Other spices and aromatics, processed · 8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_mass_balance	receiving_cleaning; drying_conditioning; size_reduction; packaging	material inputs, intermediates, and saleable output	weighbridge, scale, moisture, and batch record	lot_id; product_identity; gross_mass; tare_mass; net_mass; moisture_or_solids; timestamp	calibrated scales and representative moisture test	kg; % wet basis or % solids	every lot and process hand-off	representative 12 months or declared campaign	all included lines and sites	sum net masses by product route and reconcile inputs, outputs, moisture change, and stocks	calibration certificates; batch sheets; moisture laboratory records
cp_recipe_records	blending_paste	every formulation ingredient and formulated output	approved recipe and batch dosing record	batch_id; ingredient_identity; supplier_lot; target_mass; actual_mass; output_mass; rework_mass	calibrated dosing and batch reconciliation	kg	every batch	representative 12 months or declared campaign	all included mixers and sites	sum actual ingredient mass and output by recipe; no ingredient may remain under a collective label	approved recipe; scale calibration; signed batch record
cp_energy_records	all applicable processes	electricity and steam	meter, invoice, and operating log	meter_id; opening; closing; unit; process; lot; runtime; steam_mass_or_energy	submeter preferred; otherwise documented causal allocation	kWh; MJ; kg steam	continuous or every batch	representative 12 months or declared campaign	all included equipment and sites	subtract non-production use and allocate by measured driver	meter calibration; invoices; operating logs
cp_fuel_records	drying_conditioning	each fuel	tank, mass, volume, invoice, and heating-value record	fuel_identity; quantity; unit; LHV_or_HHV; stock_change; process; lot	meter or stock balance for each fuel separately	kg; m3; MJ	every delivery and reporting period	representative 12 months or declared campaign	all included combustion equipment	opening stock + purchases - closing stock, normalized to dried output	invoices; tank calibration; fuel specification
cp_water_records	receiving_cleaning; microbial_reduction	process water and wastewater	meter and water balance	meter_id; input_volume; condensate; recirculation; wastewater_volume; lot	submeter or documented balance	m3	every batch or daily	representative 12 months or declared campaign	all included wet operations	net make-up and discharge normalized to route output	meter calibration; discharge log; balance check
cp_packaging_bom	packaging	each packaging component	bill of materials and component weighing	component_id; material; unit_mass; units_used; rejects; product_net_mass	supplier specification verified by representative weighing	kg	each packaging specification and change	current package specification	every declared package format	component unit mass x units consumed, reconciled with scrap	supplier specification; scale record; approved packaging BOM
cp_waste_records	all applicable processes	each waste stream	container weighing and transfer record	waste_identity; mass_or_volume; source_process; destination; treatment; lot; date	weigh each segregated stream or use verified container mass	kg; m3	every removal	representative 12 months or declared campaign	all included processes and sites	sum by atomic waste identity and destination; subtract documented rework	waste tickets; transporter and treatment records
cp_emission_records	receiving_cleaning; drying_conditioning; size_reduction; microbial_reduction; sanitation	each direct air or water emission	measurement or activity-factor calculation	pollutant_identity; measurement; fuel_or_agent_activity; factor; control_efficiency; method; period	stack/effluent measurement preferred; otherwise declared factor calculation	kg	per permit, campaign, or reporting period	representative 12 months or declared campaign	every direct release point	calculate each pollutant separately and normalize to route output	laboratory report; factor source; control log; calculation sheet
cp_treatment_records	microbial_reduction	treatment inputs and treated output	treatment batch and provider record	treatment_type; input_mass; output_mass; electricity; steam; agent; absorbed_dose_or_process_parameter; validation_result	validated treatment record and release test	kg; kWh; MJ; route-specific parameter	every treated lot	representative 12 months or declared campaign	all on-site and outsourced treatment	aggregate by treatment route only after identity and parameters match	validation study; provider certificate; release result
cp_storage_records	storage	storage energy, time, throughput, and losses	inventory, meter, and environmental log	product_mass_in; product_mass_out; storage_days; temperature; humidity; electricity; loss_reason	inventory ledger linked to storage-zone meter	kg; day; kWh	daily or every lot movement	representative 12 months or declared campaign	every included warehouse or cold room	mass-weight energy by storage-days and retain loss cause	meter record; inventory ledger; temperature/humidity log
cp_refrigerant_records	storage	each refrigerant input and emission	maintenance and equipment record	equipment_id; refrigerant_identity; initial_charge; make_up; recovery; final_charge; service_date	refrigerant mass balance by chemical identity	kg	every service and annually	representative 12 months	every included refrigeration unit	initial + make-up - recovery - final; allocate by refrigerated storage-days	service invoice; technician log; charge plate
cp_sanitation_records	sanitation	cleaning electricity, water, chemical, and wipe inputs	sanitation log, meter, and dosing record	area_or_equipment; method; electricity; water; chemical_identity; dose; wipe_mass; drying_completion; lot	record each cleaning event and chemical separately	kWh; m3; kg	every cleaning event	representative 12 months or declared campaign	all product-contact and processing areas	allocate by documented causal driver and verify dry restart	sanitation schedule; dosing record; inspection release

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	all inventory rows	normalized amount = route-attributed amount / net saleable product mass at declared moisture or solids basis	route-attributed amount; net saleable product mass	amount per 1 kg reference product	eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_drying_mass_balance	drying material balance	reconcile wet input mass, dry output mass, removed water, fines, and stock change using measured moisture; investigate any unexplained residual	input/output mass and moisture; fines; stock change	reconciled dry-matter and water balance	fao-who-cxc-42-1995
calc_recipe_balance	curry powder and paste	sum every separately identified ingredient plus rework and reconcile with formulated output, waste, and stock change	ingredient masses; rework; output; waste; stock change	recipe mass-balance residual	eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_packaging_mass	each packaging component	packaging mass = verified unit component mass x units consumed / net product mass	component unit mass; units consumed; net product mass	kg component/kg net product	eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_refrigerant_release	each refrigerant	release = initial charge + make-up - recovered amount - final charge, never combining chemicals	charge and service records by refrigerant	kg refrigerant emitted	eu-pef-2021-2279

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	product and ingredients	Botanical species or complete recipe, form, treatment status, and CPC 23929 eligibility are traceable by lot; CPC 01961 and 01962 items are rejected from this PCR.	supplier specification; approved recipe; incoming and release records
dq_temporal	foreground records	Use a representative 12-month period unless a shorter campaign is justified; disclose seasonality, downtime, and abnormal lots.	dated meter, batch, invoice, and production records
dq_technology_geography	utilities and upstream links	Match electricity, heat, fuels, ingredients, packaging, treatment, and waste datasets to the actual technology, geography, and reference year.	supplier dataset metadata and documented representativeness review
dq_completeness	all processes	Reconcile product mass and document every known material, energy, packaging, refrigerant, waste, wastewater, and direct-emission exchange as an atomic row.	signed completeness and mass-balance review
dq_measurement	meters and tests	Retain calibration, sampling, detection-limit, moisture-method, and uncertainty evidence for material, energy, water, and emissions data.	calibration certificates; laboratory methods; QA records
dq_range_gate	all amount ranges	No amount range is accepted from a single paper, a single case, or a point value; this PCR currently retains no amount ranges, so concrete data packages must rely on foreground records and calculations.	bilingual PCR range audit and generated projection
dq_conditional_pollutants	direct-fired or smoke drying and direct wastewater discharge	When these routes exist, test or calculate each applicable PAH, formaldehyde, dioxin, heavy-metal, COD/TOC, suspended-solid, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chloride release separately; do not infer presence for routes where it is absent.	route declaration; stack/effluent tests; calculation records

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_scope	product identity	Confirm the product is within the full CPC 23929 inclusion list and is not a CPC 01961 live plant/propagation item or CPC 01962 cut flower/flower article.	un-cpc-3-0-explanatory-notes
validate_reference	reference flow	Confirm exactly 1 kg net saleable product, Mass property, kg unit, and all required identity, form, moisture/solids, treatment, package, geography, and year qualifiers.	un-cpc-3-0-explanatory-notes
validate_route	process coverage	Confirm every route-applicable step is included and every omitted conditional process has a documented not-applicable reason.	fao-who-cxc-42-1995; fao-herb-spice-quality-assurance-1995
validate_atomic_inventory	inventory exchanges	Reject collective or selector rows; electricity, steam, each fuel, each ingredient, each cleaning agent, each packaging component, each refrigerant, each waste, wastewater, and each pollutant must be separate.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_mass_balance	material and recipe balances	Reconcile received material or ingredients, intermediates, moisture change, rework, saleable output, waste, and stock change; investigate and disclose residuals.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_hygiene	product safety and treatment	Verify safe moisture or solids, contamination controls, treatment validation where applied, dry-environment sanitation, packaging protection, and lot traceability.	fao-who-cxc-42-1995
validate_direct_drying_pollutants	direct-fired or smoke drying	If combustion gas or smoke can contact product, require route-specific monitoring or calculation for PAH and other applicable direct-drying contaminants and disclose controls; otherwise record the route as not applicable.	fao-who-cxc-68-2009
validate_mycotoxin_control	dried spices and aromatics	Verify rapid drying, safe product-specific moisture or water activity, rejection controls, and disposal of contaminated material; do not apply a dried-product water-activity rule to curry paste.	fao-who-cxc-78-2017
validate_range_evidence	amount ranges	Reject any single-source, single-case, copied point, lower-equals-upper, or falsely precise range; this version must project zero amount ranges.	eu-pef-2021-2279

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground product-processing dataset normalized to 1 kg net processed spice or aromatic product at the facility gate
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after review and publication
allowed_use	LCA process and lifecycle-model construction for the declared CPC 23929 product, form, formulation, treatment, packaging, geography, and reference period
excluded_use	Unqualified generic spice proxy; live plants or propagation material; cut flowers or flower articles; a different spice subclass; consumer use; medicinal or essential-oil function; undisclosed recipe or treatment route
required_metadata	CPC 23929 identity; botanical species or full recipe; product form; incoming/final moisture or solids; route and equipment; treatment status; packaging BOM; storage; geography; reference year; allocation; upstream dataset links
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data coverage; meter and scale calibration; sampling and moisture methods; mass-balance residuals; allocation drivers; supplier-data representativeness; conditional-process exclusions; unresolved UUIDs; data gaps and uncertainty
update_trigger	Recipe, botanical source, moisture specification, treatment, dryer or mill technology, fuel, electricity supply, packaging, refrigerant, storage regime, site, geography, or data period changes materially

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-explanatory-notes	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Explanatory Notes, subclass 23929, 2025. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf	Complete inclusion scope and classification exclusions
fao-who-cxc-42-1995	standard	Codex Alimentarius, Code of Hygienic Practice for Spices and Dried Aromatic Herbs, CXC 42-1995, revised 2014. https://www.fao.org/input/download/standards/27/CXP_042e_2014.pdf	Broad product definition; cleaning, drying, grinding, microbial reduction, packaging, sanitation, storage, traceability, and process-control rules
fao-herb-spice-quality-assurance-1995	official_guidance	Fellows, P.; Axtell, B.; Dillon, M., Quality Assurance for Small-scale Rural Food Industries, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 117, section 2.4 Herb and Spice Products, 1995. https://www.fao.org/4/V5380E/V5380E09.htm	Receiving checks, moisture measurement, washing conditions, cleaning, drying, grinding, sieving, packaging, storage, dust, and plant-record requirements
fao-who-cxc-78-2017	standard	Codex Alimentarius, Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxins in Spices, CXC 78-2017. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXC%2B78-2017%252FCXC_078e.pdf	Conditional washing, rapid drying, dried-product water-activity control, rejection, and contaminated-material disposal; no numeric amount range used
fao-who-cxc-68-2009	standard	Codex Alimentarius, Code of Practice for the Reduction of Contamination of Food with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Smoking and Direct Drying Processes, CXC 68-2009. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXC%2B68-2009%252FCXC_068e.pdf	Conditional direct-fired and smoke-drying contamination controls and pollutant review
eu-pef-2021-2279	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279, Annex I Product Environmental Footprint Method, 2021, corrected 2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/2021-12-30/eng	Functional unit, reference flow, company-specific inventory, completeness, atomic input/output coverage, allocation, calculation, data quality, and validation principles
bolliger-spice-footprint-2026	literature	Bolliger, C.; Itten, R.; Stucki, M. From Farm to Flavor: Carbon and Biodiversity Footprint of the Global Spice Market. Environmental Science & Technology 60 (2026) 11421-11433. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c04846; full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13104020/	Peer-reviewed full-text context for 1 kg spice reporting, cultivation/processing/retail separation, drying, grinding, steam treatment, and packaging representation; no quantity range copied
llano-et-al-2022-turmeric-drying	literature	Llano, S. M.; Gomez, J. A.; Duarte-Correa, Y. Effect of Drying Methods and Processing Conditions on the Quality of Curcuma longa Powder. Processes 10 (2022) 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040702; OpenAlex W4226152751; full text: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/4/702	Turmeric-only original full-text evidence for optional washing, slicing, drying, grinding, and sealed packing steps; not generalized into a quantity range or mandatory whole-category route
dharmasena-et-al-2006-spice-dust	literature	Dharmasena, D. A. N.; et al. Dust filtration during spice grinding. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4038/jas.v1i2.8098; OpenAlex W2396079490; original PDF: https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-sljo-j-jassl-files/journals/1/articles/8098/submission/proof/8098-1-28547-1-10-20160426.pdf	Original full-text evidence that spice grinding creates airborne dust and requires collection/control; case values are not copied into ranges