-level traceability	All sites and lines in the dataset	Sum accepted mass by route and lot; mass-weight composition; reconcile transfers, rejects, and co-products	Calibration, sampling method, laboratory result, supplier record, and lot reconciliation
cp_processing_utilities	concentration_and_drying	Electricity, heat, fuels, water, condensate, and route-specific materials	Meter, invoice, batch issue, operating-hour, and stock records	meter_start; meter_end; fuel_or_steam_quantity; energy_unit; conversion_factor; water_withdrawal; condensate_reuse; material_issue; line; operating_time	Submeter preferred; otherwise documented allocation from a complete site meter using operating time and measured or rated load	kWh; MJ; kg; m3	Continuous or per batch, aggregated monthly	At least one representative operating year and all included campaigns	All included powder lines and shared utilities	Sum by carrier and process; preserve original units; reconcile submeter totals to site totals before allocation	Meter identification, calibration, invoices, stock reconciliation, and allocation workbook
cp_finished_powder	concentration_and_drying	Packable powder, off-specification powder, fines, and composition	Dryer, silo, laboratory, rework, and waste records	lot_id; powder_type; gross_powder_mass; accepted_mass; rejected_mass; recovered_fines; moisture; dry_matter; fat; protein; whey_pH_or_acidity	Calibrated silo or packaging scales matched to lot laboratory release and rework records	kg; mass fraction; pH	Each production lot	All lots in the representative period	All included drying and finishing lines	Sum accepted and rejected mass separately; mass-weight composition; reconcile feed dry matter to powder, co-products, residues, wastewater, and measured losses	Scale calibration, release certificate, sample plan, and lot mass-balance sign-off
cp_air_emissions	concentration_and_drying	Channelled drying dust	Stack test or continuous monitor and gas-flow records	source_id; control_device; concentration; dry_gas_flow; reference_conditions; operating_time; production_lot	Applicable standard stack method with matched gas flow and production period	mg/Nm3; Nm3; kg	At least the legally applicable frequency; EU BAT comparator uses at least annual monitoring for dairy drying	Representative operating conditions in the reporting period	Every included drying emission point	Convert concentration and corrected gas volume to mass; subtract no recovered powder unless it is demonstrably returned before the emission point	Test report, method, accreditation, reference conditions, and operating-state record
cp_packaging_and_dispatch	packaging_and_storage	Net product, packaging, packaging waste, and dispatch	Filling-scale, bill-of-material, stock, waste, and dispatch records	lot_id; filled_units; net_mass_per_unit; bulk_dispatch_mass; packaging_material; packaging_issue; packaging_stock_change; packaging_waste; dispatch_status	Calibrated filling or bulk scales with stock reconciliation	kg	Each lot and dispatch	All accepted lots in the representative period	All included packing lines and bulk silos	Net product = accepted filled or bulk-dispatched powder excluding packaging; reconcile packaging issued to contained and waste mass	Scale calibration, bill of materials, dispatch record, and stock reconciliation
cp_cleaning_and_wastewater	cleaning_and_wastewater	Cleaning water, agents, wastewater, sludge, and discharge	CIP recipe, flow meter, chemical issue, wastewater meter, sample, and sludge records	cleaning_event; process_line; water_withdrawal; reused_water; chemical_product; chemical_mass; wastewater_volume; pollutant_concentration; sludge_mass; sludge_dry_matter; destination	Event or area meter matched to CIP logs and representative wastewater samples	m3; kg; mg/L	Each cleaning event or continuous meter, aggregated monthly	At least one representative operating year	All included lines and shared treatment systems	Sum gross and reused water separately; pollutant load = matched volume × concentration; allocate shared treatment after direct assignment	Meter calibration, CIP log, chemical stock balance, sample chain of custody, and treatment record

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_output	Net saleable powder	Sum accepted net filled-unit mass and accepted bulk-dispatch mass; exclude packaging, rejected lots, rework not released, retained samples, and stock not transferred to the declared factory gate.	filled_units; net_mass_per_unit; bulk_dispatch_mass; dispatch_status; rejected_mass; retained_samples	kg net saleable powder and normalized 1 kg reference flow	codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995
calc_dry_matter_allocation	Joint dairy co-products	For every joint operation, calculate AFi = DMi × Qi / sum(DMj × Qj) using matched wet mass and dry matter measurements for every co-product in the denominator.	co_product_mass; dry_matter; joint_process_total	product-specific allocation factor and allocated amount	eda-dairy-pefcr-2025
calc_dryer_dust	Channelled drying dust	Emitted dust mass = measured concentration × corrected dry gas volume for the matched operating period, with explicit unit conversion and no subtraction of already emitted material.	concentration; dry_gas_flow; operating_time; reference_conditions	kg dust emitted and kg/kg reference powder	eu-fdm-bat-2019
calc_wastewater_load	Treated or untreated wastewater discharge	Pollutant load = matched discharge volume × pollutant concentration; keep reused water and recovered condensate outside final discharge volume.	wastewater_volume; pollutant_concentration; reused_water; condensate_reuse	m3 discharge and kg pollutant per kg reference powder	eu-fdm-bat-2019

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dqr_identity_and_route	All data packages	Declare powder type, liquid feed type and origin, whey acidity or modification, process technology, packaging format, and the exact foreground starting condition.	Dataset metadata, process map, supplier or upstream dataset references, and lot records
dqr_temporal_coverage	Foreground activity data	Use at least one representative operating year where seasonality and product mix affect shared utilities; preserve lot or campaign records and explain shutdowns, abnormal operation, and missing periods.	Dated meter, production, laboratory, maintenance, and dispatch records
dqr_mass_balance	Feed, co-products, powder, residues, and wastewater	Close wet-mass and dry-matter balances at the most detailed measured process level; investigate and disclose unexplained differences instead of forcing closure by changing the saleable product amount.	Signed wet-mass and dry-matter reconciliation by lot, campaign, and annual total
dqr_composition	Saleable powder	For skimmed milk powder, verify maximum milkfat 1.5% m/m, maximum water 5% m/m, and minimum milk protein in milk-solids-not-fat 34% m/m unless a stricter declared specification applies. For whey and acid whey powders, retain the applicable Codex composition and acidity results.	Laboratory release results and applicable product specification; codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995
dqr_bat_comparison	Powder-dominant dairy installation QA	Where powder is at least 80% of production, retain annual raw-material throughput, total energy, and wastewater discharge so the unconverted EU BAT indicators of 0.2-0.5 MWh/t raw material and 1.2-2.7 m3/t raw material can be compared on their original basis. A value outside the interval is a review trigger, not automatic replacement or failure.	Annual site balance and eu-fdm-bat-2019
dqr_data_gaps	Missing or shared foreground data	Identify every proxy, shared-meter allocation, unverified UUID, and default dry matter value; state its affected amount and sensitivity, and prioritise replacement with direct records.	Data-gap register, allocation workbook, sensitivity result, and reviewer sign-off

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
validate_reference_flow	reference_product	Require exactly 1 kg net saleable powder with the Mass flow property, Units of mass unit group, kg reference unit, selected product-flow UUID, and all required qualifiers.	codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995
validate_route_scope	product_and_process_identity	Reject a package that does not identify skimmed milk powder, whey powder, or acid whey powder and its liquid feed origin, or that includes an excluded concentrated protein, lactose, casein, infant-formula, or blended product without a reviewed scope extension.	codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995
validate_required_processes	foreground_process_map	Require all four process-map entries and a quantitative record or explicit zero with reason for every conditional route-specific operation and every inventory row applicable to the site.	eda-dairy-pefcr-2025; eu-fdm-bat-2019
validate_mass_and_solids_balance	foreground_inventory	Require wet-mass and dry-matter reconciliation across accepted feed, co-products, saleable powder, rework, wastes, wastewater solids, and measured losses; unresolved imbalance is a finding.	eda-dairy-pefcr-2025
validate_allocation	shared_and_joint_operations	Require direct assignment before allocation, complete dry-matter denominators for every joint co-product, reconciliation of allocated remainders to the verified total, and disclosure of allocation factors.	eda-dairy-pefcr-2025; eu-pef-method-2021
validate_energy_water_and_emissions	utilities_wastewater_and_drying_air	Require separate energy carriers, gross and reused water, final wastewater discharge, and measured drying dust where applicable. Compare installation BAT indicators only on their original raw-material basis.	eu-fdm-bat-2019
validate_composition	released_product	Require lot evidence for the applicable Codex or declared stricter composition and acidity specification; off-specification material must not be counted as saleable reference output.	codex-cxs-207-1999; codex-cxs-289-1995

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Product-specific foreground powder-manufacturing dataset
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Product and supply-chain LCA where geography, technology, powder type, feed origin, composition, allocation method, packaging, and temporal coverage are representative or adjusted transparently
excluded_use	Unqualified comparison between skim milk and whey routes; substitution for whey protein concentrate, lactose, casein, infant formula, or other excluded products; use as a farm, cheese, casein, retail, consumer-use, or end-of-life dataset
required_metadata	PCR id and version state; powder type; liquid feed type and upstream dataset; whey acidity or modification; geography; site and technology; reference period; net product mass; composition; packaging; process map; allocation factors; electricity and heat supply; water and wastewater boundary; emission controls
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data coverage; meter and laboratory methods; wet-mass and dry-matter balance; shared-data allocation; UUID gaps; proxy datasets; abnormal operation; BAT comparison basis; uncertainty and sensitivity for material gaps
update_trigger	Material change in feed source or product mix, powder route or technology, composition, allocation, packaging, energy or water system, emission control, regulatory or Codex requirement, site boundary, or a new representative period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
codex-cxs-207-1999	standard	FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, CXS 207-1999, Standard for Milk Powders and Cream Powder, amended through 2023, https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fworkspace.fao.org%2Fsites%2Fcodex%2FStandards%2FCXS%2B207-1999%2FCXS_207e.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Skimmed milk powder identity, scope, raw materials, composition, and release-quality requirements
codex-cxs-289-1995	standard	FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, CXS 289-1995, Standard for Whey Powders, amended through 2022, https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fworkspace.fao.org%2Fsites%2Fcodex%2FStandards%2FCXS%2B289-1995%2FCXS_289e.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Whey and acid whey definitions, feed origin, permitted route variation, composition, acidity, and product qualification
eda-dairy-pefcr-2025	method_factor	European Dairy Association, PEFCR for Dairy Products, partial revision, February 2025, https://eda.euromilk.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/PEFCR-DairyProducts_update_final.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Dairy process decomposition, mandatory company-specific dried-whey data, packaging data, direct assignment, dry-matter allocation, and data-quality rules
eu-fdm-bat-2019	official_guidance	Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2031 establishing BAT conclusions for the food, drink and milk industries, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2019/2031/oj (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Dairy powder energy and wastewater QA indicators, multistage drying, water accounting, and drying dust monitoring
eu-pef-method-2021	official_guidance	Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on the use of Environmental Footprint methods, corrected 2022, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32021H2279 (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Life-cycle boundary, allocation hierarchy, data-quality disclosure, and downstream-use limitations