Groundnut oil, refined

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to bulk edible groundnut (peanut) oil refined from crude groundnut oil derived from Arachis hypogaea seed. It covers refinery-gate production through degumming, a route-appropriate neutralisation or physical-refining branch, bleaching and filtration, deodorisation, finishing, and bulk storage. Chemical refining is the representative route. Physical refining may be used only when the actual process sequence, pretreatment, material inputs, yields, emissions, and co-products are collected rather than copied from the representative route.

The foreground starts with crude groundnut oil received at the refinery. Oilseed cultivation, peanut preparation, pressing or solvent extraction, and crude-oil transport to the refinery remain upstream and require linked datasets. Retail packaging, distribution after the refinery gate, cooking, and end-of-life are outside the foreground boundary. Blended oils, hydrogenated or interesterified products, biodiesel feedstocks, and crude groundnut oil sold without refining are excluded.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.meat-fish-fruits-vegetables-oils-and-fats.groundnut-oil-refined
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 21622, Groundnut oil, refined
covered_products	Bulk refined edible oil derived predominantly from groundnut or peanut oilseed, including chemically or physically refined grades whose actual route is declared
excluded_products	Crude groundnut oil; blended edible oils; hydrogenated or interesterified oils; flavoured consumer products; biodiesel or other non-food derivatives
representative_product	Refined groundnut oil at the refinery gate before retail packaging
production_route	Crude-oil receipt, degumming and route-appropriate neutralisation, bleaching and filtration, deodorisation and finishing
market_state	Bulk edible refined oil meeting Codex CXS 210-1999 or the declared applicable market specification

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Refined edible groundnut oil at the refinery gate
How much	1 kg
How well	Conforming to Codex CXS 210-1999 or a declared equivalent applicable specification, with the refining route and quality basis documented
How long or cycle	One representative continuous or batch refinery production period, normalized to saleable output
reference_flow_link	The functional unit is represented by the Tiangong product flow and Mass property below

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Groundnut oil, refined f3a626d9-6e6e-42c2-9542-4824ab538765
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	groundnut-only or declared blend status; chemical or physical refining route; edible quality specification; refinery geography; technology and reference year; bulk packaging state; crude-oil starting condition

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product and mass inventory flows	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Normalize all foreground amounts to 1 kg saleable bulk refined groundnut oil; retain unrounded production records and report conversion factors.
energy_measurement	Electricity and thermal energy	Energy property appropriate to the selected Tiangong flow	kWh for electricity; MJ for heat	Convert metered fuel or steam to delivered process energy using documented site-specific properties and avoid mixing fuel input with delivered heat.
water_measurement	Process water and wastewater	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use measured mass or convert measured volume with a declared density and temperature basis.
concentration_correction	Sodium hydroxide and acid solutions	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg active substance and kg solution	Record solution mass and concentration, then calculate active substance; link the background flow matching the purchased concentration.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Crude groundnut oil received at the refinery gate, including its water, gums, free-fatty-acid and impurity condition when known
starting_condition_role	Upstream product input to the foreground refining system
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 code 21622 for the reference output; crude groundnut oil is CPC 3.0 code 21621
recursive_input_rule	Purchased refined groundnut oil or externally processed rework entering the system is recorded as a separate product input with its supplier dataset and is not recursively reconstructed inside this PCR
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link crude groundnut oil, chemicals, water, electricity, thermal energy, packaging used inside the gate, and external treatment services to geographically and technologically appropriate upstream datasets
disclosure	Declare refining route, included operations, site and period, crude-oil origin and condition, product yield, rework fraction, co-product destinations, external treatment, and any omitted operation

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
system_boundary_rule_1	Core refinery foreground	Include crude-oil receipt and storage losses, degumming, route-appropriate neutralisation or physical-refining pretreatment, bleaching and filtration, deodorisation, finishing, on-site utilities directly attributable to refining, and bulk product storage through the refinery gate.	jrc-fdm-bref-2019; list-pattee-2020-peanut-oil
system_boundary_rule_2	Upstream and downstream separation	Exclude oilseed cultivation, pressing or solvent extraction and inbound crude-oil transport from the foreground but link them as upstream datasets; exclude retail packaging, distribution, use and end-of-life.	codex-cxs-210-1999
system_boundary_rule_3	Conditional operations and recursive inputs	Include soapstock splitting, condensate or scrubber handling, and wastewater treatment when operated on-site; otherwise record exported co-products, wastes, emissions, and treatment services. Treat purchased refined oil or external rework according to the declared recursive input rule.	jrc-fdm-bref-2019

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
degumming_neutralisation	Degumming and route-appropriate neutralisation	required	Degumming is required; sodium hydroxide neutralisation applies only to the chemical route and must be replaced by measured physical-refining pretreatment for a physical route	Remove phospholipids, free fatty acids and associated impurities	1 kg intermediate oil transferred to bleaching
bleaching_filtration	Bleaching and filtration	required	Include adsorbent preparation, contact, filtration and spent-earth handling	Remove pigments, oxidation products, trace contaminants and residual soaps	1 kg bleached oil transferred to deodorisation
deodorisation_finishing	Deodorisation, finishing and bulk storage	required	Include steam stripping under vacuum, condensation or scrubbing, cooling, polishing and saleable bulk storage	Produce specification-conforming refined oil	1 kg saleable bulk refined groundnut oil
soapstock_splitting	Soapstock splitting	conditional	Include only when acidulation is performed within the reporting site	Convert soapstock to acid oil and aqueous residue	Measured soapstock treated

Process: Degumming and route-appropriate neutralisation (degumming_neutralisation)

Inputs

Product flows

Crude groundnut oil (crude_groundnut_oil)

Crude groundnut oil enters the refinery boundary and carries all upstream production burdens. Record tank receipts corrected for inventory change and sampling or handling losses.

• Selected flow: Groundnut oil, crude 4becfdba-2a4c-4c6f-a503-75db987fdc16
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured crude-oil receipts minus stock increase attributable to the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crude_oil_receipts
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional refinery-yield QA guardrail
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 1.00
  • Upper: 1.15
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process water (degumming_water)

Record water added for hydration, washing, chemical dilution and centrifuge cleaning when attributable to the process.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: metered or batch-sheet water supplied to degumming and neutralisation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_degumming_water
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional water-use screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 5
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Phosphoric acid (degumming_acid)

Record phosphoric acid used for acid degumming. If citric acid or another approved agent is used, replace the selected flow with the exact purchased substance and retain the active-substance calculation.

• Selected flow: Phosphoric acid, production mix, at plant 9396269a-cf0d-4b38-ae6d-ab6b91e1dc87
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg active acid
• Amount rule: purchased solution mass multiplied by recorded active-acid concentration
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_degumming_chemicals
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Vegetable-oil refinery phosphoric-acid use
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.0001
  • Upper: 0.002
  • Unit: kg active acid
  • Basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Sodium hydroxide (neutralisation_alkali)

Record sodium hydroxide for the chemical-refining route. Set this row to not applicable for a documented physical-refining route; do not substitute a zero without recording the route.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant, industrial grade 95 to 98 percent e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg active NaOH
• Amount rule: purchased solution mass multiplied by recorded NaOH concentration
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_degumming_chemicals
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Vegetable-oil refinery NaOH use
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 0.006
  • Unit: kg active NaOH
  • Basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Electricity (degumming_electricity)

Record metered electricity for pumping, mixing, heating auxiliaries, centrifugation and process controls. Select the Tiangong electricity flow matching site geography and supply voltage.

• Selected flow: Electricity, alternating current, 1 to 35 kV, consumption mix 3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kWh
• Amount rule: allocated submeter reading or engineering allocation from the refinery electricity meter
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_degumming_energy
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional electricity screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Degummed or neutralised oil (degummed_neutralised_oil)

Record the intermediate oil transferred to bleaching using tank transfer or mass-balance records.

• Selected flow: Degummed or neutralised groundnut oil; foreground intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer, or calculated from input and separately measured separated streams and stock change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_intermediate_balance
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Soapstock or separated gums (soapstock_gums)

Record separated gums, soapstock, or acid oil as a product output only when it has documented beneficial use and economic value; otherwise classify it as waste with the same measured mass and destination.

• Selected flow: Soapstock, gums or acid oil; route-specific foreground output
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured separated-stream mass corrected for water content when the commercial basis requires it
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Provisional separated-stream screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.15
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Degumming and neutralisation wastewater (degumming_wastewater)

Record aqueous effluent leaving the process for on-site or external treatment, including the measured pollutant characterization used by the selected treatment dataset.

• Selected flow: Vegetable-oil refinery wastewater; treatment-specific flow to be selected for the site
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: metered discharge or water balance, excluding recirculated water
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Provisional wastewater screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 5
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg intermediate oil output
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Process: Bleaching and filtration (bleaching_filtration)

Inputs

Product flows

Degummed or neutralised oil (bleaching_feed_oil)

Record the foreground intermediate received from the preceding process without assigning a second upstream crude-oil burden.

• Selected flow: Degummed or neutralised groundnut oil; foreground intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer or reconciled intermediate mass balance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg bleached oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_intermediate_balance
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Bleaching earth (bleaching_earth)

Record fresh bleaching earth or other adsorbent actually charged. Do not use perlite or a filter aid as a substitute for bleaching earth unless it is separately consumed and recorded.

• Selected flow: Bleaching earth, production mix, at plant a49e60f4-17c1-45c4-95db-4c0c6e593a85
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: weigh-ticket, purchase-and-stock balance, or batch charge records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg bleached oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bleaching_materials
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Vegetable-oil refinery bleaching-earth use
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 0.03
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg bleached oil output
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Electricity (bleaching_electricity)

Record electricity for vacuum generation, agitation, pumping and filtration using a site-appropriate electricity flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, alternating current, 1 to 35 kV, consumption mix 3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kWh
• Amount rule: allocated submeter reading or documented engineering allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg bleached oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bleaching_energy
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional electricity screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1 kg bleached oil output
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Bleached groundnut oil (bleached_oil)

Record the oil transferred to deodorisation after filtration.

• Selected flow: Bleached groundnut oil; foreground intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer, or input oil minus measured retained oil and other losses adjusted for stock change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_intermediate_balance
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Waste flows

Spent bleaching earth (spent_bleaching_earth)

Record wet spent adsorbent, its retained-oil content, recovery practice and final destination. Select a geography- and treatment-specific waste flow rather than assuming the available China-specific Tiangong flow is universally applicable.

• Selected flow: Spent bleaching earth; site- and treatment-specific waste flow pending dataset selection
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg wet waste
• Amount rule: measured outgoing mass; reconcile against fresh earth plus retained oil and moisture
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg bleached oil output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Provisional spent-earth screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 0.06
  • Unit: kg wet waste
  • Basis: per 1 kg bleached oil output
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Process: Deodorisation, finishing and bulk storage (deodorisation_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Bleached groundnut oil (deodorisation_feed_oil)

Record the foreground intermediate received from bleaching and avoid duplicating its upstream inventory.

• Selected flow: Bleached groundnut oil; foreground intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer or reconciled intermediate balance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_intermediate_balance
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Process heat from steam (deodorisation_heat)

Record delivered process heat for steam stripping, oil heating and vacuum-system operation. Where only steam mass is metered, calculate delivered heat from measured pressure, condensate condition and a documented enthalpy method.

• Selected flow: Process heat from steam, GLO fcf9e128-688f-42f0-9dca-85d2319cfac5
• Flow property / unit: Gross calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-14da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: metered delivered heat or steam mass multiplied by documented usable enthalpy change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_deodorisation_energy
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Provisional process-heat screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.1
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: MJ
  • Basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity (deodorisation_electricity)

Record electricity for vacuum pumps, circulation, cooling auxiliaries, polishing and bulk storage using a site-appropriate supply flow.

• Selected flow: Electricity, alternating current, 1 to 35 kV, consumption mix 3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kWh
• Amount rule: allocated submeter reading or documented engineering allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_deodorisation_energy
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional electricity screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Refined groundnut oil (refined_groundnut_oil)

This is the quantitative reference output. Count only saleable bulk oil meeting the declared specification; off-specification oil returned to the process is internal rework.

• Selected flow: Groundnut oil, refined f3a626d9-6e6e-42c2-9542-4824ab538765
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: fixed reference amount of 1 kg after normalization from measured saleable output
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Not applicable (not_applicable)
• Normalization basis: reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Deodoriser distillate (deodoriser_distillate)

Record condensate or deodoriser distillate as a product only when it has verified beneficial use and economic value; otherwise record the actual waste or treatment route. Do not use a palm-oil-specific Tiangong flow for groundnut-oil distillate.

• Selected flow: Groundnut-oil deodoriser distillate; route-specific foreground output pending dataset selection
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured collection mass corrected for stock change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Provisional distillate screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Deodorisation condensate and scrubber wastewater (deodorisation_wastewater)

Record contaminated condensate or scrubber liquid sent to treatment. Clean cooling water circulating in a closed loop is not reported as a consumptive input, but make-up and discharge are reported.

• Selected flow: Vegetable-oil refinery wastewater; treatment-specific flow to be selected for the site
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: metered discharge or condensate balance excluding clean recirculation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Provisional wastewater screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 5
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Direct deodoriser vent emissions (deodoriser_vent_emissions)

Report measured organic emissions after condensers and scrubbers as exact Tiangong elementary flows. Do not use a generic VOC flow when a measured substance-specific profile is available.

• Selected flow: Substance-specific air emissions selected from site measurements; no default UUID
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured stack concentration multiplied by dry gas flow and operating time, less no undocumented credit
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_air_emissions
• Sources: jrc-fdm-bref-2019
• Range: Provisional direct-emission screening range
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.01
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg saleable refined groundnut oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_rule_1	Multi-output refinery operations	Avoid allocation by subdivision and direct metering of degumming, bleaching, deodorisation, utilities, wastes and recovered streams wherever technically feasible.	iso-14044-2006
allocation_rule_2	Soapstock, acid oil, gums and deodoriser distillate	Classify each stream from documented destination and economic value. If a saleable co-product remains after subdivision, allocate the inseparable residual burden using site-specific economic shares averaged over the representative period and report a mass-allocation sensitivity. If the stream is waste, assign treatment without co-product allocation.	iso-14044-2006; jrc-fdm-bref-2019
allocation_rule_3	Recycling, recovery and avoided products	Do not grant an avoided-product credit solely because recovery is possible. A substitution model requires a documented receiving market, substituted product, quality relationship and separate scenario; never count the same stream as both co-product and waste.	iso-14044-2006

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_crude_oil_receipts	degumming_neutralisation	crude oil input	tank and weighbridge records	receipt mass, tank level, density basis, stock change, supplier, lot	calibrated scale or reconciled tank inventory	kg	each receipt and monthly close	representative 12 months, or justified campaign	reporting refinery	receipts minus stock increase and non-process transfers	calibration, invoices, stock reconciliation
cp_degumming_water	degumming_neutralisation	process water and aqueous discharge	meter and batch records	meter start and end, batch volume, recirculation, discharge	calibrated flowmeter or batch total	kg or m3 with density	batch or daily	same period as product output	process line	net fresh water and net discharge	meter calibration, water balance
cp_degumming_chemicals	degumming_neutralisation	acid and alkali	batch sheet and purchase-stock record	solution mass, concentration, lot, stock change, route	weigh scale and inventory reconciliation	kg solution and mass fraction	each batch	same period as product output	process line	active substance equals solution mass times concentration	certificate of analysis, scale calibration, stock reconciliation
cp_degumming_energy	degumming_neutralisation	electricity	submeter or engineering allocation	meter readings, operating hours, rated load, allocation driver	submeter preferred; otherwise documented load-hour calculation	kWh	daily or batch	same period as product output	process line	sum readings; allocate shared load by measured operating driver	meter calibration, equipment log
cp_bleaching_materials	bleaching_filtration	bleaching earth	batch and stock records	charge mass, receipts, stock change, adsorbent grade	calibrated batch scale and inventory reconciliation	kg	each batch	same period as product output	process line	charges reconciled to purchase and stock movement	scale calibration, invoices, batch sheets
cp_bleaching_energy	bleaching_filtration	electricity	submeter or engineering allocation	meter readings, operating hours, rated load, allocation driver	submeter preferred; otherwise documented load-hour calculation	kWh	daily or batch	same period as product output	process line	sum readings; allocate shared load by measured operating driver	meter calibration, equipment log
cp_deodorisation_energy	deodorisation_finishing	steam heat and electricity	steam and electricity meters	steam mass, pressure, temperature, condensate state, electricity reading, operating time	calibrated meters and thermodynamic conversion	kg steam, MJ and kWh	hourly or batch	same period as product output	process line	delivered heat from measured enthalpy change; electricity from submeter	meter calibration, steam-property method, operating log
cp_intermediate_balance	all required processes	intermediate oil	tank and transfer records	opening and closing stock, transfer mass, rework, sampling, measured separated streams	calibrated mass flow or reconciled tanks	kg	each transfer and monthly close	same period as product output	reporting refinery	transfers reconciled across adjacent processes without double counting	calibration, signed transfer record, balance closure
cp_coproduct_waste	all required processes	co-products and wastes	weigh tickets and destination records	mass, water or oil content, classification, destination, revenue, treatment	calibrated scale and shipment documentation	kg	each shipment	same period as product output	reporting refinery	sum by stream and destination, corrected only on declared commercial basis	weigh tickets, invoices, waste manifests, analyses
cp_direct_air_emissions	deodorisation_finishing	direct air emissions	stack test or continuous measurement	substance, concentration, dry gas flow, temperature, pressure, operating time	accredited stack method or calibrated continuous monitor	kg substance	regulatory test or continuous	representative operating state in reporting period	emission point	concentration times standardized gas flow times operating time	laboratory report, method, detection limits, calibration

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calculation_rule_1	All foreground exchanges	normalized amount = reporting-period exchange divided by saleable refined-oil output; preserve the unnormalized totals and unit conversions	exchange totals, saleable output	amount per 1 kg reference product	mass-balance-identity
calculation_rule_2	Crude-oil yield	refining yield = saleable refined-oil mass divided by crude-oil input after consistent stock corrections	crude receipts, crude stock change, refined output, refined stock change	mass yield and crude input per kg product	mass-balance-identity
calculation_rule_3	Acid and alkali	active substance = solution mass multiplied by measured or certificate concentration	solution mass, mass fraction	kg active chemical	jrc-fdm-bref-2019
calculation_rule_4	Process and site mass balance	mass-balance difference = inputs plus stock decrease minus products, co-products, wastes, emissions and stock increase; report the closure percentage and investigated residual	all measured mass streams and stock changes	mass-balance residual and closure	mass-balance-identity
calculation_rule_5	Economic allocation	co-product share = net sales value of each co-product divided by total net sales value of all allocated outputs over the representative period; use consistent price basis and report mass sensitivity	output mass, net price, period	allocation shares	iso-14044-2006
calculation_rule_6	Direct air emission	emitted mass = measured concentration multiplied by standardized dry gas flow and operating time, with units and below-detection treatment documented	stack concentration, gas flow, time	kg substance per kg product	jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
data_quality_1	Temporal representativeness	Use a representative 12-month period including normal shutdowns and product changes, or justify a shorter campaign and disclose seasonality.	dated production, meter and stock records
data_quality_2	Geographic and technological representativeness	Match electricity, heat, water, crude oil, chemicals and treatment datasets to the site and actual refining route; disclose proxies.	supplier, geography, technology and route metadata
data_quality_3	Completeness	Include all required processes and all material inputs, outputs, wastes and direct emissions; explain exclusions and detection limits.	process map, mass balance, waste manifests, emission reports
data_quality_4	Measurement quality	Prefer calibrated meters and scales; document allocation of shared utilities and uncertainty of calculated records.	calibration certificates, allocation workbook, reconciliation records
data_quality_5	Source and estimate transparency	Keep source-backed ranges distinct from foreground quantities and replace every reasoned estimate before active publication unless a reviewer accepts and documents it.	source ids, review record, replacement foreground evidence

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_rule_1	Product identity and reference flow	Confirm CPC 3.0 code 21622, the refined groundnut-oil flow UUID, Mass flow-property UUID, Units of mass unit-group UUID, 1 kg reference amount, edible quality basis and all required qualifiers.	codex-cxs-210-1999
validation_rule_2	Route and boundary completeness	Verify that degumming, the declared chemical or physical route branch, bleaching, deodorisation, finishing, utilities and conditional on-site treatment are represented and that crude-oil production is linked upstream rather than counted as foreground refining.	jrc-fdm-bref-2019; list-pattee-2020-peanut-oil
validation_rule_3	Mass and intermediate balance	Reconcile crude oil, chemicals, water and intermediate transfers with refined oil, co-products, wastes, emissions and stock changes for the reporting period; investigate and disclose residuals rather than forcing closure.	mass-balance-identity
validation_rule_4	Chemicals and energy	Check solution concentration corrections, route applicability, active-substance units, electricity geography and voltage, and steam heat conversion; reject silent substitution of solution mass for active mass or steam mass for delivered heat.	jrc-fdm-bref-2019
validation_rule_5	Outputs, waste and allocation	Verify each gums, soapstock, acid-oil, spent-earth and distillate destination and economic status; ensure no stream is simultaneously a co-product, waste and avoided-product credit, and reproduce allocation shares and sensitivity.	iso-14044-2006; jrc-fdm-bref-2019
validation_rule_6	Quality, sources and estimates	Confirm saleable output meets the declared Codex or market specification, source ids resolve, source-backed ranges retain their basis, and every remaining reasoned estimate is flagged for replacement or accepted by review.	codex-cxs-210-1999

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Secondary or background unit-process dataset for bulk refined groundnut oil at the refinery gate
downstream_use	Food-product LCIs, ingredient supply-chain models, process datasets and lifecycle models that consume bulk refined groundnut oil
allowed_use	Declared refinery geography, period, refining route, quality specification and bulk market state consistent with collected data
excluded_use	Crude groundnut oil, blended or modified oils, consumer packaging, cultivation or extraction, and unqualified claims for another geography, route or period
required_metadata	PCR id and version; CPC 21622; reference-flow UUID, Mass property and Units of mass unit group; geography; reference year; technology and route; crude-oil origin; allocation method; data owner and review state
required_quality_disclosure	Coverage and mass-balance closure; foreground measurement share; shared-utility allocation; proxy datasets; reasoned estimates; co-product destinations and prices; uncertainty and review findings
update_trigger	Material change in route, site, crude-oil sourcing, yield, energy system, pollution controls, co-product destination or allocation; new reviewed evidence; revised Codex product requirements; changed Tiangong support or flow identity

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
codex-cxs-210-1999	standard	FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, CXS 210-1999, Standard for Named Vegetable Oils, last modified 2024. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/standards/en/ Retrieved 2026-08-10.	Groundnut-oil identity, edible market state and declared quality conformity
jrc-fdm-bref-2019	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Food, Drink and Milk Industries, 2019, Chapter 11. https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-01/JRC118627_FDM_Bref_2019_published.pdf Retrieved 2026-08-10.	Vegetable-oil refining sequence, process conditions, chemical-use ranges, outputs, wastes and emissions controls
list-pattee-2020-peanut-oil	literature	List, G. R. and Pattee, H. E., Production, Processing, and Food Uses of Peanut Oilseed, Oil, and Protein, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/047167849X.bio014.pub2. https://doi.org/10.1002/047167849X.bio014.pub2 Retrieved 2026-08-10.	Groundnut-specific corroboration of extraction upstream and conventional caustic refining, bleaching and deodorisation route
iso-14044-2006	standard	International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html Retrieved 2026-08-10.	Allocation hierarchy, consistency, transparency and sensitivity requirements
mass-balance-identity	method_factor	Conservation-of-mass identity applied to measured refinery inputs, outputs and stock changes.	Normalisation, yield, intermediate reconciliation and mass-balance validation