Wine of fresh grapes, except sparkling wine; grape must

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground data packages for grape must and non-sparkling wine made from fresh grapes. It covers winery-gate production from receipt of fresh wine grapes through must preparation and, for wine, alcoholic fermentation, clarification, stabilisation, maturation, and dispatch in bulk or in declared packaging. Grape cultivation and transport to the winery are represented by upstream datasets; downstream distribution, retail, consumption, and packaging end of life are outside the foreground boundary unless the declared study expands them.

Sparkling and carbonated wine, vermouth and other aromatised wine, fruit wine, grape juice, distilled wine products, wine vinegar, and winery processes based only on non-grape feedstock are excluded. The data package shall declare whether the reference product is grape must or non-sparkling wine and shall apply only the route-specific processes and atomic exchanges that actually occur.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.beverages.wine-of-fresh-grapes-except-sparkling-wine-grape-must
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 24212
covered_products	Grape must obtained from fresh grapes; still wine obtained by partial or complete alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes or grape must, whether supplied in bulk or in declared packaging
excluded_products	Sparkling or carbonated wine; vermouth and aromatised wine; fruit wine; grape juice; wine vinegar; distilled wine products; products not made from fresh grapes or grape must
representative_product	Market-ready non-sparkling grape wine or grape must at the winery dispatch gate
production_route	Fresh-grape reception, sorting, crushing and/or pressing; route-dependent must handling; alcoholic fermentation for wine; conditional clarification, stabilisation and maturation; bulk dispatch or packaging
market_state	Bulk liquid or packaged liquid; product form, still-wine status, alcohol state, packaging configuration, vintage or production campaign, and quality designation declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provision of market-ready grape must or non-sparkling wine made from fresh grapes at the winery dispatch gate
How much	1,000 kg of reference product
How well	Conforms to the declared product form and applicable compositional, oenological, food-safety, and market specifications; wine is not sparkling or carbonated
How long or cycle	One completed production batch or campaign through winery dispatch
reference_flow_link	Net saleable output after documented process losses and before any downstream distribution

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg
Reference product flow	Wine of fresh grapes, except sparkling wine, grape must 267f0e7f-b77b-4baf-8e0a-a4e4f180e3ec
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	product_form=grape_must or non_sparkling_wine; bulk_or_packaged; grape variety or blend; vintage or production campaign; actual alcohol content for wine; residual sugar class where relevant; still-wine confirmation; preservation or stabilisation route; packaging configuration and fill quantity where packaged; geography; technology route

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product and all mass-normalised exchanges	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report exactly 1,000 kg net saleable reference product and normalise every exchange to that mass.
liquid_mass_conversion	Records measured by liquid volume	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Convert measured volume to mass with a product- and temperature-specific density record; retain raw volume, temperature, density, and conversion calculation.
packaging_mass	Each packaging component	Mass	kg	Record the placed-on-market mass of each component separately; do not use a combined packaging mass without component records.
energy_separation	Purchased electricity, purchased steam, and combusted fuels	Energy	kWh or MJ	Keep electricity, steam, and each fuel as separate exchanges and document conversion factors and heating-value basis.
wastewater_load	Direct discharge pollutant indicators	Mass	kg	Calculate each pollutant load separately as measured discharge volume multiplied by its matched concentration; retain sampling and flow records.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Fresh wine grapes received at the winery gate, or an explicitly disclosed same-category grape must or bulk wine input for recursive processing
starting_condition_role	Foreground entry point for winery operations
product_classification_scope	Grape must and non-sparkling wine made from fresh grapes; excludes sparkling, aromatised, distilled, vinegar, grape-juice, and non-grape products
recursive_input_rule	Record purchased grape must or bulk wine in this category once as an atomic product input with an upstream dataset; do not recursively reconstruct its winery production inside the receiving foreground process.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Require representative upstream datasets for fresh grapes, same-category bulk inputs, electricity, steam, each fuel, water, additives, processing aids, packaging components, and offsite waste treatment.
disclosure	Disclose included route, bulk or packaged dispatch, outsourced operations, excluded life-cycle stages, grape origin, vintage or campaign, product losses, wastewater route, waste and co-product destinations, and allocation choices.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_gate_to_gate	Foreground winery system	Include all attributable winery operations from receipt of fresh grapes or disclosed recursive inputs through net saleable product dispatch; disclose that grape production, downstream distribution, retail, use, and end of life require linked datasets when a full life cycle is modelled.	oiv-ghg-2025; ferrara-de-feo-2018
boundary_route_selection	Grape-must and wine routes	Include must preparation for both products; include alcoholic fermentation only for wine; include clarification, stabilisation, maturation, and packaging only when performed for the declared product.	oiv-code-2025; lbnl-best-winery-2005
boundary_complete_exchanges	Every included process	Inventory energy, water, raw materials, additives, processing aids, packaging components, products, co-products, each waste, wastewater, refrigerant loss, and each direct emission as separate exchanges.	oiv-ghg-2025; oiv-viti-641-2020

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
must_preparation	Fresh-grape reception and must preparation	required	All declared products	Converts received fresh grapes into grape must and separated solids	1,000 kg reference product
alcoholic_fermentation	Alcoholic fermentation	conditional	product_form=non_sparkling_wine	Converts grape sugars into ethanol, carbon dioxide, and young wine	1,000 kg reference product
wine_finishing	Clarification, stabilisation, maturation, and cellar handling	conditional	Performed for the declared wine or treated/preserved must route	Produces finished bulk product and records cellar utilities, aids, residues, and losses	1,000 kg reference product
packaging_dispatch	Packaging and dispatch preparation	conditional	Reference product is packaged before the winery gate	Fills and assembles the declared primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging	1,000 kg reference product
wastewater_treatment	Onsite winery wastewater treatment	conditional	Winery wastewater is treated or discharged under foreground control	Treats wastewater and quantifies separate discharge indicators	1,000 kg reference product

Process: Fresh-grape reception and must preparation (must_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Received fresh wine grapes (fresh_wine_grapes)

Fresh grapes entering the winery are weighed by lot before sorting, crushing, destemming, draining, or pressing.

• Selected flow: Fresh wine grapes
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net accepted grape mass from calibrated inbound scales after documented rejected-load adjustments
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: oiv-code-2025; lbnl-best-winery-2005

Electricity for grape handling (must_preparation_electricity)

Metered electricity powers receiving, conveyors, crushers, destemmers, presses, pumps, and controls.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or defensibly sub-metered electricity used by this process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Cleaning water for receiving and pressing (must_preparation_water)

Water used to clean the crush pad, receiving equipment, presses, and associated lines is recorded separately from other cellar water.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered or batch-estimated water delivered to this process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005; oiv-viti-641-2020

Sulfur dioxide used before fermentation (must_preparation_sulfur_dioxide)

Sulfur dioxide is recorded when used to protect grapes or must; the pure active mass is derived from the actual formulation and concentration.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Active sulfur dioxide mass calculated from weighed formulation additions
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_additive_records
• Sources: oiv-code-2025

Outputs

Product flows

Grape must transferred or sold (grape_must_output)

Must leaving preparation is weighed or converted from calibrated volume and density; it is an intermediate for wine or the saleable reference product for the must route.

• Selected flow: Grape must
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured transfer or dispatch mass net of retained solids and documented losses
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: oiv-code-2025

Waste flows

Separated grape stems (grape_stems)

Stems removed during destemming are recorded by wet mass and destination.

• Selected flow: Grape stems
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured or container-weight-derived wet mass leaving the process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; lbnl-best-winery-2005

White-wine or must-route grape pomace (must_preparation_pomace)

Skins, seeds, and pulp separated before fermentation are recorded as grape pomace with destination and market status.

• Selected flow: Grape pomace
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured wet mass leaving the process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; ferrara-de-feo-2018

Must-preparation winery wastewater (must_preparation_wastewater)

Wash water and product-bearing drainage leaving this process are recorded as one specific wastewater stream before treatment.

• Selected flow: Winery wastewater from grape receiving and pressing
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Measured wastewater volume attributable to this process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; lbnl-best-winery-2005

Elementary flows

Process: Alcoholic fermentation (alcoholic_fermentation)

Inputs

Product flows

Grape must to fermentation (fermentation_grape_must)

Must charged to fermenters is recorded by mass for the wine route.

• Selected flow: Grape must
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured fermenter charge mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: oiv-code-2025

Active dry wine yeast (wine_yeast)

Purchased yeast is recorded only when inoculation occurs.

• Selected flow: Active dry wine yeast
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed yeast addition from batch records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_additive_records
• Sources: oiv-code-2025

Diammonium phosphate fermentation nutrient (diammonium_phosphate)

Diammonium phosphate is recorded as a separate chemical when added as a fermentation nutrient.

• Selected flow: Diammonium phosphate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed nutrient addition from batch records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_additive_records
• Sources: oiv-code-2025

Electricity for fermentation control (fermentation_electricity)

Electricity for pumping, agitation, controls, and cooling is recorded for the fermentation process.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or defensibly sub-metered electricity used by fermentation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Fermenter cleaning water (fermentation_water)

Water used for fermenter and transfer-line cleaning is separately recorded.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered or batch-estimated water delivered to fermentation cleaning
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Refrigerant R134a makeup (r134a_makeup)

R134a purchased to replace losses from fermentation or cellar cooling is recorded when this refrigerant is used.

• Selected flow: Refrigerant R134a
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Verified R134a recharge mass assigned to winery production
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources: oiv-ghg-2025

Refrigerant R404A makeup (r404a_makeup)

R404A purchased to replace losses from fermentation or cellar cooling is recorded when this refrigerant blend is used.

• Selected flow: Refrigerant R404A
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Verified R404A recharge mass assigned to winery production
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources: oiv-ghg-2025

Outputs

Product flows

Young wine after alcoholic fermentation (young_wine)

Young wine transferred from fermentation is recorded by mass before finishing.

• Selected flow: Young non-sparkling grape wine
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured transfer mass net of retained solids and documented spills
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: oiv-code-2025

Waste flows

Red-wine grape pomace (fermentation_pomace)

Skins, seeds, and pulp separated after red-wine fermentation are recorded as grape pomace.

• Selected flow: Grape pomace
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured wet mass leaving fermentation or pressing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; ferrara-de-feo-2018

Gross fermentation lees (fermentation_lees)

Settled yeast and solids removed at the first wine transfer are recorded separately from pomace.

• Selected flow: Wine lees
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured wet lees mass leaving fermentation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; lbnl-best-winery-2005

Fermentation winery wastewater (fermentation_wastewater)

Fermenter and transfer-line wash water leaving the process is recorded before treatment.

• Selected flow: Winery wastewater from fermentation
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Measured wastewater volume attributable to fermentation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; lbnl-best-winery-2005

Elementary flows

Biogenic carbon dioxide from fermentation (fermentation_co2_biogenic)

Carbon dioxide released by alcoholic fermentation is calculated from collected sugar-conversion or off-gas records and reported as biogenic.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, biogenic, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured off-gas mass or stoichiometric calculation from fermentable sugar converted
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emission_records
• Sources: oiv-code-2025; lbnl-best-winery-2005

R134a released to air (r134a_to_air)

R134a leakage is reported separately when systems containing R134a serve the foreground processes.

• Selected flow: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculated refrigerant inventory loss assigned to production
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources: oiv-ghg-2025

R404A released to air (r404a_to_air)

R404A leakage is reported separately when systems containing R404A serve the foreground processes.

• Selected flow: Refrigerant R404A, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculated refrigerant inventory loss assigned to production
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources: oiv-ghg-2025

Process: Clarification, stabilisation, maturation, and cellar handling (wine_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Young wine to finishing (finishing_young_wine)

Young wine entering finishing is measured before clarification, stabilisation, maturation, or storage.

• Selected flow: Young non-sparkling grape wine
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured process charge mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Electricity for cellar operations (finishing_electricity)

Electricity for pumping, filtration, refrigeration, stabilisation, and storage is recorded for the finishing process.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or defensibly sub-metered electricity used by finishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Cellar cleaning water (finishing_water)

Water used to clean tanks, barrels, filters, floors, and transfer equipment is separately recorded.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered or batch-estimated water delivered to finishing and cellar cleaning
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005; oiv-viti-641-2020

Purchased steam for hot cleaning (finishing_steam)

Purchased steam is a separate exchange when used for barrel, tank, or equipment cleaning.

• Selected flow: Steam, at industrial facility
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered purchased steam energy assigned to finishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Natural gas for onsite heat (finishing_natural_gas)

Natural gas is recorded separately when combusted onsite for hot water or steam used by the winery.

• Selected flow: Natural gas
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered fuel consumption on a documented lower- or higher-heating-value basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005; oiv-ghg-2025

Sulfur dioxide used in finishing (finishing_sulfur_dioxide)

Sulfur dioxide added after fermentation is recorded separately from pre-fermentation additions.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Active sulfur dioxide mass calculated from weighed formulation additions
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_additive_records
• Sources: oiv-code-2025

Bentonite fining agent (bentonite)

Bentonite is recorded when used for fining or clarification.

• Selected flow: Bentonite
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry bentonite charged to the batch
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_additive_records
• Sources: oiv-code-2025; lbnl-best-winery-2005

Diatomaceous earth filter aid (diatomaceous_earth)

Diatomaceous earth is recorded when used in depth filtration.

• Selected flow: Diatomaceous earth
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry filter aid charged to filtration
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_additive_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Outputs

Product flows

Finished bulk non-sparkling wine (finished_bulk_wine)

Finished bulk wine is measured after finishing and before packaging or bulk dispatch.

• Selected flow: Finished bulk non-sparkling grape wine
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured transfer or dispatch mass net of retained residues and documented cellar losses
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: oiv-code-2025; lbnl-best-winery-2005

Waste flows

Finishing wine lees (finishing_lees)

Lees removed during racking, clarification, stabilisation, or maturation are recorded separately.

• Selected flow: Wine lees
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured wet lees mass leaving finishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; ferrara-de-feo-2018

Spent bentonite (spent_bentonite)

Spent bentonite and entrained wine solids are recorded as a distinct waste stream.

• Selected flow: Spent bentonite from wine clarification
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured wet waste mass leaving clarification
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Spent diatomaceous earth (spent_diatomaceous_earth)

Used diatomaceous earth and retained solids are recorded separately from other clarification residues.

• Selected flow: Spent diatomaceous earth from wine filtration
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured wet waste mass leaving filtration
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; lbnl-best-winery-2005

Finishing winery wastewater (finishing_wastewater)

Tank, barrel, filter, and cellar wash water leaving finishing is recorded before treatment.

• Selected flow: Winery wastewater from finishing and cellar cleaning
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Measured wastewater volume attributable to finishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; lbnl-best-winery-2005

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from onsite natural-gas combustion (natural_gas_co2_fossil)

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from the documented natural-gas use is calculated separately.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Natural-gas activity multiplied by the applicable documented carbon-dioxide emission factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emission_records
• Sources: oiv-ghg-2025

Methane from onsite natural-gas combustion (natural_gas_ch4)

Direct methane from onsite natural-gas combustion is calculated as its own exchange.

• Selected flow: Methane, fossil, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Natural-gas activity multiplied by the applicable documented methane emission factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emission_records
• Sources: oiv-ghg-2025

Nitrous oxide from onsite natural-gas combustion (natural_gas_n2o)

Direct nitrous oxide from onsite natural-gas combustion is calculated as its own exchange.

• Selected flow: Nitrous oxide, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Natural-gas activity multiplied by the applicable documented nitrous-oxide emission factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emission_records
• Sources: oiv-ghg-2025

Nitrogen oxides from onsite natural-gas combustion (natural_gas_nox)

Direct nitrogen oxides from onsite natural-gas combustion are reported separately from greenhouse gases.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Natural-gas activity multiplied by the applicable documented nitrogen-oxides emission factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emission_records
• Sources: oiv-ghg-2025

Process: Packaging and dispatch preparation (packaging_dispatch)

Inputs

Product flows

Finished wine sent to packaging (packaging_wine_input)

Finished wine entering packaging is measured separately from grape must.

• Selected flow: Finished bulk non-sparkling grape wine
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass charged to the packaging line
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Grape must sent to packaging (packaging_must_input)

Grape must entering packaging is measured as a separate route-specific product input.

• Selected flow: Grape must
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass charged to the packaging line
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: oiv-code-2025

Electricity for packaging (packaging_electricity)

Electricity for rinsing, filling, closing, labelling, conveying, and pallet preparation is recorded.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or defensibly sub-metered electricity used by packaging
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Packaging-line cleaning water (packaging_water)

Water used for package rinsing and line cleaning is recorded separately.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered or batch-estimated water delivered to packaging
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Nitrogen for inerting (packaging_nitrogen)

Nitrogen used for tank or package headspace inerting is recorded when applied.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen gas
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered gas use or supplier-cylinder mass balance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_additive_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Glass bottles (glass_bottle)

Glass bottle mass is recorded separately for the exact bottle specification used.

• Selected flow: Glass bottle
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Issued bottle count multiplied by verified unit mass, less returned unused units
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: ferrara-de-feo-2018; oiv-viti-641-2020

Natural cork closures (natural_cork_closure)

Natural cork closures are recorded only for products using this closure.

• Selected flow: Natural cork closure
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Issued closure count multiplied by verified unit mass, less returned unused units
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: ferrara-de-feo-2018

Aluminium screw-cap closures (aluminium_screw_cap)

Aluminium screw caps are recorded only for products using this closure and never combined with cork mass.

• Selected flow: Aluminium screw-cap closure
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Issued closure count multiplied by verified unit mass, less returned unused units
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Paper labels (paper_label)

Paper labels are recorded as an individual packaging component.

• Selected flow: Coated paper label
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Applied label count multiplied by verified unit mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: ferrara-de-feo-2018

Corrugated board cartons (corrugated_board_carton)

Corrugated board shipping cartons are recorded separately from labels and pallets.

• Selected flow: Corrugated board carton
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Used carton count multiplied by verified unit mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Low-density polyethylene stretch film (ldpe_stretch_film)

Stretch film used to secure palletised product is recorded as its own polymer component.

• Selected flow: Low-density polyethylene stretch film
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Issued roll mass less verified remainder, assigned to packaged output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Wooden pallets (wood_pallet)

One-way or allocated reusable wooden pallet mass is recorded separately with reuse assumptions disclosed.

• Selected flow: Wooden pallet
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: One-way pallet mass or verified lifetime allocation of reusable pallet mass assigned to output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Scenario-specific (scenario_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Outputs

Product flows

Market-ready packaged reference product (packaged_reference_product)

Net saleable packaged wine or grape must is the reference output; product mass excludes packaging mass.

• Selected flow: Wine of fresh grapes, except sparkling wine, grape must 267f0e7f-b77b-4baf-8e0a-a4e4f180e3ec
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1,000 kg net saleable product, excluding packaging mass
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Generic (generic)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)

Waste flows

Packaging-line winery wastewater (packaging_wastewater)

Rinsing and line-cleaning water leaving packaging is recorded before treatment.

• Selected flow: Winery wastewater from packaging
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Measured wastewater volume attributable to packaging
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: lbnl-best-winery-2005

Broken glass bottles (broken_glass)

Broken or rejected glass bottles are recorded separately from other packaging losses.

• Selected flow: Waste glass from packaging
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass or rejected bottle count multiplied by verified unit mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Elementary flows

Process: Onsite winery wastewater treatment (wastewater_treatment)

Inputs

Product flows

Electricity for wastewater treatment (wastewater_treatment_electricity)

Electricity used by pumps, aeration, mixing, and controls is recorded for onsite treatment.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered electricity used by wastewater treatment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Waste flows

Combined winery wastewater to onsite treatment (winery_wastewater_treatment_input)

The combined winery wastewater entering onsite treatment is measured without combining it with sanitary wastewater unless that scope is explicitly disclosed.

• Selected flow: Winery process wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Measured influent volume assigned to the declared product system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Treated winery wastewater (treated_winery_wastewater)

Treated effluent sent to reuse, sewer, or controlled discharge is recorded by volume and destination.

• Selected flow: Treated winery wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Measured treated-effluent volume by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Wastewater treatment sludge (wastewater_sludge)

Sludge removed from winery wastewater treatment is recorded as a separate waste stream.

• Selected flow: Winery wastewater treatment sludge
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured wet mass with dry-matter content and destination retained
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020; ferrara-de-feo-2018

Elementary flows

Chemical oxygen demand discharged to water (cod_to_water)

COD load is reported as its own discharge indicator when treated effluent is released under foreground control.

• Selected flow: Chemical oxygen demand, to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched discharge volume multiplied by measured COD concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_monitoring
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Five-day biochemical oxygen demand discharged to water (bod5_to_water)

BOD5 load is reported separately from COD.

• Selected flow: Biochemical oxygen demand, 5 days, to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched discharge volume multiplied by measured BOD5 concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_monitoring
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Total suspended solids discharged to water (tss_to_water)

Suspended-solids load is reported as an individual water emission.

• Selected flow: Total suspended solids, to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched discharge volume multiplied by measured total-suspended-solids concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_monitoring
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Total nitrogen discharged to water (total_nitrogen_to_water)

Total-nitrogen load is reported as an individual water emission when monitored or required by permit.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen, total, to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched discharge volume multiplied by measured total-nitrogen concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_monitoring
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

Total phosphorus discharged to water (total_phosphorus_to_water)

Total-phosphorus load is reported as an individual water emission when monitored or required by permit.

• Selected flow: Phosphorus, total, to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched discharge volume multiplied by measured total-phosphorus concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_monitoring
• Sources: oiv-viti-641-2020

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoidance	Multi-output winery processes	Avoid allocation first by subdividing metered operations or expanding the system with separately modelled recovery processes where this is justified and consistently applied.	oiv-ghg-2025
allocation_physical	Wine, grape must, pomace, lees, and other valuable co-products	Where subdivision is not possible and a physical causal relationship exists, allocate the remaining shared inputs and outputs using that documented physical relationship; do not allocate solely because a residue has mass.	oiv-ghg-2025
allocation_economic_fallback	Joint valuable outputs without a defensible physical relationship	Use economic allocation only as a disclosed fallback based on contemporaneous values at the point where co-products leave the shared process; test sensitivity when the choice is material.	oiv-ghg-2025; eu-pef-2021
waste_no_credit	Outputs managed as waste	Assign no avoided-product credit unless a documented consequential or substitution scenario is explicitly in scope; record transport and treatment in the selected waste route.	oiv-viti-641-2020; eu-pef-2021

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_mass_balance	all	Product and intermediate mass	Scale, tank, density, and batch records	batch_id; timestamp; gross_mass; tare_mass; volume; temperature; density; product_form; transfer_loss	Calibrated scale or calibrated volume converted with matched density	kg	Each lot, transfer, and dispatch	Complete declared campaign	All foreground winery operations	Sum accepted or transferred mass by route; reconcile inputs, outputs, stocks, and documented losses before normalisation	Calibration certificates; tank charts; batch reconciliation; signed dispatch records
cp_energy_records	all	Electricity, steam, and each fuel	Meter, invoice, and equipment allocation records	meter_id; timestamp; energy_quantity; unit; fuel_identity; heating_value_basis; process_assignment	Direct sub-metering preferred; otherwise documented engineering allocation from facility meters	kWh; MJ	Continuous or invoice period	At least one representative complete production campaign	Foreground winery and onsite treatment	Aggregate each energy carrier separately and allocate shared meters using documented operating drivers	Meter calibration; invoices; allocation worksheet; completeness check
cp_water_records	all	Process water	Water meter and batch records	meter_id; timestamp; volume; source; process_assignment; reuse_flag	Direct meter or validated batch estimate	m3	Continuous or each cleaning event	Complete declared campaign including peak vintage	Foreground winery	Sum by process and water source; keep reused water separate from fresh intake	Meter calibration; cleaning logs; water balance
cp_additive_records	all	Each additive, processing aid, yeast, nutrient, or inert gas	Weighing, formulation, issue, and batch records	material_identity; formulation; active_fraction; batch_id; issued_mass; returned_mass; gas_quantity	Weighed issue-and-return balance or calibrated dosing record	kg	Each addition	Complete declared campaign	Foreground winery	Calculate active material where needed and aggregate by atomic material and product route	Supplier specification; scale calibration; batch sheet; stock reconciliation
cp_refrigerant_records	alcoholic_fermentation	Each refrigerant and loss	Refrigeration asset register and service records	equipment_id; refrigerant_identity; opening_charge; added_mass; recovered_mass; closing_charge; service_date; process_assignment	Annual or campaign inventory balance for each refrigerant	kg	Each service and annual/campaign close	Period overlapping declared production	Refrigeration systems serving foreground processes	Calculate losses separately by refrigerant and assign by documented service or cooling driver	Technician records; purchase receipts; equipment register; inventory reconciliation
cp_packaging_records	packaging_dispatch	Each packaging component	Bill of materials, issue, count, unit-mass, and reject records	component_identity; supplier; specification; unit_mass; issued_count; returned_count; reject_count; reuse_cycles	Count multiplied by verified unit mass, or direct mass issue balance	kg	Each packaging run	Complete declared campaign	Packaging operations under foreground control	Aggregate each component separately; disclose reusable-pallet lifetime allocation	Supplier specification; sampled unit-mass check; line reconciliation
cp_waste_records	all	Each solid or semisolid waste and by-product	Container scale, collection, and destination records	waste_identity; wet_mass; dry_matter; batch_id; destination; market_status; haulier	Calibrated scale or container count with verified net mass	kg	Each removal	Complete declared campaign	All foreground processes	Aggregate each waste identity and destination separately; do not net sold co-products against inputs	Weigh tickets; manifests; dry-matter tests where relevant; destination evidence
cp_wastewater_records	all	Each winery wastewater stream	Flow meter, tank, sewer, and reuse records	source_process; timestamp; volume; destination; sanitary_inclusion; product_loss	Metered flow or validated tank-volume balance	m3	Continuous or each discharge batch	Complete declared campaign including peak vintage	Winery wastewater under foreground control	Sum by source process and destination; reconcile treatment influent and effluent	Meter calibration; sewer invoice; tank logs; water balance
cp_wastewater_monitoring	wastewater_treatment	Each wastewater pollutant indicator	Matched flow and laboratory sample records	sample_id; start_time; end_time; discharge_volume; cod; bod5; tss; total_nitrogen; total_phosphorus; method; detection_limit	Representative composite sampling and accredited or documented laboratory analysis	kg; mg/L; m3	Per permit and sufficient to represent vintage peaks	Complete declared campaign	Direct discharge under foreground control	Pair concentration with the same discharge interval; compute each pollutant load separately	Chain of custody; method; laboratory QA/QC; flow-meter calibration
cp_direct_emission_records	all	Fermentation and combustion emissions	Sugar balance, off-gas, fuel, and factor records	batch_id; sugar_before; sugar_after; offgas_mass; fuel_quantity; factor_id; factor_value; factor_unit	Direct measurement where available, otherwise activity data multiplied by documented factor or stoichiometric relation	kg	Each batch or fuel period	Complete declared campaign	Direct foreground emission sources	Calculate each emitted substance separately and normalise to reference mass	Analytical records; fuel invoices; factor provenance; calculation worksheet

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalisation	Every inventory exchange	normalized_amount = campaign_amount / net_saleable_reference_product_mass × 1,000 kg	Campaign exchange amount; net saleable product mass	Exchange per 1,000 kg reference product	oiv-ghg-2025
calc_volume_to_mass	Wine and must volume records	mass = calibrated_volume × density measured or justified for the product and temperature	Volume; temperature; density	Product mass	oiv-code-2025
calc_active_sulfur_dioxide	Sulfiting additions	active_SO2_mass = formulation_mass × verified_SO2_mass_fraction	Formulation mass; supplier active fraction	Sulfur dioxide mass	oiv-code-2025
calc_fermentation_co2	Alcoholic fermentation	Use measured off-gas where reliable; otherwise CO2_mass = fermentable_hexose_equivalent_consumed × 88/180, with incomplete conversion and retained dissolved carbon disclosed	Sugar before and after fermentation; batch mass; off-gas or retention records	Biogenic carbon dioxide to air	oiv-code-2025; lbnl-best-winery-2005
calc_refrigerant_loss	Each refrigeration circuit	loss = opening_charge + additions - recovered_mass - closing_charge; report each refrigerant separately	Asset-level refrigerant inventory	Refrigerant emission to air	oiv-ghg-2025
calc_combustion_emissions	Each direct combustion emission	emission_mass = fuel_activity × documented substance-specific emission_factor	Fuel quantity; heating-value basis; factor identity	Separate CO2, CH4, N2O, and NOx emissions	oiv-ghg-2025
calc_wastewater_load	Each direct water-emission indicator	load_kg = matched_discharge_volume_m3 × concentration_mg_per_L / 1,000	Discharge volume; matched concentration	Separate COD, BOD5, TSS, total-N, or total-P load	oiv-viti-641-2020

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	Product and every exchange	Retain product form, route, material identity, waste destination, packaging specification, and refrigerant identity at atomic-flow level.	Batch sheets; supplier specifications; waste manifests; equipment register
dq_temporal	Foreground data	Cover one complete representative production campaign including peak vintage operations, finishing, storage, packaging, and wastewater treatment attributable to the product; disclose deviations.	Dated meter exports; batch calendar; inventory opening and closing records
dq_measurement	Mass, volume, energy, water, and pollutant records	Use calibrated instruments or documented engineering estimates; retain units, conversion factors, detection limits, and allocation drivers.	Calibration certificates; calculation worksheets; laboratory QA/QC
dq_completeness	All included processes	Reconcile product mass, utilities, additives, packaging components, each waste, wastewater destinations, refrigerants, and direct emissions; explain missing or excluded flows.	Campaign balance and signed completeness checklist
dq_representativeness	Foreground and linked upstream data	Characterise time, geography, technology, precision, completeness, consistency, reproducibility, source, and uncertainty; prioritise site-specific data for controlled processes.	Data-quality assessment and dataset metadata
dq_uncertainty	Material measured, calculated, or allocated values	Document measurement variability, estimation uncertainty, and sensitivity to allocation or secondary-data choices; do not convert one case value into an empirical range.	Uncertainty register; sensitivity calculation; source comparison

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	Reference flow	Confirm UUID, Product flow type, Mass reference property, kg unit, product_form qualifier, and explicit non-sparkling status.	eu-regulation-1308-2013; oiv-code-2025
validate_route	Process map	Require must preparation for every dataset; prohibit fermentation for unfermented grape must unless the declared preservation route includes partial fermentation; require fermentation for wine and disclose every conditional finishing and packaging process.	oiv-code-2025; lbnl-best-winery-2005
validate_atomic_inventory	Inventory rows	Reject any row that combines electricity with steam or fuel, multiple fuels, multiple refrigerants, multiple chemicals, multiple packaging components, multiple wastes, wastewater indicators, or air emissions.	oiv-ghg-2025; oiv-viti-641-2020
validate_mass_balance	Each process and campaign	Check opening stocks plus inputs against outputs, closing stocks, measured emissions, moisture changes, and documented losses; investigate material imbalance before publication.	oiv-ghg-2025
validate_wastewater	Wastewater treatment and discharge	Require source-process volumes and destinations; when discharge is under foreground control, calculate COD, BOD5, TSS, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus separately where monitored or required.	oiv-viti-641-2020
validate_packaging	Packaged product	Reconcile fill count and net product mass; require separate masses for every component actually used and disclose reusable-component allocation.	ferrara-de-feo-2018; oiv-viti-641-2020
validate_sources_and_quality	Foreground package	Require source ids for externally constrained rules, site-specific records for controlled processes, documented secondary data where primary data are impracticable, and complete data-quality disclosure.	oiv-ghg-2025; eu-pef-2021

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset for grape must or non-sparkling wine at the winery dispatch gate
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after review and publication
allowed_use	Product and process LCA, supply-chain inventory, environmental footprint studies, hotspot analysis, and scenario modelling consistent with the declared route, geography, vintage or campaign, product form, packaging, and boundary
excluded_use	Sparkling, carbonated, aromatised, distilled, vinegar, grape-juice, or non-grape products; undisclosed substitution between grape must and wine; consumer claims that imply cradle-to-grave coverage from this gate-to-gate dataset alone
required_metadata	PCR id and version; product form; grape variety or blend; vintage or campaign; actual alcohol content for wine; still-wine confirmation; geography; technology route; bulk or packaged state; package bill of materials; reference mass; data period; wastewater route; co-product and waste destinations; allocation method; upstream dataset identities
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-versus-secondary data share; measurement and conversion methods; calibration and laboratory evidence; temporal, geographical and technological representativeness; completeness; uncertainty; allocation sensitivity; missing UUIDs or flows; exclusions
update_trigger	Change in product form, grape source or variety mix, vintage representativeness, fermentation or stabilisation technology, energy system, refrigerant, packaging configuration, wastewater route, co-product treatment, allocation method, applicable regulation, or a material data-quality finding

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
eu-regulation-1308-2013	standard	Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013, Annex VII Part II, consolidated text: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/1308	Legal product definitions for wine and grape must and exclusion of sparkling product routes; accessed 2026-08-20
oiv-code-2025	official_guidance	OIV, International Code of Oenological Practices, 2025 issue, ISBN 978-2-85038-106-5: https://www.oiv.int/sites/default/files/publication/2025-04/CPO%202025%20EN.pdf	Product definitions and process decomposition for must preparation, fermentation, clarification, stabilisation, additives, and processing aids; accessed 2026-08-20
oiv-ghg-2025	official_guidance	OIV, Methodological recommendations for GHG balance accounting in the vitivinicultural sector, Volume 1, July 2025: https://www.oiv.int/sites/default/files/2025-07/OIV-Expertise_document_Methodological_recommendations_for_accounting_for_GHG_balance.pdf	Functional-unit interpretation, partial-life-cycle disclosure, process mapping, foreground data collection, refrigerants, direct and indirect energy, allocation hierarchy, data quality, and uncertainty; accessed 2026-08-20
oiv-viti-641-2020	official_guidance	OIV Resolution OIV-VITI 641-2020, Guide for the implementation of principles of sustainable vitiviniculture: https://www.oiv.int/standards/oiv-guide-for-the-implementation-of-principles-of-sustainable-vitiviculture-	Separate input and output management, waste and wastewater tracking, co-product treatment, packaging recyclability, and monitoring expectations; accessed 2026-08-20
eu-pef-2021	official_guidance	Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on Environmental Footprint methods, OJ L 471, 30.12.2021: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32021H2279	Life-cycle data quality, verification, category-rule use, and allocation fallback context; accessed 2026-08-20
lbnl-best-winery-2005	handbook	Galitsky, C., Worrell, E., Radspieler, A., Healy, P., and Zechiel, S. BEST Winery Guidebook, LBNL/PUB-3184, California Energy Commission, 2005, DOI 10.2172/862318: https://escholarship.org/content/qt7qb4h9g0/qt7qb4h9g0.pdf	Winery process sequence, refrigeration, pumping, hot water, cleaning, water use, clarification, storage, and bottling operations
ferrara-de-feo-2018	literature	Ferrara, C. and De Feo, G. Life Cycle Assessment Application to the Wine Sector: A Critical Review. Sustainability 10(2), 395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020395	Independent peer-reviewed support for system-boundary variability, site-specific inventory need, winery wastes, and separate packaging-component significance