Permanent metallic magnets

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground data packages for finished permanent magnet bodies whose hard-magnetic phase is metallic, specifically conventional sintered NdFeB, sintered SmCo, and cast or sintered Alnico magnets. The product is assessed at the manufacturer's gate after dimensional finishing, any declared surface treatment, magnetization, inspection, and rejection accounting.

Permanent ceramic or ferrite magnets, electromagnets, soft-magnetic components, polymer-bonded magnets, magnetic assemblies containing housings or other functional parts, and unmagnetized alloy or powder sold as feedstock are outside this boundary. The foreground begins when a route-specific, ready-to-form magnetic alloy or magnet powder is received; upstream production of that feedstock and all other purchased inputs remains required through linked upstream datasets. The dataset must declare alloy family, route, product grade, coating state, magnetization state, geometry, and production geography.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.electrical-machinery-and-apparatus.permanent-metallic-magnets
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 46931, Permanent metallic magnets
covered_products	Finished sintered NdFeB magnets; finished sintered SmCo magnets; finished cast or sintered Alnico magnets
excluded_products	Permanent ceramic or ferrite magnets; electromagnets; soft-magnetic cores; polymer-bonded magnets; magnet assemblies; unmagnetized magnetic alloy and powder sold as feedstock
representative_product	Magnetized, dimensionally finished permanent metallic magnet body at the manufacturer's gate
production_route	Route-qualified manufacture from ready-to-form NdFeB magnet powder, SmCo magnet alloy or powder, or Alnico magnet alloy, followed by forming or casting, heat treatment, machining, conditional surface treatment, magnetization, and inspection
market_state	Finished and accepted magnet body, coated or uncoated as declared, excluding transport packaging and any assembly hardware

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	A finished permanent metallic magnet body that maintains a magnetic field without continuous external electrical excitation
How much	1 kg net mass of accepted magnet product
How well	Conforms to the declared alloy family, grade or composition specification, magnetic-property test, dimensions and tolerances, coating specification, magnetization direction and pole configuration
How long or cycle	One delivered product at the manufacturer's gate; service life is not asserted by this cradle-to-gate reference
reference_flow_link	Net accepted product mass after all manufacturing rejects, machining losses, and coating additions have been accounted for

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Magnet 0286ac90-a513-4ed7-9f8e-c2df707e5dbb
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	metallic magnet alloy family; grade or declared composition; sintered or cast route; virgin, recycled, or blended feedstock share; product geometry and dimensions; net product mass; coating material and thickness or uncoated state; magnetization direction and pole configuration; magnetic acceptance test and result; manufacturing site and geography; reporting period

When constructing a foreground data package, every required qualifier must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent field. The generic Tiangong product-flow identity is usable only with these qualifiers.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
net_product_mass	Reference product and solid material exchanges	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Determine the reference amount from the net mass of accepted finished magnets, excluding transport packaging, fixtures, and assembly hardware. Record coating mass within the finished product and separately as an input.
energy_conversion	Purchased electricity	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	MJ	Preserve the metered energy record and convert kWh to MJ using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ; do not convert electricity to a fuel mass.
gas_reference_conditions	Hydrogen and natural gas	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Report metered gas volume with temperature, pressure, and dry or wet basis; normalize only when the stated reference conditions and conversion are retained.
water_conversion	Process water and wastewater	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Prefer measured mass. If volume is metered, retain the volume and density used to calculate mass and reconcile intake, recirculation, evaporation, incorporation, and discharge.
direct_fossil_co2	On-site combustion carbon dioxide	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Calculate or measure only emissions physically released within the foreground boundary; exclude upstream electricity and fuel-supply emissions.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Ready-to-form NdFeB magnet powder, SmCo magnet alloy or powder, or Alnico magnet alloy received at the manufacturing site gate with composition, supplier, recycled content, and physical state declared
starting_condition_role	Foreground entry point for forming or casting, heat treatment, machining, conditional surface treatment, magnetization, inspection, and reject accounting
product_classification_scope	Finished permanent metallic magnet bodies corresponding to CPC 3.0 subclass 46931; ceramic or ferrite magnets and magnet assemblies are excluded
recursive_input_rule	A finished permanent metallic magnet reintroduced as feedstock must be recorded as a distinct recovered-magnet input with its prior life and preparation boundary disclosed; it must not be treated as the reference product recursively
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link composition- and geography-representative upstream datasets for each purchased magnetic alloy or powder, gas, electricity, water, coating material, chemical, and waste-treatment service
disclosure	Declare feedstock family and state, all included unit operations, forming or casting and heat-treatment technologies, machining method, surface treatment, magnetization and inspection route, scrap recovery, abatement, site geography, reporting period, and any excluded operation

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
boundary_starting_material	foreground_start	Begin foreground collection at receipt of one declared ready-to-form magnetic alloy or magnet powder; connect its upstream production rather than omitting it.	cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing
boundary_required_operations	manufacturing_operations	Include all site operations used to convert that feedstock into accepted magnets: material conditioning, forming or casting, heat treatment or sintering, machining, conditional surface treatment, magnetization, inspection, internal recycling, and reject handling.	cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing; netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing
boundary_direct_exchanges	foreground_environment	Include site energy and water use, material inputs, wastes, wastewater, and direct elementary emissions; do not copy upstream emissions from linked supplies into the foreground process.	netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing
boundary_route_disclosure	route_variation	Mark each conditional flow not applicable only when production records demonstrate that its route or treatment is absent.	cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
magnet_manufacturing	Permanent metallic magnet manufacturing	required	Always; unit-operation records must distinguish the applicable forming or casting, heat-treatment, machining, coating, magnetization, and inspection steps	Foreground conversion of route-specific magnetic feedstock to accepted finished magnets	1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output

Process: Permanent metallic magnet manufacturing (magnet_manufacturing)

Inputs

Product flows

NdFeB magnet powder feedstock (ndfeb_magnet_powder)

Record NdFeB magnet powder received for a sintered or other powder-forming NdFeB route. Do not use this row for SmCo, Alnico, or finished recovered magnets.

• Selected flow: NdFeB magnet powder, approximately 200 µm f1334ecc-c198-46fa-b1e8-d7bdc75262b9
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Meter or calculate dry powder charged to included manufacturing operations, net of separately recorded returned material
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing; netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

SmCo magnet alloy or powder feedstock (smco_magnet_alloy)

Record the declared SmCo5 or Sm2Co17-family magnetic alloy or powder supplied to the SmCo route. Composition and physical state are mandatory foreground qualifiers.

• Selected flow: SmCo magnet alloy or powder
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Meter or calculate dry SmCo magnetic feedstock charged to included manufacturing operations
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing

Alnico magnet alloy feedstock (alnico_magnet_alloy)

Record Alnico alloy supplied to casting or powder-forming operations. The grade and whether the route is cast or sintered must be declared.

• Selected flow: Alnico magnet alloy
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Meter or calculate Alnico alloy charged to included manufacturing operations
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing

Hydrogen for decrepitation (hydrogen_gas)

Record industrial hydrogen crossing the site boundary when hydrogen decrepitation or another included hydrogen treatment is used.

• Selected flow: Industrial hydrogen gas
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Meter hydrogen supplied to the applicable treatment, with reference conditions and purge disposition retained
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_and_energy_records
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing; netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

Purchased electrical energy (electricity)

Record electricity delivered to the included conditioning, forming, furnace, machining, surface-treatment, magnetization, inspection, and pollution-control equipment.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Sum revenue-meter and submeter records for included operations and reconcile the allocated site total
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_and_energy_records
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing; netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

Natural gas for on-site thermal equipment (natural_gas)

Record gaseous natural gas only when it is combusted or otherwise consumed in included site thermal equipment; electricity or another fuel remains a separate exchange.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Meter delivered natural gas for included operations and retain reference conditions and lower-heating-value data
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_and_energy_records
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing

Process water (process_water)

Record process water supplied for cooling, machining, cleaning, or surface treatment without combining it with wastewater output.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Meter make-up water crossing the site boundary and reconcile reuse, evaporation, incorporation, and discharge
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_balance
• Sources: netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

Nickel metal for coating (nickel_metal)

Record high-purity nickel metal crossing the process boundary when nickel electroplating is applied. Coating stack and thickness must be declared.

• Selected flow: Nickel metal (＞99.9% Ni) 8a1cacfb-0b44-404e-93e0-01a9b7a4403c
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measure nickel consumed from anodes or verified bath balance, net of recoverable returned nickel
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_surface_treatment_records
• Sources: netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

Sodium hydroxide for surface treatment (sodium_hydroxide)

Record sodium hydroxide supplied to cleaning or nickel-plating bath preparation when that chemistry is used.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate pure NaOH mass from purchased solution mass and verified concentration, adjusted for inventory change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_surface_treatment_records
• Sources: netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

Sulfuric acid for surface treatment (sulfuric_acid)

Record sulfuric acid supplied to cleaning, activation, or nickel-plating operations when that chemistry is used.

• Selected flow: Sulfuric acid 7ee2e3c3-bee7-4520-92b7-3e23afbfcd6f
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate pure H2SO4 mass from purchased solution mass and verified concentration, adjusted for inventory change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_surface_treatment_records
• Sources: netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted permanent metallic magnet (reference_product)

Record only finished magnet bodies that pass the declared dimensional, coating, magnetization, and magnetic-property acceptance criteria.

• Selected flow: Magnet 0286ac90-a513-4ed7-9f8e-c2df707e5dbb
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass of accepted finished magnets released at the manufacturer gate
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_and_quality_records
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing

Waste flows

NdFeB magnet material loss (ndfeb_material_loss)

Record NdFeB grinding swarf, slicing loss, powder loss, and rejected NdFeB material leaving the foreground as one measured waste material stream; destination and any internal return are reported separately.

• Selected flow: NdFeB magnet material loss 8744667e-6800-4d35-823a-d1c0ef727ab9
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Reconcile measured NdFeB waste dispatched off site against input, accepted output, inventory change, and internal recycling
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing; netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

SmCo magnet material loss (smco_material_loss)

Record SmCo grinding swarf, powder loss, and rejected SmCo material leaving the foreground as a concrete SmCo waste stream.

• Selected flow: SmCo magnet material loss
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Reconcile measured SmCo waste dispatched off site against input, accepted output, inventory change, and internal recycling
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing

Alnico magnet material loss (alnico_material_loss)

Record Alnico casting gates, risers, grinding swarf, and rejected Alnico material leaving the foreground as a concrete Alnico waste stream.

• Selected flow: Alnico magnet material loss
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Reconcile measured Alnico waste dispatched off site against input, accepted output, inventory change, and internal recycling
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing

Nickel-plating wastewater (nickel_plating_wastewater)

Record aqueous wastewater discharged from nickel-plating, rinsing, or associated bath treatment as a distinct waste flow; do not combine it with solid sludge or direct water emissions.

• Selected flow: Nickel-plating wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Meter wastewater sent to on-site or off-site treatment and reconcile it with the surface-treatment water balance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_balance
• Sources: netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide (fossil_carbon_dioxide)

Record fossil carbon dioxide emitted from on-site natural-gas combustion used by included manufacturing equipment. Upstream grid and fuel-supply emissions are excluded from this row.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate from metered foreground natural-gas consumption and a disclosed carbon-content or emission-factor method, or use a quality-controlled direct measurement
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions
• Sources: cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing

Direct particulate matter at PM2.5 (pm25_to_air)

Record controlled and fugitive PM2.5 released directly from included powder handling, furnace, machining, and surface-treatment operations after abatement.

• Selected flow: particles (PM2.5) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-9293-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use stack testing, continuous or periodic monitoring, or an approved site calculation based on measured activity and abatement performance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net accepted permanent metallic magnet output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions
• Sources: netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	shared_site_operations	Subdivide metered production lines, furnaces, machining cells, coating lines, and abatement equipment by product family or campaign before applying allocation.
allocation_physical_driver	residual_shared_inputs	When subdivision is not feasible, allocate shared electricity, gas, water, and consumables using a documented causal physical driver such as equipment time, furnace charge mass, treated surface area, or measured throughput; do not default to product mass when it is not causal.
allocation_scrap_treatment	magnet_material_loss	Treat off-site material loss as waste at the foreground boundary. Do not credit avoided virgin material; if an expanded recycling system is modelled, disclose the substitution method and keep it outside the uncredited foreground result.	cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing
allocation_rejects	internal_recycling	Return internally recycled powder, gates, risers, or swarf to the mass balance without counting a second external input or output; disclose internal recovery rate and losses.	cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_mass_balance	magnet_manufacturing	Route-specific magnetic feedstock and material loss	Weigh tickets, batch sheets, inventory and waste dispatch records	alloy_family; grade; physical_state; supplier; recycled_content; opening_inventory_kg; receipts_kg; charge_kg; accepted_output_kg; internal_return_kg; off_site_loss_kg; closing_inventory_kg	Calibrated scales and lot-level material reconciliation	kg	Each lot or campaign, aggregated monthly	At least 12 representative months or the complete campaign for campaign production	All included lines at the declared site	Sum external inputs and outputs; keep internal returns non-duplicative; normalize by accepted product mass	Scale calibration, signed batch records, inventory reconciliation, waste transfer records, and unresolved balance explanation
cp_gas_and_energy_records	magnet_manufacturing	Electricity, natural gas, and hydrogen	Utility meters, invoices, equipment submeters, and batch logs	meter_id; opening_reading; closing_reading; unit; temperature; pressure; gas_basis; lower_heating_value; operation; lot_or_campaign; allocation_driver	Reconcile site invoices to included equipment and allocate only residual shared consumption	MJ; m3	Monthly and by batch where submetered	Same period as product output, normally at least 12 representative months	Included production and abatement equipment	Convert electricity using 3.6 MJ/kWh; normalize metered consumption by accepted output after documented allocation	Meter calibration, invoice reconciliation, submeter coverage, conversion record, and allocation worksheet
cp_water_balance	magnet_manufacturing	Process water and nickel-plating wastewater	Intake and discharge meters, tank logs, treatment records, and water-quality records	intake_mass_or_volume; density; recirculated_water; evaporation; product_incorporation; wastewater_mass_or_volume; destination; nickel_concentration; sludge_mass	Reconcile water intake, reuse, losses, and wastewater discharge for included operations	kg; m3	Monthly, with coating batches linked when applicable	Same period as product output	All included cooling, machining, cleaning, coating, and treatment systems	Convert volume with disclosed density; report make-up water and wastewater separately; normalize by accepted output	Meter calibration, laboratory analyses, treatment manifests, and closure of the water balance
cp_surface_treatment_records	magnet_manufacturing	Nickel, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid	Purchase, bath make-up, concentration, anode, drag-out, and inventory records	coating_system; coated_area_m2; thickness; chemical_name; solution_mass; concentration; anode_mass_change; opening_inventory; additions; returns; closing_inventory	Reconcile each chemical and metal separately by coating campaign	kg; m2; µm	Each coating batch, aggregated monthly	Same period as coated product output	Included surface-treatment line	Calculate pure chemical mass from solution mass and concentration; normalize by accepted magnet mass while retaining treated area	Concentration certificates, bath analyses, calibrated balances, coating-thickness tests, and inventory reconciliation
cp_product_and_quality_records	magnet_manufacturing	Accepted permanent metallic magnet	Final weigh, inspection, and release records	alloy_family; grade; route; dimensions; coating; magnetization_direction; pole_configuration; mass_kg; magnetic_test_method; test_result; accepted_or_rejected	Calibrated final weighing and documented dimensional and magnetic acceptance testing	kg	Each production lot	Same period as inventory records	All reference-product lots	Sum accepted net product mass only; exclude packaging and rejects	Scale calibration, inspection report, test-equipment calibration, and release authorization
cp_direct_emissions	magnet_manufacturing	Direct fossil CO2 and PM2.5	Fuel records, stack tests, monitoring data, abatement logs, and approved calculation sheets	emission_source; fuel_volume; fuel_carbon_content; factor; stack_flow; concentration; test_duration; abatement_status; operating_hours	Source-specific measurement or calculation using collected foreground activity data	kg	Per required test schedule and monthly calculation	Same period as product output	Every included direct emission source	Sum source emissions after abatement and normalize by accepted product mass; exclude upstream supply emissions	Laboratory accreditation, monitor calibration, factor source, calculation review, and abnormal-event log

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	Every inventory exchange	normalized amount = period exchange amount / net accepted product mass in the same period	exchange amount; accepted product mass	exchange per kg reference product
calc_material_balance	Each magnetic material family	balance gap = opening inventory + external receipts - accepted output - off-site material loss - closing inventory; internal returns are not counted as external exchanges	opening inventory; receipts; accepted output; off-site loss; closing inventory; internal returns	family-specific mass-balance gap and reconciliation status
calc_pure_chemical	Sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid	pure chemical mass = supplied solution mass × verified mass fraction, adjusted for opening and closing solution inventory attributable to the reporting period	solution mass; concentration; opening inventory; closing inventory	kg pure chemical	netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing
calc_fossil_co2	Direct natural-gas combustion	calculate fossil CO2 from metered gas and a disclosed carbon-content or emission-factor method; keep factor identity, oxidation assumption, and reference conditions	gas volume; reference conditions; lower heating value or carbon content; factor; oxidation assumption	kg fossil CO2 released directly

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	Reference product	Every lot must identify alloy family, grade or composition, route, geometry, coating, magnetization state, and acceptance result.	Product specification, batch record, inspection report, and magnetic test result
dq_temporal_alignment	All foreground records	Inputs, outputs, waste, and emissions must cover the same production period; explain shutdowns, trials, abnormal events, and inventory carryover.	Dated meter, batch, inventory, treatment, and output records
dq_mass_balance	Magnetic materials and water	Reconcile family-specific material and site water balances; investigate rather than hide unexplained gaps.	Signed reconciliation worksheet and corrective-action record
dq_route_coverage	Conditional flows	A conditional row may be marked not applicable only with evidence that the relevant route, fuel, coating, or emission source was absent.	Process flow diagram, equipment list, formulation, and production record
dq_upstream_representativeness	Linked datasets	Upstream alloy or powder datasets must match material family, composition or grade, recycled content, technology, and geography as closely as practicable; document proxies.	Supplier declaration, dataset metadata, and proxy justification
dq_uuid_gaps	UUID-empty rows	Preserve the exact concrete flow name and qualifiers until an exact public Tiangong state-100 flow is confirmed; do not substitute a broader or differently classified UUID.	UUID review record and foreground flow specification

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
validate_reference_product	reference_flow	Confirm that the output is a finished, magnetized metallic magnet body, equals 1 kg net accepted mass after normalization, and carries every required qualifier.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
validate_category_exclusions	product_scope	Reject datasets for ferrite or ceramic magnets, electromagnets, bonded composite magnets, magnet assemblies, or feedstock sold before final magnet manufacture.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing
validate_route_inventory	process_inventory	Verify that the declared route is consistent with the selected magnetic feedstock, included unit operations, conditional gases and coating chemicals, waste identities, and accepted product state.	cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing; netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing
validate_mass_and_water_balance	completeness	Require reconciled material-family and water balances, with internal recycling non-duplicative and all unexplained gaps disclosed.
validate_direct_emissions	elementary_flows	Confirm that fossil CO2 and PM2.5 rows contain only direct foreground releases and do not duplicate emissions embedded in electricity, gas, material, or treatment datasets.
validate_evidence_and_uuid_status	evidence	Confirm that every value derives from its declared collection protocol or calculation and that UUID-empty flows remain explicitly unresolved rather than receiving proxy UUIDs.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset for finished permanent metallic magnet manufacture from declared ready-to-form magnetic feedstock
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Cradle-to-gate product footprints, component inventories, and lifecycle models that preserve alloy family, route, geography, product state, coating, and data-quality metadata
excluded_use	Ceramic or ferrite magnets; electromagnets; bonded composite magnets; complete magnet assemblies; use-phase performance or lifetime claims; substitution among NdFeB, SmCo, and Alnico without functional equivalence analysis
required_metadata	PCR id and version; alloy family and grade or composition; feedstock state and recycled content; route and unit operations; site and geography; reporting period; accepted output mass; coating; magnetization; magnetic test; allocation; upstream dataset identities; unresolved UUIDs
required_quality_disclosure	Meter and scale coverage; temporal coverage; material and water balance closure; conditional-row evidence; allocation basis; upstream proxies; emission method; rejected lots; missing data; uncertainty; unresolved range and UUID evidence needs
update_trigger	Change in alloy family or grade, feedstock source or recycled content, forming or heat-treatment technology, machining yield, coating system, energy supply, abatement, site, allocation method, or evidence sufficient to resolve a UUID or quantitative range

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	Official guidance (official_guidance)	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Official identity of CPC 46931 and its separation from permanent ceramic or ferrite magnets
cui-et-al-2022-permanent-magnet-manufacturing	Literature (literature)	Cui, J. et al. (2022), Manufacturing Processes for Permanent Magnets: Part I—Sintering and Casting, JOM 74, 1279–1295, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05156-9	Metallic magnet family boundary; conventional NdFeB, SmCo, and Alnico route decomposition; machining and loss relevance
netl-2014-ndfeb-magnet-manufacturing	Dataset (dataset)	U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (2014), NETL Life Cycle Inventory Data – Process Documentation File: NdFeB Permanent Magnet Manufacturing, https://www.netl.doe.gov/projects/files/DF_Stage1_O_NdFeB_Magnet_Manufacturing-2014-01.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	NdFeB process sequence; atomic input, waste, and emission candidates; manufacturer-gate collection fields