Electric accumulators

Electric accumulators: This PCR governs factory-gate foreground packages for finished rechargeable cells, batteries, modules, and packs in CPC 46420. Lead-acid…

Lifecycle status: Candidate
Content maturity: Authored methodology
Current version: No published version
Readiness: Review required
Last updated: 2026-09-02

Methodology and translation states come from the source record; publishing this website does not change their review status.

Content languages

zh-CN · Aligned

Status, classification and source details

Readiness

Warnings methodology_not_reviewed Authored methodology is candidate guidance and still requires methodology review.

Classification mapping

CPC 3.0:46420 · exact

Source

library/pcrs/metal-products-machinery-and-equipment/electrical-machinery-and-apparatus/electric-accumulatorssha256:265e150bbbb7…

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs factory-gate foreground packages for finished rechargeable cells, batteries, modules, and packs in CPC 46420. Lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal-hydride, lithium-ion, and another rechargeable chemistry are covered only when chemistry, product level, application, facility, and route are declared. Primary cells, separately sold parts, spent batteries, chargers, inverters, and complete energy-storage installations are excluded.

The foreground boundary starts at materials, electrodes or plates, electrolytes, separators, housings, electronics, finished cells, and utilities received by the facility and ends at the conforming accumulator released at the factory gate. Distribution, use, second life, and end-of-life are downstream. Every purchased input requires an upstream dataset or an explicit data gap.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.electrical-machinery-and-apparatus.electric-accumulators
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 46420 Electric accumulators
covered_products	Finished rechargeable cells, batteries, modules, and packs
excluded_products	Primary batteries; separately sold parts; spent batteries; chargers; power-conversion equipment; complete storage installations
representative_product	A conforming 3C lithium battery; representative only for that verified route
production_route	Route-specific electrode or plate preparation; cell assembly; formation and testing; optional module or pack assembly; carrier-specific utilities
market_state	New conforming accumulator released at the factory gate

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Factory-gate production of a conforming finished rechargeable electric accumulator
How much	1 kg of released finished product
How well	Meets declared chemistry, voltage, capacity, energy, safety configuration, and release-test specification
How long or cycle	One production lot; lifetime performance remains a separate qualifier
reference_flow_link	Net released-product mass normalized to 1 kg

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	3C Lithium Battery `000abc1e-59e3-4336-bfd6-66575a4b0bda`
Reference flow property	Mass `93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66`
Reference unit group	Units of mass `93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66`
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	chemistry; product level; application; model; voltage; capacity; rated energy where applicable; state of charge; included components and packaging; route; facility; geography; period

The state100 flow is Product/Mass and classified exactly to CPC 46420. It is not an identity for lead-acid, nickel-based, or other accumulator routes; those products remain UUID-unresolved until an exact state100 flow is verified.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
`reference_product_mass`	Finished product	Mass `93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66`	kg	Measure net released-product mass with a calibrated scale and preserve the packaging convention.
`material_mass`	Each named material, component, waste, or released substance	Mass	kg	Record each atomic exchange separately; count-to-mass conversion requires model-specific item mass.
`electricity_energy`	Each electricity row	Energy	kWh	Preserve imported, returned, reused, and exported registers separately.
`thermal_carrier_energy`	Steam, hot water, natural gas, diesel, LPG	Energy	MJ	Meter and convert each named carrier separately; never report generic heat.
`water_stream`	Water and wastewater	Mass or volume	kg or m3	Preserve stream identity; calculate each elemental water release from concentration and flow.

5. System Boundary

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
`boundary_route_declaration`	All packages	Declare chemistry, product level, starting condition, process applicability, and included utilities before selecting rows.	`eu-batteries-regulation-2023`; `ec-battery-pefcr-2018`
`boundary_atomic_inventory`	Materials, energy, waste, wastewater, air and water releases	Use one concrete exchange per row; add a new named row when the actual substance, material, carrier, compartment, or waste differs.	`ec-pef-method-2021`; `us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines`
`boundary_purchased_inputs`	Purchased materials, components, cells, utilities, packaging	Keep every input visible and link an upstream dataset; do not recursively reproduce a purchased accumulator.	`ec-pef-method-2021`
`boundary_terminal_gate`	Reference product	End at factory-gate release; keep use and end-of-life downstream.	`eu-batteries-regulation-2023`
`boundary_no_route_extrapolation`	Route evidence	Do not generalize lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, or nickel-metal-hydride identities or quantities to another route.	`ec-battery-pefcr-2018`; `argonne-battery-lca-2010`

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Declare whether the facility receives active materials, prepared electrodes or plates, finished rechargeable cells, finished modules, or another named intermediate, including chemistry, physical state, and included components.
starting_condition_role	The starting condition determines which electrode, plate, cell, formation, module, pack, utility, and treatment operations are foreground and which purchased inputs require upstream datasets.
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 code 46420, limited to finished electric accumulators; primary batteries, separately sold parts, spent batteries, chargers, power-conversion equipment, and complete storage installations remain outside scope.
recursive_input_rule	Keep a purchased finished cell, module, or other accumulator as one visible product input linked to its upstream dataset; do not recursively reproduce its manufacturing inventory inside the receiving process.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link every purchased atomic material, component, cell, utility carrier, refrigerant, and included packaging item to a geographically, technologically, and temporally representative upstream dataset, or record a specific unresolved data gap.
disclosure	Disclose chemistry, product level, starting condition, applicable and omitted processes, cut-offs, internal returns, waste and emission treatment, included packaging, and every proxy or unresolved upstream link.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
`electrode_plate_preparation`	Electrode and plate preparation	conditional	Include only for electrodes or plates made or finished on-site.	Chemistry-specific electrode or plate manufacture	kg of conforming prepared electrode or plate
`cell_assembly_sealing`	Cell assembly, electrolyte filling, and sealing	conditional	Include when rechargeable cells are manufactured on-site.	Chemistry-specific cell manufacture	kg of sealed unformed cells
`formation_ageing_testing`	Formation, ageing, and release testing	required	Apply to on-site formation and every final release-test operation.	Electrical activation and quality release	kg of conforming tested accumulator
`module_pack_assembly`	Module and pack assembly	conditional	Include when cells, modules, controls, interconnects, housings, cooling parts, or included packaging are assembled on-site.	Final accumulator assembly	kg of conforming finished accumulator
`site_utilities_treatment`	Site utilities and pollution control	conditional	Include each carrier or treatment train only when it serves the declared product and is not already measured in another foreground process.	Carrier-specific utility supply and release accounting	kg of conforming finished accumulator served

Process: Electrode and plate preparation (`electrode_plate_preparation`)

Inputs

Product flows

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode active material (`nmc_cathode_active_input`)

Lithium-ion NMC cathode route only.

Selected flow: Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode active material
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Lithium iron phosphate cathode active material (`lfp_cathode_active_input`)

Lithium-ion LFP cathode route only.

Selected flow: Lithium iron phosphate cathode active material
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Lithium manganese oxide cathode active material (`lmo_cathode_active_input`)

Lithium-ion LMO cathode route only.

Selected flow: Lithium manganese oxide cathode active material
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Graphite anode active material (`graphite_anode_active_input`)

Lithium-ion graphite-anode route only.

Selected flow: Graphite anode active material
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Lead oxide for battery paste (`lead_oxide_active_input`)

Lead-acid plate route only.

Selected flow: Lead oxide for battery paste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Lead alloy grid (`lead_alloy_grid_input`)

Lead-acid plate route only.

Selected flow: Lead alloy grid
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Nickel hydroxide positive-electrode material (`nickel_hydroxide_active_input`)

Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal-hydride positive-electrode routes only.

Selected flow: Nickel hydroxide positive-electrode material
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Cadmium hydroxide negative-electrode material (`cadmium_hydroxide_active_input`)

Nickel-cadmium negative-electrode route only.

Selected flow: Cadmium hydroxide negative-electrode material
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Hydrogen-storage metal alloy negative-electrode material (`metal_hydride_alloy_input`)

Nickel-metal-hydride negative-electrode route only.

Selected flow: Hydrogen-storage metal alloy negative-electrode material
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Polyvinylidene fluoride binder (`pvdf_binder_input`)

Lithium-ion solvent-based electrode route only.

Selected flow: Polyvinylidene fluoride binder
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Styrene-butadiene rubber binder (`sbr_binder_input`)

Lithium-ion water-based graphite-anode route only.

Selected flow: Styrene-butadiene rubber binder
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Carbon black conductive additive (`carbon_black_input`)

Only routes whose approved formulation contains carbon black.

Selected flow: Carbon black conductive additive
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (`nmp_solvent_input`)

Lithium-ion PVDF electrode-slurry route only; record virgin and externally recovered NMP separately from internal recirculation.

Selected flow: N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) 5c41bfdd-a740-4672-aa66-88df7ea25f81
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Deionised water (`deionised_water_slurry_input`)

Only water-based slurry, washing, or paste routes; do not merge with cooling water.

Selected flow: Deionised water 5b3acbab-2518-4406-8736-d21f222d757a
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Aluminium foil current collector (`aluminium_foil_collector_input`)

Lithium-ion cathode route only.

Selected flow: Aluminium foil current collector
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Copper foil current collector (`copper_foil_collector_input`)

Lithium-ion graphite-anode route only.

Selected flow: Copper foil current collector
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Nickel-plated steel electrode substrate (`nickel_plated_steel_substrate_input`)

Applicable nickel-based electrode routes only.

Selected flow: Nickel-plated steel electrode substrate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Electricity, alternating current, at plant (`electrode_electricity_input`)

Site-metered electricity attributable to electrode or plate preparation; applicable to every on-site route using electrical equipment.

Selected flow: Electricity, alternating current, at plant
Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
Amount rule: Record metered electricity for mixing, coating, drying, curing, calendaring, slitting, ventilation, and dry-room service attributable to this process; do not merge it with thermal carriers.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_utilities
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; porzio-scown-2021

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared lithium-ion cathode electrode (`lithium_cathode_electrode_output`)

Lithium-ion route only.

Selected flow: Prepared lithium-ion cathode electrode
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Prepared lithium-ion anode electrode (`lithium_anode_electrode_output`)

Lithium-ion route only.

Selected flow: Prepared lithium-ion anode electrode
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Prepared lead-acid positive plate (`lead_positive_plate_output`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Prepared lead-acid positive plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Prepared lead-acid negative plate (`lead_negative_plate_output`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Prepared lead-acid negative plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Prepared nickel hydroxide positive plate (`nickel_positive_plate_output`)

Nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal-hydride route only.

Selected flow: Prepared nickel hydroxide positive plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Prepared cadmium negative plate (`cadmium_negative_plate_output`)

Nickel-cadmium route only.

Selected flow: Prepared cadmium negative plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Prepared metal-hydride negative plate (`metal_hydride_negative_plate_output`)

Nickel-metal-hydride route only.

Selected flow: Prepared metal-hydride negative plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_materials
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996; argonne-lib-flows-2012

Waste flows

NMP distillation residue (`nmp_distillation_residue_output`)

Lithium-ion NMP recovery route only.

Selected flow: NMP distillation residue
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Lithium-ion cathode coating scrap (`lithium_cathode_coating_scrap_output`)

Lithium-ion cathode route only.

Selected flow: Lithium-ion cathode coating scrap
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Lithium-ion anode coating scrap (`lithium_anode_coating_scrap_output`)

Lithium-ion anode route only.

Selected flow: Lithium-ion anode coating scrap
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Lead-bearing paste scrap (`lead_paste_scrap_output`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Lead-bearing paste scrap
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Cadmium-bearing plate scrap (`cadmium_plate_scrap_output`)

Nickel-cadmium route only.

Selected flow: Cadmium-bearing plate scrap
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Nickel-bearing plate scrap (`nickel_plate_scrap_output`)

Nickel-based routes only.

Selected flow: Nickel-bearing plate scrap
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Elementary flows

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone to air (`nmp_to_air_output`)

Lithium-ion NMP route only.

Selected flow: N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Lead to air (`lead_to_air_output`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Lead to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Nickel to air (`nickel_to_air_output`)

Nickel-based routes only.

Selected flow: Nickel to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Cadmium to air (`cadmium_to_air_output`)

Nickel-cadmium route only.

Selected flow: Cadmium to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_electrode_waste_releases
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Process: Cell assembly, electrolyte filling, and sealing (`cell_assembly_sealing`)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared lithium-ion cathode electrode (`lithium_cathode_electrode_input`)

Lithium-ion route only.

Selected flow: Prepared lithium-ion cathode electrode
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Prepared lithium-ion anode electrode (`lithium_anode_electrode_input`)

Lithium-ion route only.

Selected flow: Prepared lithium-ion anode electrode
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Prepared lead-acid positive plate (`lead_positive_plate_input`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Prepared lead-acid positive plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Prepared lead-acid negative plate (`lead_negative_plate_input`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Prepared lead-acid negative plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Prepared nickel hydroxide positive plate (`nickel_positive_plate_input`)

Nickel-based routes only.

Selected flow: Prepared nickel hydroxide positive plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Prepared cadmium negative plate (`cadmium_negative_plate_input`)

Nickel-cadmium route only.

Selected flow: Prepared cadmium negative plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Prepared metal-hydride negative plate (`metal_hydride_negative_plate_input`)

Nickel-metal-hydride route only.

Selected flow: Prepared metal-hydride negative plate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Polyethylene battery separator (`polyethylene_separator_input`)

Only product designs specifying PE separator.

Selected flow: Polyethylene battery separator
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Polypropylene battery separator (`polypropylene_separator_input`)

Only product designs specifying PP separator.

Selected flow: Polypropylene battery separator
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Glass-fibre mat battery separator (`glass_fibre_mat_separator_input`)

Absorbent-glass-mat lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Glass-fibre mat battery separator
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Ethylene carbonate electrolyte solvent (`ethylene_carbonate_input`)

Lithium-ion carbonate-electrolyte route only.

Selected flow: Ethylene carbonate electrolyte solvent
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Dimethyl carbonate electrolyte solvent (`dimethyl_carbonate_input`)

Lithium-ion carbonate-electrolyte route only.

Selected flow: Dimethyl carbonate electrolyte solvent
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte salt (`lithium_hexafluorophosphate_input`)

Lithium-ion LiPF6 electrolyte route only.

Selected flow: Lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte salt
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Sulfuric acid electrolyte (`sulfuric_acid_electrolyte_input`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Sulfuric acid electrolyte
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Potassium hydroxide electrolyte (`potassium_hydroxide_electrolyte_input`)

Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal-hydride routes only.

Selected flow: Potassium hydroxide electrolyte
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Steel cell can (`steel_cell_can_input`)

Only steel-can product configurations.

Selected flow: Steel cell can
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Aluminium-plastic pouch laminate (`aluminium_pouch_laminate_input`)

Pouch-cell configuration only.

Selected flow: Aluminium-plastic pouch laminate
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Polypropylene battery case (`polypropylene_battery_case_input`)

Only polypropylene-case configurations.

Selected flow: Polypropylene battery case
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Copper battery terminal (`copper_terminal_input`)

Only designs specifying a copper terminal.

Selected flow: Copper battery terminal
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Lead battery terminal (`lead_terminal_input`)

Lead-acid designs specifying a lead terminal.

Selected flow: Lead battery terminal
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; argonne-lib-flows-2012; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Electricity, alternating current, at plant (`cell_assembly_electricity_input`)

Site-metered electricity attributable to cell assembly, filling, sealing, vacuum, and dry-room equipment.

Selected flow: Electricity, alternating current, at plant
Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
Amount rule: Record metered electricity for stacking or winding, filling, sealing, vacuum, dry-room, and directly attributable ventilation; do not merge with thermal carriers.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_utilities
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; porzio-scown-2021

Outputs

Product flows

Unformed lithium-ion rechargeable cell (`unformed_lithium_ion_cell_output`)

Lithium-ion route only.

Selected flow: Unformed lithium-ion rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Unformed lead-acid rechargeable cell (`unformed_lead_acid_cell_output`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Unformed lead-acid rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Unformed nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell (`unformed_nickel_cadmium_cell_output`)

Nickel-cadmium route only.

Selected flow: Unformed nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Unformed nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell (`unformed_nickel_metal_hydride_cell_output`)

Nickel-metal-hydride route only.

Selected flow: Unformed nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_materials
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-nickel-battery-1996

Waste flows

Ethylene carbonate electrolyte waste (`ethylene_carbonate_waste_output`)

Lithium-ion carbonate-electrolyte route only; determine this constituent from direct segregation or a documented waste-composition balance.

Selected flow: Ethylene carbonate electrolyte waste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Dimethyl carbonate electrolyte waste (`dimethyl_carbonate_waste_output`)

Lithium-ion carbonate-electrolyte route only; determine this constituent from direct segregation or a documented waste-composition balance.

Selected flow: Dimethyl carbonate electrolyte waste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte-salt waste (`lithium_hexafluorophosphate_waste_output`)

Lithium-ion LiPF6 electrolyte route only; determine this constituent from direct segregation or a documented waste-composition balance.

Selected flow: Lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte-salt waste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Spent sulfuric acid electrolyte (`sulfuric_acid_electrolyte_waste_output`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Spent sulfuric acid electrolyte
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Spent potassium hydroxide electrolyte (`potassium_hydroxide_electrolyte_waste_output`)

Nickel-based alkaline-electrolyte routes only.

Selected flow: Spent potassium hydroxide electrolyte
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Polyethylene separator scrap (`polyethylene_separator_scrap_output`)

Only PE-separator configurations.

Selected flow: Polyethylene separator scrap
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Polypropylene separator scrap (`polypropylene_separator_scrap_output`)

Only PP-separator configurations.

Selected flow: Polypropylene separator scrap
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Elementary flows

Ethylene carbonate to air (`ethylene_carbonate_to_air_output`)

Lithium-ion routes using ethylene carbonate only; keep separate from every other electrolyte solvent.

Selected flow: Ethylene carbonate to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Dimethyl carbonate to air (`dimethyl_carbonate_to_air_output`)

Lithium-ion routes using dimethyl carbonate only; keep separate from every other electrolyte solvent.

Selected flow: Dimethyl carbonate to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Sulfuric acid mist to air (`sulfuric_acid_mist_cell_to_air_output`)

Lead-acid assembly and filling route only.

Selected flow: Sulfuric acid mist to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_cell_waste_releases
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Process: Formation, ageing, and release testing (`formation_ageing_testing`)

Inputs

Product flows

Unformed lithium-ion rechargeable cell (`unformed_lithium_ion_cell_input`)

Lithium-ion route only.

Selected flow: Unformed lithium-ion rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Unformed lead-acid rechargeable cell (`unformed_lead_acid_cell_input`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Unformed lead-acid rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Unformed nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell (`unformed_nickel_cadmium_cell_input`)

Nickel-cadmium route only.

Selected flow: Unformed nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Unformed nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell (`unformed_nickel_metal_hydride_cell_input`)

Nickel-metal-hydride route only.

Selected flow: Unformed nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Electricity, alternating current, at plant (`formation_electricity_input`)

Imported site-metered electricity attributable to formation, ageing, cycling, and release testing.

Selected flow: Electricity, alternating current, at plant
Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
Amount rule: Record imported metered electricity for formation, ageing, cycling, and release testing before subtracting separately metered electricity returned and reused.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018; porzio-scown-2021

Deionised water (`formation_cooling_water_input`)

Make-up deionised water crossing the formation-cooling boundary; applicable only where this water quality is actually used.

Selected flow: Deionised water 5b3acbab-2518-4406-8736-d21f222d757a
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
Amount rule: Record make-up deionised cooling water only when it crosses the process boundary; do not record closed-loop recirculation as repeated input.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Outputs

Product flows

Tested lithium-ion rechargeable cell (`tested_lithium_ion_cell_output`)

Lithium-ion route only.

Selected flow: Tested lithium-ion rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Tested lead-acid rechargeable cell (`tested_lead_acid_cell_output`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Tested lead-acid rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Tested nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell (`tested_nickel_cadmium_cell_output`)

Nickel-cadmium route only.

Selected flow: Tested nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Tested nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell (`tested_nickel_metal_hydride_cell_output`)

Nickel-metal-hydride route only.

Selected flow: Tested nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-battery-pefcr-2018

Electricity exported from formation testing (`formation_exported_electricity_output`)

Separately metered electricity that leaves formation testing and crosses the declared foreground boundary.

Selected flow: Electricity exported from formation testing
Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
Amount rule: Record only electricity separately metered as crossing the foreground boundary; do not also subtract it from imported electricity.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: ec-pef-method-2021

Waste flows

Rejected lithium-ion rechargeable cell (`rejected_lithium_ion_cell_output`)

Lithium-ion route only.

Selected flow: Rejected lithium-ion rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Rejected lead-acid rechargeable cell (`rejected_lead_acid_cell_output`)

Lead-acid route only.

Selected flow: Rejected lead-acid rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Rejected nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell (`rejected_nickel_cadmium_cell_output`)

Nickel-cadmium route only.

Selected flow: Rejected nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Rejected nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell (`rejected_nickel_metal_hydride_cell_output`)

Nickel-metal-hydride route only.

Selected flow: Rejected nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Formation-process wastewater (`formation_wastewater_output`)

Only when a physically collected formation wastewater stream leaves this process; substance releases to water remain separate elementary flows.

Selected flow: Formation-process wastewater
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995; us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines

Elementary flows

Hydrogen to air (`formation_hydrogen_to_air_output`)

Lead-acid formation route when vented hydrogen crosses the boundary.

Selected flow: Hydrogen to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995

Sulfuric acid mist to air (`sulfuric_acid_mist_formation_to_air_output`)

Lead-acid formation route only.

Selected flow: Sulfuric acid mist to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Record the route-specific foreground quantity from reconciled receipts, issues, meters, laboratory results, or waste records; use zero only with a documented not-applicable determination.
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg of the conforming output of this process
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_formation_testing
Sources: us-epa-ap42-lead-acid-1995

Raw downloads

These files are byte-identical to the canonical files for this revision in the repository.

pcr.en-US.md128 KB · 265e150bbbb7…
manifest.yaml63 KB · ee95df13965f…
pcr.zh-CN.md114 KB · 797bd424a1d5…
structured.yaml155 KB · 867b6c443223…

Structured rule index

This index comes from verified structured.yaml and retains the canonical English rule text.

System boundary rules · 5

Rule ID	Applies to	Rule	Source IDs
`boundary_route_declaration`	All packages	Declare chemistry, product level, starting condition, process applicability, and included utilities before selecting rows.	eu-batteries-regulation-2023, ec-battery-pefcr-2018
`boundary_atomic_inventory`	Materials, energy, waste, wastewater, air and water releases	Use one concrete exchange per row; add a new named row when the actual substance, material, carrier, compartment, or waste differs.	ec-pef-method-2021, us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines
`boundary_purchased_inputs`	Purchased materials, components, cells, utilities, packaging	Keep every input visible and link an upstream dataset; do not recursively reproduce a purchased accumulator.	ec-pef-method-2021
`boundary_terminal_gate`	Reference product	End at factory-gate release; keep use and end-of-life downstream.	eu-batteries-regulation-2023
`boundary_no_route_extrapolation`	Route evidence	Do not generalize lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, or nickel-metal-hydride identities or quantities to another route.	ec-battery-pefcr-2018, argonne-battery-lca-2010

Allocation rules · 4

Rule ID	Applies to	Rule	Source IDs
`allocation_subdivision_first`	Shared operations	Subdivide by chemistry, model, line, lot, and meter before allocation.	ec-pef-method-2021
`allocation_causal_driver`	Residual shared utilities	Use a documented causal driver such as metered energy, equipment time, dry-room volume-time, treated volume, or throughput; mass is the last resort.	ec-pef-method-2021, porzio-scown-2021
`allocation_internal_recovery`	Scrap, solvent, water, and electricity returned internally	Model internal return once; record make-up, recovery burden, and losses, and prohibit duplicate credit.	ec-pef-method-2021
`allocation_export`	Exported electricity and material leaving the system	Keep as a separate output and disclose the downstream method; do not also subtract or credit it in the foreground total.	ec-pef-method-2021

Validation rules · 7

Rule ID	Applies to	Rule	Source IDs
`validate_reference_flow`	Reference product	Require exactly 1 kg, CPC 46420, Product flow, Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, and unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66.	unsd-cpc-3-0
`validate_route_applicability`	Inventory	Require one declared route and include only applicable atomic rows; prohibit replacing absent rows with a chemistry-specific collection label.	ec-battery-pefcr-2018
`validate_no_unverified_uuid`	Inventory links	Reject any UUID lacking both exact hybrid-search and state100 evidence.
`validate_no_estimated_range`	Inventory amounts	Reject reasoned-estimate, AI-generated, or broad all-route quantity ranges; use foreground records or explicit calculation rules.
`validate_carrier_separation`	Utilities	Require electricity, steam, hot water, natural gas, diesel, LPG, and each refrigerant to remain separate.	ec-pef-method-2021
`validate_release_separation`	Wastewater and elementary flows	Require physical wastewater streams and each named substance-to-air or substance-to-water exchange separately.	us-epa-battery-effluent-guidelines
`validate_bilingual_alignment`	Canonical and translation	Require identical process_id, row_id, rule_id, source_id, UUID, and card order.

Processes and inputs/outputs · 5

Process ID	Process name	Input flows	Output flows
`electrode_plate_preparation`	Electrode and plate preparation	18	17
`cell_assembly_sealing`	Cell assembly, electrolyte filling, and sealing	21	14
`formation_ageing_testing`	Formation, ageing, and release testing	6	12
`module_pack_assembly`	Module and pack assembly	16	7
`site_utilities_treatment`	Site utilities and pollution control	6	13

Complete field inspector

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Electric accumulators

Content languages

Readiness

Classification mapping

Source

1. Scope and Applicability

2. Product Category Identity

3. Reference Flow

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

Process: Electrode and plate preparation (electrode_plate_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode active material (nmc_cathode_active_input)

Lithium iron phosphate cathode active material (lfp_cathode_active_input)

Lithium manganese oxide cathode active material (lmo_cathode_active_input)

Graphite anode active material (graphite_anode_active_input)

Lead oxide for battery paste (lead_oxide_active_input)

Lead alloy grid (lead_alloy_grid_input)

Nickel hydroxide positive-electrode material (nickel_hydroxide_active_input)

Cadmium hydroxide negative-electrode material (cadmium_hydroxide_active_input)

Hydrogen-storage metal alloy negative-electrode material (metal_hydride_alloy_input)

Polyvinylidene fluoride binder (pvdf_binder_input)

Styrene-butadiene rubber binder (sbr_binder_input)

Carbon black conductive additive (carbon_black_input)

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (nmp_solvent_input)

Deionised water (deionised_water_slurry_input)

Aluminium foil current collector (aluminium_foil_collector_input)

Copper foil current collector (copper_foil_collector_input)

Nickel-plated steel electrode substrate (nickel_plated_steel_substrate_input)

Electricity, alternating current, at plant (electrode_electricity_input)

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared lithium-ion cathode electrode (lithium_cathode_electrode_output)

Prepared lithium-ion anode electrode (lithium_anode_electrode_output)

Prepared lead-acid positive plate (lead_positive_plate_output)

Prepared lead-acid negative plate (lead_negative_plate_output)

Prepared nickel hydroxide positive plate (nickel_positive_plate_output)

Prepared cadmium negative plate (cadmium_negative_plate_output)

Prepared metal-hydride negative plate (metal_hydride_negative_plate_output)

Waste flows

NMP distillation residue (nmp_distillation_residue_output)

Lithium-ion cathode coating scrap (lithium_cathode_coating_scrap_output)

Lithium-ion anode coating scrap (lithium_anode_coating_scrap_output)

Lead-bearing paste scrap (lead_paste_scrap_output)

Cadmium-bearing plate scrap (cadmium_plate_scrap_output)

Nickel-bearing plate scrap (nickel_plate_scrap_output)

Elementary flows

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone to air (nmp_to_air_output)

Lead to air (lead_to_air_output)

Nickel to air (nickel_to_air_output)

Cadmium to air (cadmium_to_air_output)

Process: Cell assembly, electrolyte filling, and sealing (cell_assembly_sealing)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared lithium-ion cathode electrode (lithium_cathode_electrode_input)

Prepared lithium-ion anode electrode (lithium_anode_electrode_input)

Prepared lead-acid positive plate (lead_positive_plate_input)

Prepared lead-acid negative plate (lead_negative_plate_input)

Prepared nickel hydroxide positive plate (nickel_positive_plate_input)

Prepared cadmium negative plate (cadmium_negative_plate_input)

Prepared metal-hydride negative plate (metal_hydride_negative_plate_input)

Polyethylene battery separator (polyethylene_separator_input)

Polypropylene battery separator (polypropylene_separator_input)

Glass-fibre mat battery separator (glass_fibre_mat_separator_input)

Ethylene carbonate electrolyte solvent (ethylene_carbonate_input)

Dimethyl carbonate electrolyte solvent (dimethyl_carbonate_input)

Lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte salt (lithium_hexafluorophosphate_input)

Sulfuric acid electrolyte (sulfuric_acid_electrolyte_input)

Potassium hydroxide electrolyte (potassium_hydroxide_electrolyte_input)

Steel cell can (steel_cell_can_input)

Aluminium-plastic pouch laminate (aluminium_pouch_laminate_input)

Polypropylene battery case (polypropylene_battery_case_input)

Copper battery terminal (copper_terminal_input)

Lead battery terminal (lead_terminal_input)

Electricity, alternating current, at plant (cell_assembly_electricity_input)

Outputs

Process: Electrode and plate preparation (`electrode_plate_preparation`)

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode active material (`nmc_cathode_active_input`)

Lithium iron phosphate cathode active material (`lfp_cathode_active_input`)

Lithium manganese oxide cathode active material (`lmo_cathode_active_input`)

Graphite anode active material (`graphite_anode_active_input`)

Lead oxide for battery paste (`lead_oxide_active_input`)

Lead alloy grid (`lead_alloy_grid_input`)

Nickel hydroxide positive-electrode material (`nickel_hydroxide_active_input`)

Cadmium hydroxide negative-electrode material (`cadmium_hydroxide_active_input`)

Hydrogen-storage metal alloy negative-electrode material (`metal_hydride_alloy_input`)

Polyvinylidene fluoride binder (`pvdf_binder_input`)

Styrene-butadiene rubber binder (`sbr_binder_input`)

Carbon black conductive additive (`carbon_black_input`)

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (`nmp_solvent_input`)

Deionised water (`deionised_water_slurry_input`)

Aluminium foil current collector (`aluminium_foil_collector_input`)

Copper foil current collector (`copper_foil_collector_input`)

Nickel-plated steel electrode substrate (`nickel_plated_steel_substrate_input`)

Electricity, alternating current, at plant (`electrode_electricity_input`)

Prepared lithium-ion cathode electrode (`lithium_cathode_electrode_output`)

Prepared lithium-ion anode electrode (`lithium_anode_electrode_output`)

Prepared lead-acid positive plate (`lead_positive_plate_output`)

Prepared lead-acid negative plate (`lead_negative_plate_output`)

Prepared nickel hydroxide positive plate (`nickel_positive_plate_output`)

Prepared cadmium negative plate (`cadmium_negative_plate_output`)

Prepared metal-hydride negative plate (`metal_hydride_negative_plate_output`)

NMP distillation residue (`nmp_distillation_residue_output`)

Lithium-ion cathode coating scrap (`lithium_cathode_coating_scrap_output`)

Lithium-ion anode coating scrap (`lithium_anode_coating_scrap_output`)

Lead-bearing paste scrap (`lead_paste_scrap_output`)

Cadmium-bearing plate scrap (`cadmium_plate_scrap_output`)

Nickel-bearing plate scrap (`nickel_plate_scrap_output`)

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone to air (`nmp_to_air_output`)

Lead to air (`lead_to_air_output`)

Nickel to air (`nickel_to_air_output`)

Cadmium to air (`cadmium_to_air_output`)

Process: Cell assembly, electrolyte filling, and sealing (`cell_assembly_sealing`)

Prepared lithium-ion cathode electrode (`lithium_cathode_electrode_input`)

Prepared lithium-ion anode electrode (`lithium_anode_electrode_input`)

Prepared lead-acid positive plate (`lead_positive_plate_input`)

Prepared lead-acid negative plate (`lead_negative_plate_input`)

Prepared nickel hydroxide positive plate (`nickel_positive_plate_input`)

Prepared cadmium negative plate (`cadmium_negative_plate_input`)

Prepared metal-hydride negative plate (`metal_hydride_negative_plate_input`)

Polyethylene battery separator (`polyethylene_separator_input`)

Polypropylene battery separator (`polypropylene_separator_input`)

Glass-fibre mat battery separator (`glass_fibre_mat_separator_input`)

Ethylene carbonate electrolyte solvent (`ethylene_carbonate_input`)

Dimethyl carbonate electrolyte solvent (`dimethyl_carbonate_input`)

Lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte salt (`lithium_hexafluorophosphate_input`)

Sulfuric acid electrolyte (`sulfuric_acid_electrolyte_input`)

Potassium hydroxide electrolyte (`potassium_hydroxide_electrolyte_input`)

Steel cell can (`steel_cell_can_input`)

Aluminium-plastic pouch laminate (`aluminium_pouch_laminate_input`)

Polypropylene battery case (`polypropylene_battery_case_input`)

Copper battery terminal (`copper_terminal_input`)

Lead battery terminal (`lead_terminal_input`)

Electricity, alternating current, at plant (`cell_assembly_electricity_input`)

Unformed lithium-ion rechargeable cell (`unformed_lithium_ion_cell_output`)

Unformed lead-acid rechargeable cell (`unformed_lead_acid_cell_output`)

Unformed nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell (`unformed_nickel_cadmium_cell_output`)

Unformed nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell (`unformed_nickel_metal_hydride_cell_output`)

Ethylene carbonate electrolyte waste (`ethylene_carbonate_waste_output`)

Dimethyl carbonate electrolyte waste (`dimethyl_carbonate_waste_output`)

Lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte-salt waste (`lithium_hexafluorophosphate_waste_output`)

Spent sulfuric acid electrolyte (`sulfuric_acid_electrolyte_waste_output`)

Spent potassium hydroxide electrolyte (`potassium_hydroxide_electrolyte_waste_output`)

Polyethylene separator scrap (`polyethylene_separator_scrap_output`)

Polypropylene separator scrap (`polypropylene_separator_scrap_output`)

Ethylene carbonate to air (`ethylene_carbonate_to_air_output`)

Dimethyl carbonate to air (`dimethyl_carbonate_to_air_output`)

Sulfuric acid mist to air (`sulfuric_acid_mist_cell_to_air_output`)

Process: Formation, ageing, and release testing (`formation_ageing_testing`)

Unformed lithium-ion rechargeable cell (`unformed_lithium_ion_cell_input`)

Unformed lead-acid rechargeable cell (`unformed_lead_acid_cell_input`)

Unformed nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell (`unformed_nickel_cadmium_cell_input`)

Unformed nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable cell (`unformed_nickel_metal_hydride_cell_input`)

Electricity, alternating current, at plant (`formation_electricity_input`)

Deionised water (`formation_cooling_water_input`)

Tested lithium-ion rechargeable cell (`tested_lithium_ion_cell_output`)