Electric accumulators · Process: Module and pack assembly (module_pack_assembly)

Process: Module and pack assembly (module_pack_assembly)

Inputs

Product flows

Tested lithium-ion rechargeable cell (tested_lithium_ion_cell_input)

Lithium-ion module or pack route only.

• Selected flow: Tested lithium-ion rechargeable cell
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Tested lead-acid rechargeable cell (tested_lead_acid_cell_input)

Lead-acid battery assembly route only.

• Selected flow: Tested lead-acid rechargeable cell
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Tested nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell (tested_nickel_cadmium_cell_input)

Nickel-cadmium battery assembly route only.

• Selected flow: Tested nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Tested nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell (tested_nickel_metal_hydride_cell_input)

Nickel-metal-hydride battery assembly route only.

• Selected flow: Tested nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Aluminium battery-pack enclosure (aluminium_pack_enclosure_input)

Only designs specifying an aluminium enclosure.

• Selected flow: Aluminium battery-pack enclosure
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Steel battery-pack enclosure (steel_pack_enclosure_input)

Only designs specifying a steel enclosure.

• Selected flow: Steel battery-pack enclosure
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Copper busbar (copper_busbar_input)

Only designs specifying a copper busbar.

• Selected flow: Copper busbar
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Insulated copper cable (insulated_copper_cable_input)

Only designs containing this cable.

• Selected flow: Insulated copper cable
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Printed circuit board for battery management system (battery_management_pcb_input)

Only products containing a battery-management circuit.

• Selected flow: Printed circuit board for battery management system
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Electrical connector for battery pack (electrical_connector_input)

Only products containing this connector.

• Selected flow: Electrical connector for battery pack
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Ethylene glycol coolant (ethylene_glycol_coolant_input)

Only liquid-cooled designs using ethylene glycol.

• Selected flow: Ethylene glycol coolant
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Deionised water (deionised_water_coolant_input)

Only liquid-cooled designs using deionised water; record separately from ethylene glycol.

• Selected flow: Deionised water 5b3acbab-2518-4406-8736-d21f222d757a
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Corrugated cardboard carton (corrugated_cardboard_carton_input)

Only packaging included at the declared factory gate.

• Selected flow: Corrugated cardboard carton
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Wood pallet (wood_pallet_input)

Only pallets included at the declared factory gate.

• Selected flow: Wood pallet
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Polyethylene packaging film (polyethylene_packaging_film_input)

Only film included at the declared factory gate.

• Selected flow: Polyethylene packaging film
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Electricity, alternating current, at plant (pack_assembly_electricity_input)

Site-metered electricity attributable to module or pack joining, fastening, welding, controls installation, and final testing.

• Selected flow: Electricity, alternating current, at plant
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Record metered electricity for joining, fastening, welding, electronics installation, leak testing, and final assembly; do not merge with heat or fuel.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Outputs

Product flows

3C Lithium Battery (reference_product_output)

The verified CPC 46420 Product/Mass reference output, applicable only to the declared 3C lithium-battery route.

• Selected flow: 3C Lithium Battery 000abc1e-59e3-4336-bfd6-66575a4b0bda
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Set exactly 1 kg for the CPC 46420 representative lithium-battery route after release-test acceptance; another chemistry must remain unresolved until an exact Product/Mass CPC 46420 state100 flow is verified.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg of conforming finished reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-0

Waste flows

Aluminium enclosure scrap (aluminium_enclosure_scrap_output)

Aluminium-enclosure route only.

• Selected flow: Aluminium enclosure scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Steel enclosure scrap (steel_enclosure_scrap_output)

Steel-enclosure route only.

• Selected flow: Steel enclosure scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Copper busbar scrap (copper_busbar_scrap_output)

Copper-busbar route only.

• Selected flow: Copper busbar scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Battery-management electronic waste (battery_electronic_waste_output)

Only products with battery-management electronics.

• Selected flow: Battery-management electronic waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Corrugated cardboard packaging waste (cardboard_packaging_waste_output)

Only when cardboard becomes waste inside the declared gate.

• Selected flow: Corrugated cardboard packaging waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Polyethylene packaging-film waste (polyethylene_packaging_waste_output)

Only when film becomes waste inside the declared gate.

• Selected flow: Polyethylene packaging-film waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack_assembly
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Process: Site utilities and pollution control (site_utilities_treatment)

Inputs

Product flows

Steam supplied to battery manufacturing (site_steam_input)

Metered steam serving the declared battery-manufacturing route; keep separate from hot water and fuels.

• Selected flow: Steam supplied to battery manufacturing
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Record metered purchased or generated steam; do not relabel it as generic heat.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_utilities
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Hot water supplied to battery manufacturing (site_hot_water_input)

Metered hot-water energy serving the declared battery-manufacturing route; keep separate from steam.

• Selected flow: Hot water supplied to battery manufacturing
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Record metered hot water separately from steam.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_utilities
• Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Natural gas combusted on site (site_natural_gas_input)

Metered natural gas combusted in equipment serving the declared product; keep separate from other fuels.

• Selected flow: Natural gas combusted on site
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Record the metered lower-heating-value energy of this single fuel used for the declared product; do not merge different fuels.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_utilities
• Sources: ec-pef-method-2021

Diesel fuel combusted on site (site_diesel_input)

Metered diesel combusted in equipment serving the declared product; keep separate from other fuels.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel combusted on site
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Record the metered lower-heating-value energy of this single fuel used for the declared product; do not merge different fuels.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_utilities
• Sources: ec-pef-method-2021

Liquefied petroleum gas combusted on site (site_lpg_input)

Metered LPG combusted in equipment serving the declared product; keep separate from other fuels.

• Selected flow: Liquefied petroleum gas combusted on site
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Record the metered lower-heating-value energy of this single fuel used for the declared product; do not merge different fuels.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_utilities
• Sources: ec-pef-method-2021

Refrigerant R-134a (site_r134a_refrigerant_input)

Named R-134a make-up charged to cooling equipment serving the declared product; other refrigerants require separate rows.

• Selected flow: Refrigerant R-134a
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record purchased make-up R-134a charged to equipment serving the declared product; any other refrigerant must be a separate named row.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_utilities
• Sources: ec-pef-method-2021

Outputs

Waste flows

Lead-bearing battery-manufacturing wastewater (lead_bearing_wastewater_output)

Lead-acid route only. Record the physically collected wastewater mass or volume; do not use it in place of substance releases to water.

• Selected flow: Lead-bearing battery-manufacturing wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Nickel-bearing battery-manufacturing wastewater (nickel_bearing_wastewater_output)

Nickel-based routes only. Record the physically collected wastewater mass or volume; do not use it in place of substance releases to water.

• Selected flow: Nickel-bearing battery-manufacturing wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Cadmium-bearing battery-manufacturing wastewater (cadmium_bearing_wastewater_output)

Nickel-cadmium route only. Record the physically collected wastewater mass or volume; do not use it in place of substance releases to water.

• Selected flow: Cadmium-bearing battery-manufacturing wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Cobalt-bearing battery-manufacturing wastewater (cobalt_bearing_wastewater_output)

Cobalt-containing lithium-ion route only. Record the physically collected wastewater mass or volume; do not use it in place of substance releases to water.

• Selected flow: Cobalt-bearing battery-manufacturing wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Elementary flows

Lead to water (lead_to_water_output)

Lead-acid route only.

• Selected flow: Lead to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the mass of this single named substance released to the stated compartment from monitoring or a documented substance balance.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines; ec-pef-method-2021

Nickel to water (nickel_to_water_output)

Nickel-based routes only.

• Selected flow: Nickel to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the mass of this single named substance released to the stated compartment from monitoring or a documented substance balance.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines; ec-pef-method-2021

Cadmium to water (cadmium_to_water_output)

Nickel-cadmium route only.

• Selected flow: Cadmium to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the mass of this single named substance released to the stated compartment from monitoring or a documented substance balance.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines; ec-pef-method-2021

Cobalt to water (cobalt_to_water_output)

Cobalt-containing lithium-ion route only.

• Selected flow: Cobalt to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the mass of this single named substance released to the stated compartment from monitoring or a documented substance balance.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines; ec-pef-method-2021

Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air (carbon_dioxide_fossil_to_air_output)

Only on-site fossil-fuel combustion attributable to the declared product.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the mass of this single named substance released to the stated compartment from monitoring or a documented substance balance.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines; ec-pef-method-2021

Nitric oxide to air (nitric_oxide_to_air_output)

Only measured or calculated on-site combustion releases.

• Selected flow: Nitric oxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the mass of this single named substance released to the stated compartment from monitoring or a documented substance balance.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines; ec-pef-method-2021

Nitrogen dioxide to air (nitrogen_dioxide_to_air_output)

Only measured or calculated on-site combustion releases reported as nitrogen dioxide mass.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen dioxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the mass of this single named substance released to the stated compartment from monitoring or a documented substance balance.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines; ec-pef-method-2021

Sulfur dioxide to air (sulfur_dioxide_to_air_output)

Only measured or calculated on-site combustion releases.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the mass of this single named substance released to the stated compartment from monitoring or a documented substance balance.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines; ec-pef-method-2021

Refrigerant R-134a to air (r134a_to_air_output)

Only measured or mass-balance leakage of R-134a.

• Selected flow: Refrigerant R-134a to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record the mass of this single named substance released to the stated compartment from monitoring or a documented substance balance.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_site_releases
• Sources: us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines; ec-pef-method-2021

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	Shared operations	Subdivide by chemistry, model, line, lot, and meter before allocation.	ec-pef-method-2021
allocation_causal_driver	Residual shared utilities	Use a documented causal driver such as metered energy, equipment time, dry-room volume-time, treated volume, or throughput; mass is the last resort.	ec-pef-method-2021; porzio-scown-2021
allocation_internal_recovery	Scrap, solvent, water, and electricity returned internally	Model internal return once; record make-up, recovery burden, and losses, and prohibit duplicate credit.	ec-pef-method-2021
allocation_export	Exported electricity and material leaving the system	Keep as a separate output and disclose the downstream method; do not also subtract or credit it in the foreground total.	ec-pef-method-2021

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_electrode_materials	electrode_plate_preparation	Route-specific materials and prepared electrodes	source records	receipts, issues, returns, stock, batch output	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kg	each lot; monthly reconciliation	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence
cp_electrode_utilities	electrode_plate_preparation	Electricity	source records	meter id, readings, allocation driver, output mass	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kWh	continuous; monthly reconciliation	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence
cp_electrode_waste_releases	electrode_plate_preparation	Scrap and single-substance air releases	source records	waste identity, mass, substance, compartment, concentration, volume	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kg	each shipment or monitoring event	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence
cp_cell_materials	cell_assembly_sealing	Cell components, electrolyte constituents, and sealed cells	source records	BOM revision, item, lot, issue, return, output mass	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kg	each lot; monthly reconciliation	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence
cp_cell_utilities	cell_assembly_sealing	Electricity	source records	meter id, readings, allocation driver, output mass	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kWh	continuous; monthly reconciliation	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence
cp_cell_waste_releases	cell_assembly_sealing	Material-specific waste and single-substance air releases	source records	waste identity, mass, substance, compartment, concentration, volume	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kg	each shipment or monitoring event	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence
cp_formation_testing	formation_ageing_testing	Cells, electricity, water, rejects, wastewater, and releases	source records	cycler log, meter readings, batch, pass/fail, mass, discharge result	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kg, kWh	each cycle and batch	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence
cp_pack_assembly	module_pack_assembly	Cells, pack parts, packaging, electricity, product, and material-specific waste	source records	as-built BOM, issue, return, meter, release mass, waste ticket	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kg, kWh	each lot; monthly reconciliation	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence
cp_site_utilities	site_utilities_treatment	Steam, hot water, fuels, and refrigerant make-up	source records	carrier identity, meter or invoice, heating value, allocation driver	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kg, MJ	continuous or each invoice	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence
cp_site_releases	site_utilities_treatment	Route-specific wastewater and single-substance releases	source records	stream identity, volume, substance, concentration, compartment, treatment	Reconcile named exchange records to process output and stock change	kg, m3	each monitoring event; monthly reconciliation	same representative period	all serving lines and systems	aggregate only identical flow, route, compartment, and unit	calibration, invoice, BOM, laboratory, or manifest evidence

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	Every row	Attributable period amount / net kg of conforming released product.	named period exchange; stock change; released mass	amount per 1 kg reference product
calc_material_consumption	Each material or component	Receipts + opening stock - closing stock - external returns; cancel documented internal transfers once.	item-specific stock records	net external consumption
calc_substance_release	Each air or water substance	Concentration × measured flow or documented input-output substance balance, with conversions retained.	substance concentration; flow; density when needed	kg by substance and compartment	us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines
calc_energy_register	Electricity	Imported electricity minus separately metered internal return; exported electricity stays a separate output.	import; internal return; export	net input and separate export	ec-pef-method-2021
calc_mass_balance	Each process and package	Reconcile inputs and opening stock to products, each waste, each release, and closing stock; investigate residuals.	atomic rows and stock	residual and explanation

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	Product and route	Preserve chemistry, product level, model, application, capacity, energy, state of charge, starting condition, and BOM revision.	specification, release certificate, BOM
dq_atomicity	Every inventory row	One named exchange, one direction, one flow type, one property, one unit, one route condition, and one compartment when elementary.	row-level mapping review
dq_completeness	Foreground boundary	Reconcile every applicable material, utility carrier, waste, wastewater, and air or water release; document not-applicable rows.	process map, meters, manifests, permits
dq_traceability	Collected or calculated values	Preserve raw record, conversion, allocation driver, calculation version, reviewer, and link to normalized value.	audit trail and calculation digest
dq_uuid_identity	Tiangong-linked rows	Require hybrid-search discovery and direct state100 confirmation of exact semantics, type, property, and unit before adding a UUID.	search result and state100 read record

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_flow	Reference product	Require exactly 1 kg, CPC 46420, Product flow, Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, and unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66.	unsd-cpc-3-0
validate_route_applicability	Inventory	Require one declared route and include only applicable atomic rows; prohibit replacing absent rows with a chemistry-specific collection label.	ec-battery-pefcr-2018
validate_no_unverified_uuid	Inventory links	Reject any UUID lacking both exact hybrid-search and state100 evidence.
validate_no_estimated_range	Inventory amounts	Reject reasoned-estimate, AI-generated, or broad all-route quantity ranges; use foreground records or explicit calculation rules.
validate_carrier_separation	Utilities	Require electricity, steam, hot water, natural gas, diesel, LPG, and each refrigerant to remain separate.	ec-pef-method-2021
validate_release_separation	Wastewater and elementary flows	Require physical wastewater streams and each named substance-to-air or substance-to-water exchange separately.	us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines
validate_bilingual_alignment	Canonical and translation	Require identical process_id, row_id, rule_id, source_id, UUID, and card order.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Factory-gate foreground package for one specified finished rechargeable accumulator
downstream_use	Link the package to representative upstream datasets for cradle-to-gate modelling, or use it as the production stage in a process or lifecyclemodel that adds distribution, use, second life, and end-of-life consistently.
allowed_use	Cradle-to-gate modelling with linked upstream datasets; facility improvement; downstream lifecycle models
excluded_use	Cradle-to-grave claim without downstream stages; comparison based only on kg; substitution across chemistry routes
required_metadata	chemistry; product level; application; model; facility; geography; period; state of charge; starting condition; BOM; route; boundary; allocation; packaging
required_quality_disclosure	Temporal, geographical, and technological representativeness; meter, scale, BOM, waste, and emission-record coverage; allocation shares and drivers; stock corrections; mass-balance residual; data gaps, proxies, cut-offs, measurement uncertainty, reviewer, and calculation traceability.
update_trigger	Material change in chemistry, format, BOM, electrode route, electrolyte, facility, electricity, dry-room, formation, allocation, or packaging

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-3-0	Dataset (dataset)	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 3.0, code 46420 Electric accumulators, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Official CPC identity and exclusions.
eu-batteries-regulation-2023	Standard (standard)	Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries, consolidated text, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/2024-07-18/eng (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Life-cycle stage separation; model and plant-specific carbon-footprint information; bill of materials, energy, and auxiliaries.
ec-pef-method-2021	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279, Annex I Product Environmental Footprint Method, https://environment.ec.europa.eu/document/download/680503dc-5a19-4f6a-bb92-84d9bfc8f312_en (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Primary data, allocation hierarchy, consistency, and data-quality rules.
ec-battery-pefcr-2018	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission, Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules for High Specific Energy Rechargeable Batteries for Mobile Applications, version 2018, https://www.sazp.sk/dokument/f/baterie-a-akumulatory-pdf.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Mobile-battery scope limitation; bill-of-material activity data; chemistry-specific materials; manufacturing operations, utilities, waste, and direct-release data fields.
jrc-cfb-battery-2025	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Rules for calculating the Carbon Footprint of Batteries, https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/LCDN/developerEF.xhtml (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Status and applicability of EU battery carbon-footprint rules; no draft EV value is generalized to all CPC 46420 products.
argonne-battery-lca-2010	Literature (literature)	Sullivan and Gaines, A Review of Battery Life-Cycle Analysis: State of Knowledge and Critical Needs, ANL/ESD/10-7, Argonne National Laboratory, 2010, https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2010/11/68455.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Multi-chemistry boundary and manufacturing-stage separation.
argonne-lib-flows-2012	Literature (literature)	Dunn et al., Material and Energy Flows in the Materials Production, Assembly, and End-of-Life Stages of the Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Life Cycle, Argonne National Laboratory, 2012, https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2012/06/73645.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-13)	LMO lithium-ion route material identities and process decomposition only; no quantities generalized.
porzio-scown-2021	Literature (literature)	Porzio and Scown, Life-Cycle Assessment Considerations for Batteries and Battery Materials, Advanced Energy Materials 11 (2021), DOI 10.1002/aenm.202100771, https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1808206 (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Peer-reviewed guidance on facility-scale electrode, dry-room, solvent-recovery, formation, and service-functional-unit data needs.
us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995	Official guidance (official_guidance)	US EPA, AP-42 Section 12.15 Storage Battery Production, 1995, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-11/documents/c12s15.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Lead-acid grid, paste, curing, assembly, formation, reclaim, lead particulate, and sulfuric-acid mist identities.
us-epa-nickel-battery-1996	Official guidance (official_guidance)	US EPA, Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Nickel, battery manufacturing section, 1996, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-11/documents/nickel.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Nickel-cadmium and nickel-based electrode materials, substrate preparation, washing, and nickel/cadmium compound releases.
us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines	Official guidance (official_guidance)	US EPA, Battery Manufacturing Effluent Guidelines, https://www.epa.gov/eg/battery-manufacturing-effluent-guidelines (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Route-specific wastewater sources and separately regulated lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc, cobalt, copper, iron, and manganese releases.
eu-bref-battery-status-2026	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission Joint Research Centre, BAT reference documents portal, Production of Batteries in Giga-Factories status: drawing up started, https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference (retrieved 2026-08-13)	Records that a battery-gigafactory BREF is under development, so no draft BAT value is treated as an adopted CPC-wide requirement.