Permanent ceramic or ferrite magnets

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to finished permanent ceramic or hard-ferrite magnets supplied at the manufacturing plant gate. It covers sintered isotropic or anisotropic ferrite magnets and polymer- or elastomer-bonded ferrite magnets made by injection moulding, extrusion, calendering, compression moulding, or an equivalent declared forming route. It is independent of magnet shape and end application.

The product must obtain its permanent-magnet function primarily from hard ferrite. The PCR excludes permanent metallic magnets, rare-earth magnets, alnico magnets, electromagnets, temporary magnets, soft-ferrite cores and powders, un-fired green bodies, ferrite powder sold as such, and motor, loudspeaker, power-supply, or consumer-electronics assemblies in which the magnet is not the separately declared product. A finishing-only operation on a purchased magnet blank is not a complete foreground system unless the blank has a compatible upstream dataset and the omitted manufacturing stages are disclosed.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.electrical-machinery-and-apparatus.permanent-ceramic-or-ferrite-magnets
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 46932, Permanent ceramic or ferrite magnets (exact)
covered_products	Finished sintered and bonded permanent ceramic or hard-ferrite magnets, including rigid and flexible products, all commercial shapes, and isotropic or anisotropic grades
excluded_products	Permanent metallic and rare-earth magnets; alnico magnets; electromagnets; temporary magnets; soft-ferrite components; ferrite powder; pressed green bodies; non-separable magnet-containing assemblies
representative_product	A finished, quality-released hard-ferrite permanent magnet at the manufacturing plant gate
production_route	Sintered route: ferrite powder preparation, forming with declared orientation method, sintering, finishing, magnetization, testing, and packaging; bonded route: hard-ferrite powder and binder compounding, moulding/extrusion/calendering/compression, finishing where needed, magnetization, testing, and packaging
market_state	Finished manufactured product, magnetized or explicitly supplied unmagnetized to a declared customer specification, at plant

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Finished permanent ceramic or hard-ferrite magnet
How much	1 kg net mass of accepted finished magnets
How well	Conforming to the declared ferrite composition or grade, magnetic-property specification, dimensions and tolerances, magnetization state or pattern, and surface condition
How long or cycle	One representative production lot or campaign at the manufacturing plant gate
reference_flow_link	Net accepted output of finishing_magnetization_packaging, excluding reusable transport packaging and rejected product

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Permanent ceramic or ferrite magnets 59fbfc86-a725-413c-b3df-d6f7683036d5
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	manufacturing route (sintered or bonded and forming method); ferrite chemistry and commercial grade; isotropic or anisotropic orientation; magnetization state, direction, and pole pattern; product geometry, dimensions, and tolerances; surface coating or treatment; binder type and formulation share for bonded magnets; in-house or purchased ferrite-powder starting condition; manufacturing site, geography, and reference period

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report 1 kg net mass of accepted finished magnets. Exclude rejected product, grinding sludge, offcuts, and all packaging from the reference amount.
count_to_mass	Output recorded by piece count	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Convert counts to mass from a lot-specific verified piece mass or from a calibrated scale measurement; retain count, sampled or measured mass, and calculation record.
internal_flow_consistency	Ferrite powder and magnet blanks transferred between foreground processes	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use consistent dry-mass or as-received conventions at both sides of each internal transfer and disclose moisture or binder basis where relevant. Internal transfers must not be counted as external inputs.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Receipt of iron oxide, barium or strontium carbonate, additives, and utilities when ferrite powder is made on site; otherwise receipt of quality-qualified hard-ferrite powder. Bonded routes additionally begin with receipt of the declared polymer or elastomer binder and compounding additives.
starting_condition_role	Foreground manufacturing gate input; purchased materials require compatible upstream production datasets.
product_classification_scope	Finished permanent ceramic or hard-ferrite magnets across sintered and bonded routes, without restriction to one shape or application.
recursive_input_rule	A purchased finished magnet within this PCR category is an upstream product input, not a zero-burden internal intermediate. Use its compatible upstream dataset and disclose any rework, remanufacturing, or assembly role.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Provide upstream datasets for purchased ferrite powder or its iron-oxide and carbonate precursors, binders, additives, fuels, electricity, water, finishing consumables, coatings, and packaging. Do not substitute metallic-permanent-magnet datasets.
disclosure	Declare route, starting material state, powder source, binder formulation for bonded products, orientation method, thermal operations, finishing and coating steps, magnetization state, site, geography, period, and included pollution-control operations.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_route_selection	Foreground process selection	Include the complete declared sintered or bonded route through quality release and packaging. A dataset must not combine route averages unless the production shares and weighting method are recorded.	cui-et-al-2022-part-i; cui-et-al-2022-part-ii
boundary_sintered_route	Sintered magnets	Include ferrite powder preparation when performed on site, forming and any magnetic-field orientation, drying where applicable, sintering and controlled cooling, machining or grinding, magnetization, testing, and packaging.	cui-et-al-2022-part-i; ec-ceramic-bref-2007
boundary_bonded_route	Bonded magnets	Include hard-ferrite powder and binder compounding and the declared calendering, injection-moulding, extrusion, compression-moulding, or equivalent forming operation, plus curing or cooling, finishing, magnetization, testing, and packaging where applicable.	cui-et-al-2022-part-ii
boundary_environmental_controls	All included processes	Include energy and water supply at the foreground gate, dust collection, combustion and process emissions, wastewater treatment, and internal recycle or external treatment of powder, sludge, offcuts, rejects, and packaging waste.	ec-ceramic-bref-2007

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
ferrite_powder_preparation	Ferrite powder preparation	conditional	Required when hard-ferrite powder is synthesized, calcined, milled, or conditioned within the reporting site; otherwise model purchased powder upstream	Foreground precursor preparation	kg quality-qualified ferrite powder transferred to forming
sintered_forming_and_firing	Sintered magnet forming and firing	conditional	Required for every sintered-product dataset	Foreground sintered-magnet production	kg sintered magnet blanks transferred to finishing
bonded_compounding_and_forming	Bonded magnet compounding and forming	conditional	Required for every bonded-product dataset	Foreground bonded-magnet production	kg bonded magnet blanks transferred to finishing
finishing_magnetization_packaging	Finishing, magnetization, testing, and packaging	required	Always required; record any inapplicable operation explicitly	Foreground final product production	kg accepted finished magnet output

At least one of sintered_forming_and_firing and bonded_compounding_and_forming is required. If both routes are represented, maintain route-separated inventories before any declared production-share aggregation.

Process: Ferrite powder preparation (ferrite_powder_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Ferrite precursor materials and additives (powder_precursors)

Record iron oxide, barium carbonate or strontium carbonate, and each composition, sintering, dispersing, or forming additive consumed by on-site powder preparation.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected product flow for each received precursor; no universal input UUID is prescribed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net material issued to the process minus documented returns to stock
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg quality-qualified ferrite powder output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_powder_materials
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-i

Powder-preparation energy carriers (powder_energy)

Record metered electricity and each fuel used for mixing, granulation, calcination, crushing, milling, classification, drying, material transfer, and emission control.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected electricity and fuel product flows
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh or MJ, preserving the metered unit and conversion factor
• Amount rule: measured process energy or allocated facility energy under calc_shared_energy
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg quality-qualified ferrite powder output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_powder_utilities
• Sources: ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Powder-preparation water (powder_water)

Record freshwater and reused water used in wet milling, slurry handling, washing, and pollution-control operations, keeping withdrawals and internal recirculation separate.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected water product flow
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3 or Mass / kg with recorded conversion basis
• Amount rule: metered intake and separately metered or calculated recirculated water
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg quality-qualified ferrite powder output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_powder_utilities
• Sources: ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Quality-qualified hard-ferrite powder (prepared_ferrite_powder)

Record ferrite powder released for sintered or bonded forming, with chemistry, dry-mass basis, particle specification, and internal transfer destination.

• Selected flow: Foreground-defined hard-ferrite powder intermediate; not the finished reference-product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured released powder mass on the declared moisture basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg quality-qualified ferrite powder output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_powder_outputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-i

Waste flows

Powder-preparation residues and wastewater (powder_residues)

Record collected dust, off-spec powder, filter residues, wastewater, and sludge by treatment destination, including quantities internally recycled.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected waste flow for each residue or wastewater stream
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; wastewater may use m3 when concentration and density basis are retained
• Amount rule: measured transfer, treatment, or inventory-change record by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg quality-qualified ferrite powder output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_powder_outputs
• Sources: ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Elementary flows

Direct calcination and powder-handling emissions (powder_direct_emissions)

Record each measured or permitted direct air or water emission separately, including combustion gases, particulate matter, and composition-dependent pollutants when present.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected elementary flow for each reported substance and compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: stack or discharge measurement, validated engineering calculation, or regulatory report attributable to this process
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg quality-qualified ferrite powder output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_powder_outputs
• Sources: ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Process: Sintered magnet forming and firing (sintered_forming_and_firing)

Inputs

Product flows

Hard-ferrite powder and forming aids (sintered_powder_and_aids)

Record transferred or purchased hard-ferrite powder, water, binder, lubricant, and other forming aids, with wet- or dry-pressing and magnetic-orientation conditions identified.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected product flow for each powder and forming input
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net input to the sintered route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg sintered magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_sintered_inputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-i

Sintered-route electricity and fuels (sintered_energy)

Record electricity and each fuel for pressing, dewatering or drying, sintering, controlled cooling, conveying, and emission control.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected electricity and fuel product flows
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh or MJ, preserving metered unit and conversion factor
• Amount rule: measured process energy or allocated facility energy under calc_shared_energy
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg sintered magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_sintered_inputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-i; ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Sintered hard-ferrite magnet blanks (sintered_blanks)

Record quality-accepted sintered blanks transferred to finishing, including route, orientation, and dry-mass basis.

• Selected flow: Foreground-defined sintered hard-ferrite magnet intermediate; not the finished reference-product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted blank mass transferred to finishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg sintered magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_sintered_outputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-i

Waste flows

Sintered-route rejects, dust, sludge, and wastewater (sintered_losses)

Record green and fired rejects, collected dust, spent filters, sludge, and wastewater by internal recycle, external recovery, treatment, or disposal destination.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected waste flow for each material and treatment route
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; wastewater may use m3 with retained concentration and density basis
• Amount rule: measured reject, collection, and transfer records by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg sintered magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_sintered_outputs
• Sources: ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Elementary flows

Direct sintering and forming emissions (sintered_direct_emissions)

Record direct stack and fugitive emissions by substance and compartment, including fuel-combustion emissions, particulate matter, and emissions from removal of organic forming aids when applicable.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected elementary flow for each reported substance and compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measurement, validated engineering calculation, or regulatory record attributable to the sintered route
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg sintered magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_sintered_outputs
• Sources: ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Process: Bonded magnet compounding and forming (bonded_compounding_and_forming)

Inputs

Product flows

Hard-ferrite powder, binder, and compounding additives (bonded_materials)

Record ferrite powder, polymer or elastomer binder, and each additive used in the declared formulation; retain formulation mass fractions and supplier lot identities.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected product flow for each ferrite powder, binder, and additive
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net material issued to compounding and forming minus documented returns
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg bonded magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bonded_inputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-ii

Bonded-route electricity and thermal energy (bonded_energy)

Record electricity and thermal energy for compounding, pelletizing, mould heating, injection, extrusion, calendering or compression, curing or cooling, and pollution control.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected electricity and energy-carrier product flows
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh or MJ, preserving metered unit and conversion factor
• Amount rule: measured process energy or allocated facility energy under calc_shared_energy
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg bonded magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bonded_inputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-ii

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Bonded hard-ferrite magnet blanks (bonded_blanks)

Record released moulded, extruded, calendered, or compression-bonded blanks, including binder formulation, orientation method, and transfer mass.

• Selected flow: Foreground-defined bonded hard-ferrite magnet intermediate; not the finished reference-product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted blank mass transferred to finishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg bonded magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bonded_outputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-ii

Waste flows

Bonded-route purge, trim, and off-spec material (bonded_losses)

Record compounding residues, moulding purge, edge trim, cuttings, and off-spec product by internal recycle, external recovery, or disposal route.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected waste flow for each material and treatment route
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured collection and transfer records net of documented internal recycle
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg bonded magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bonded_outputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-ii

Elementary flows

Direct bonded-route emissions (bonded_direct_emissions)

Record direct volatile, particulate, or other reported emissions from compounding, heating, curing, forming, and pollution-control operations by substance and compartment.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected elementary flow for each reported substance and compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measurement, validated engineering calculation, or regulatory record attributable to the bonded route
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg bonded magnet blanks released to finishing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bonded_outputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-ii; ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Process: Finishing, magnetization, testing, and packaging (finishing_magnetization_packaging)

Inputs

Product flows

Route-specific magnet blanks (magnet_blanks)

Record sintered or bonded blanks transferred from the declared route. Do not combine internal transfer mass with purchased finished magnets.

• Selected flow: sintered_blanks or bonded_blanks, with route identity retained
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured internal transfer mass received by finishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_inputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-i; cui-et-al-2022-part-ii

Finishing consumables, coating materials, water, and packaging (finishing_materials)

Record grinding or cutting media, water, cleaning agents, coating materials, adhesives, and primary and secondary packaging when used.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected product flow for each consumed material
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg or Volume / m3 for water with retained conversion basis
• Amount rule: measured net consumption by material and lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_inputs
• Sources: ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Finishing and magnetization electricity (finishing_energy)

Record electricity for cutting, grinding, cleaning, coating or curing, magnetization, inspection, conveying, and packaging.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected electricity product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: measured process electricity or allocated facility electricity under calc_shared_energy
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_inputs
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-part-i; ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted finished permanent ceramic or ferrite magnets (reference_product)

Record only magnets released after dimensional and magnetic-quality checks, preserving declared route and all required qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Permanent ceramic or ferrite magnets 59fbfc86-a725-413c-b3df-d6f7683036d5
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: net measured mass of accepted finished product; normalized to 1 kg reference flow
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg accepted finished magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_quality_release
• Sources: iec-60404-8-1-2023

Waste flows

Finishing rejects, offcuts, grinding residues, and wastewater (finishing_losses)

Record off-spec magnets, cuttings, collected dust, grinding sludge, spent abrasives, wastewater, coating residues, and packaging waste by destination and internal recycle status.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected waste flow for each material and treatment route
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; wastewater may use m3 with retained concentration and density basis
• Amount rule: measured collection, transfer, and treatment records net of documented internal recycle
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_outputs
• Sources: ec-ceramic-bref-2007

Elementary flows

Direct finishing and coating emissions (finishing_direct_emissions)

Record direct particulate, volatile, or waterborne emissions from finishing and coating by substance and compartment when present.

• Selected flow: Foreground-selected elementary flow for each reported substance and compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measurement, validated engineering calculation, or regulatory record attributable to finishing
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_outputs
• Sources: ec-ceramic-bref-2007

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoidance	Multi-product equipment and shared operations	First avoid allocation by subdivision, separate metering, campaign records, or expansion where appropriate. Record the isolated inputs and outputs attributable to the declared magnet product.	iso-14044-2006; eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_physical	Shared burdens that cannot be subdivided	Allocate by a documented causal physical relationship, such as equipment time, metered energy, throughput, or treated mass, when it represents the burden driver. Do not automatically allocate all burdens by product mass.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_other	No defensible physical relationship	Use another relationship, including economic allocation only as a last documented choice; disclose prices, period, products, rationale, and a sensitivity result against a plausible physical basis.	eu-pef-2021-2279
recycle_and_rework	Internal powder, trim, rejects, and rework	Subtract only the quantity demonstrably returned to the same foreground process from external waste output. Retain the energy, water, emissions, and losses caused by recovery and reprocessing; do not credit internal recycle as an avoided virgin product.	ec-ceramic-bref-2007

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_powder_materials	ferrite_powder_preparation	precursor materials and additives	purchase, warehouse issue, return, and formulation records	material id; supplier lot; chemistry; moisture basis; gross issue; return; unit	reconcile calibrated scales and inventory transactions to each powder lot	kg	each lot; monthly reconciliation	full reporting period	all on-site powder lines in scope	net issued mass by material divided by released powder mass	calibration records; supplier specification; inventory reconciliation
cp_powder_utilities	ferrite_powder_preparation	electricity, fuels, and water	meters, fuel invoices, and operating logs	meter id; start/end reading; fuel quantity; water withdrawal; recirculation; operating hours	direct submetering preferred; otherwise apply calc_shared_energy	kWh; MJ; m3	continuous or each batch; monthly reconciliation	full reporting period	included powder preparation and controls	sum by utility, subtract verified exports, normalize to released powder	meter calibration; invoice reconciliation; allocation log
cp_powder_outputs	ferrite_powder_preparation	powder output, residues, wastewater, and emissions	scale tickets, transfer logs, waste manifests, stack/discharge tests	powder mass; dry basis; residue mass; destination; wastewater volume; substance; concentration; flow rate	weigh outputs and use validated monitoring or regulatory calculation for emissions	kg; m3	each transfer; monitoring frequency required by permit	full reporting period	included powder line and control devices	aggregate by output, destination, substance, and compartment	scale calibration; chain of custody; laboratory and permit reports
cp_sintered_inputs	sintered_forming_and_firing	powder, aids, water, electricity, and fuels	batch sheets, warehouse issues, meters, and kiln logs	powder lot; additive; water; meter readings; fuel; press route; orientation; kiln cycle	reconcile batch recipe and utility records to released blank lots	kg; kWh; MJ; m3	each batch or kiln cycle	full reporting period	all included sintered lines	aggregate by declared product grade and route before normalization	recipe approval; meter calibration; kiln trace
cp_sintered_outputs	sintered_forming_and_firing	blanks, rejects, waste, wastewater, and emissions	transfer weights, reject logs, waste manifests, monitoring records	blank mass; reject stage; recycle mass; waste destination; wastewater; emitted substance	weigh transfers and losses; calculate monitored emissions from retained raw measurements	kg; m3	each batch or transfer; monitoring frequency required by permit	full reporting period	all included sintered lines and controls	aggregate separately by product, recycle, treatment route, substance, and compartment	scale calibration; mass reconciliation; laboratory and permit reports
cp_bonded_inputs	bonded_compounding_and_forming	ferrite powder, binder, additives, and energy	formulation, issue, return, meter, and machine logs	powder lot; binder type; additive; issued/returned mass; machine energy; cycle or run time	reconcile approved formulation and measured consumption to each product run	kg; kWh; MJ	each compounding or forming run	full reporting period	all included bonded-magnet lines	aggregate by formulation and forming route before normalization	formulation approval; supplier specification; meter and scale calibration
cp_bonded_outputs	bonded_compounding_and_forming	blanks, purge, trim, rejects, and emissions	transfer weights, scrap logs, recycling records, monitoring records	accepted blank mass; purge; trim; reject; recycle; destination; substance; concentration	weigh all material outputs and calculate emissions from retained measurements	kg	each run or transfer; monitoring frequency required by permit	full reporting period	all included bonded-magnet lines and controls	aggregate separately by output, recycle, waste route, substance, and compartment	scale calibration; scrap reconciliation; laboratory or permit report
cp_finishing_inputs	finishing_magnetization_packaging	blanks, consumables, water, electricity, and packaging	transfer, issue, return, meter, and work-order records	blank mass; consumable; coating; water; electricity; packaging; work order	reconcile line inputs and utility meters to quality-released lots	kg; kWh; m3	each lot; monthly reconciliation	full reporting period	all included finishing, magnetization, and packaging lines	net consumption by material and route divided by accepted output	calibration; work-order reconciliation; approved bill of materials
cp_finishing_outputs	finishing_magnetization_packaging	rejects, residues, wastewater, and direct emissions	reject logs, waste manifests, discharge and air-monitoring records	reject mass; offcut; sludge; wastewater; destination; substance; concentration; flow rate	weigh transfers and calculate releases from validated measurements	kg; m3	each transfer; monitoring frequency required by permit	full reporting period	included finishing lines and controls	aggregate by route, destination, substance, and compartment	scale calibration; chain of custody; laboratory and permit reports
cp_quality_release	finishing_magnetization_packaging	accepted reference product and specification evidence	calibrated scale, lot release, dimensional inspection, and magnetic test records	lot id; route; net mass; count; grade; dimensions; tolerance; magnetic test; magnetization pattern; coating; acceptance status	weigh accepted output and link it to released inspection and magnetic-test records	kg	each released lot	full reporting period	all product lines represented by the dataset	sum accepted net mass only; preserve route-separated totals	scale calibration; inspection-system calibration; signed release record; test report

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_output	Reference product	Sum accepted net lot mass after quality release; exclude packaging and all rejected or reworked mass. Normalize the inventory by this mass.	accepted lot masses; rejection and rework status	kg accepted finished magnet and normalization denominator	iec-60404-8-1-2023
calc_material_consumption	Material inputs	Net consumed mass = opening stock + receipts - closing stock - documented returns or transfers out; reconcile to lot-level issues where available.	inventory and lot issue records	kg net material consumed by input	iso-14044-2006
calc_shared_energy	Shared utilities	Prefer direct submetering. If unavailable, shared utility = total metered utility multiplied by the documented causal driver share after excluding out-of-scope loads.	meter total; out-of-scope loads; equipment time, throughput, or other causal driver	kWh or MJ attributable to the product	eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_direct_emission	Stack and discharge measurements	Emitted mass = validated concentration multiplied by corrected flow and operating time, with unit, moisture, temperature, pressure, and detection-limit treatment retained.	concentration; flow; operating time; correction data	kg substance by compartment	ec-ceramic-bref-2007
calc_route_weighting	Dataset representing more than one route	Aggregate only after separate route inventories are complete; weighted amount = sum(route amount multiplied by accepted-output share).	route-specific normalized inventories; accepted output by route	production-share-weighted inventory	iso-14044-2006
calc_mass_balance	Each process and complete foreground system	Reconcile material inputs with product outputs, externally transferred waste, measured releases, internal recycle, and stock change using a consistent moisture and binder basis; investigate rather than force-close residuals.	all material inputs and outputs; inventory changes	documented mass-balance residual and explanation	iso-14044-2006

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	Reference product	Link each represented lot to route, chemistry or grade, orientation, magnetization state or pattern, geometry, tolerance, coating, and bonded formulation where relevant.	signed lot release and product specification
dq_technology	Process coverage	Demonstrate that the selected processes and forming method represent the actual sintered or bonded technology; report production shares rather than substituting an unrepresentative route.	process map, work orders, route-separated production totals
dq_time	All foreground data	Use a continuous, representative reporting period, normally at least 12 months, or justify a shorter campaign and document seasonality, downtime, and abnormal operation.	meter coverage, production calendar, exception log
dq_geography	Site and upstream data	Record manufacturing site and geography and select upstream electricity, fuel, water, material, and treatment datasets that match the represented supply situation.	site metadata, supplier origin, dataset-selection record
dq_completeness	Inputs, outputs, and controls	Reconcile purchase, meter, production, reject, waste, wastewater, and emission records; document missing records and exclusions without using an unsupported zero.	completeness matrix and mass/energy reconciliation
dq_measurement	Foreground records	Use calibrated meters and scales and validated laboratory or regulatory methods; preserve raw readings, units, conversions, detection limits, and uncertainty.	calibration certificates, laboratory reports, calculation workbook
dq_allocation	Shared or multi-output processes	Retain subdivision evidence, driver data, allocation factors, and sensitivity results required by the selected allocation rule.	meter map, driver calculation, allocation and sensitivity record
dq_external_data	Upstream and treatment datasets	Record dataset name, version, geography, reference year, technology, provider, and any substitution or proxy rationale.	dataset register and representativeness review

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	Reference flow	Require the exact finished-product flow UUID, Mass property UUID, Units of mass group UUID, kg unit, and all required qualifiers; reject metallic-magnet, green-body, ferrite-powder, or generic magnet flow substitutions.	iec-60404-8-1-2023
validate_route_completeness	Process map	Require exactly identified sintered, bonded, or separately weighted mixed-route coverage; require the corresponding forming process and the common finishing, magnetization, testing, and packaging process.	cui-et-al-2022-part-i; cui-et-al-2022-part-ii
validate_internal_transfers	Powder and blank flows	Confirm that internal ferrite powder and blank transfers balance between processes and are not also counted as purchased external inputs or final products.	iso-14044-2006
validate_mass_balance	Each process and full system	Require a documented mass balance on consistent moisture and binder bases; flag unexplained residuals and any unsupported zero for waste or emissions.	iso-14044-2006
validate_energy_and_controls	Thermal and forming operations	Require electricity, every used fuel, water where used, pollution-control utilities, collected residues, wastewater, and direct emissions or an evidence-backed not-applicable determination.	ec-ceramic-bref-2007
validate_quality_release	Accepted finished output	Require lot-level dimensional and magnetic-property test evidence appropriate to the declared grade and magnetization state, and exclude rejected or unreleased product from the reference mass.	iec-60404-8-1-2023
validate_allocation	Shared and multi-output processes	Require the allocation hierarchy, causal driver, factors, period, affected outputs, and sensitivity disclosure; fail unexplained mass-only or economic allocation.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_data_quality	Dataset package	Require technological, geographical, temporal, completeness, precision, and uncertainty disclosures and the evidence listed in section 8.	eu-pef-2021-2279; iso-14044-2006

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground manufacturing dataset for finished permanent ceramic or hard-ferrite magnets
downstream_use	May be published as a secondary_dataset and used as a background_dataset for motors, loudspeakers, power supplies, consumer electronics, and other systems when product and route qualifiers match
allowed_use	Cradle-to-gate or broader product-system studies that add compatible upstream material and energy datasets and downstream transport, assembly, use, and end-of-life processes according to the study goal
excluded_use	Substitution for metallic, rare-earth, alnico, electromagnet, soft-ferrite, powder, green-body, or magnet-containing assembly datasets; shape- or grade-specific claims without matching qualifiers; use-phase or end-of-life claims not modelled downstream
required_metadata	PCR id; exact reference-flow UUID; route and forming method; ferrite chemistry and grade; orientation; magnetization state and pattern; geometry and tolerance; coating; binder and formulation share for bonded magnets; starting material state; site; geography; reference period; production volume; allocation; upstream dataset register
required_quality_disclosure	Meter and scale coverage; calibration; lot and supplier coverage; route shares; mass and energy reconciliation; waste and emissions coverage; allocation and sensitivity; technology, geography, time, completeness, precision, uncertainty, exclusions, proxies, and data gaps
update_trigger	Material change in ferrite chemistry or grade, binder formulation, forming or orientation method, kiln or curing technology, fuel or electricity supply, finishing or coating, magnetization specification, site, allocation, pollution control, upstream datasets, or reporting period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
iec-60404-8-1-2023	standard	IEC 60404-8-1:2023, Magnetic materials - Part 8-1: Specifications for individual materials - Permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials. https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/68440 (accessed 2026-08-09)	Finished-product magnetic-property and dimensional-tolerance quality declarations
iso-14044-2006	standard	ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html (confirmed current in 2022; accessed 2026-08-09)	LCI scope, inventory consistency, allocation, mass balance, data quality, and reporting framework
eu-pef-2021-2279	official_guidance	Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on the use of the Environmental Footprint methods, Annex I. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj (accessed 2026-08-09)	Functional unit, system boundary, allocation hierarchy, representativeness, data quality, and disclosure
ec-ceramic-bref-2007	official_guidance	European Commission, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Ceramic Manufacturing Industry, August 2007. https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/cer_bref_0807.pdf (accessed 2026-08-09)	Technical-ceramic process decomposition; energy and water inputs; dust, combustion emissions, wastewater, residues, finishing, and pollution-control coverage
cui-et-al-2022-part-i	literature	Cui, J. et al. (2022), Manufacturing Processes for Permanent Magnets: Part I-Sintering and Casting, JOM 74, 1279-1295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05156-9	Ferrite product scope and sintered-route powder preparation, forming, sintering, machining, magnetization, and testing
cui-et-al-2022-part-ii	literature	Cui, J. et al. (2022), Manufacturing Processes for Permanent Magnets: Part II-Bonding and Emerging Methods, JOM 74, 2492-2506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05188-1	Bonded ferrite materials and calendering, injection moulding, extrusion, compression bonding, finishing, and route distinctions