Buffalo

Lifecycle status: Candidate
Content maturity: Authored methodology
Current version: 0.1.0Last updated2026-10-20
Readiness: Review required

Methodology and translation states come from the source record; publishing this website does not change their review status.

Content languages

zh-CN · Aligned

Status, classification and source details

Readiness

Warnings methodology_not_reviewed Authored methodology is candidate guidance and still requires methodology review.

Classification mapping

CPC 3.0:02112 · exact

Source

library/pcrs/agriculture-forestry-and-fishery-products/live-animals-and-animal-products-excluding-meat/buffalosha256:942294358440…

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground data packages for live buffalo transferred before slaughter at the producing farm gate. It covers managed buffalo kept for meat, milk, breeding, replacement, draught, or mixed purposes, including herd establishment, reproduction where present, calf rearing, grazing or housed feeding, wallowing or cooling where used, animal health, water and energy use, manure handling, selection, weighing, and farm-gate handover.

The reference category excludes cattle, buffalo meat or carcasses, raw buffalo milk, hides, semen, embryos, independently sold husbandry or veterinary services, slaughter, dressing, and post-handover transport. Milk and exported manure are separately intended products only when they have a measured independent handover. Mortalities and unusable manure remain losses or wastes.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	`pcr.agriculture-forestry-and-fishery-products.live-animals-and-animal-products-excluding-meat.buffalo`
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 `02112`, `Buffalo`
covered_products	live buffalo managed for meat, milk, breeding, replacement, draught, or mixed purposes and transferred alive at the producing farm gate
excluded_products	cattle; meat or carcasses; raw milk as reference product; hides; semen or embryos; separately sold services; animals after slaughterhouse receipt
representative_product	live buffalo weighed immediately before ownership or operational-control transfer at the producing farm gate
production_route	managed buffalo production with declared pastoral or mixed, dairy-linked, and housed or semi-intensive variants; route deltas cover feed supply, mobility, cooling or wallowing, manure pathways, infrastructure, and emissions calculations
market_state	live, unprocessed animal at farm gate with declared animal class, sex where material, production purpose, route, live-weight basis, geography, health or market status, and cohort or reporting period

Pastoral or mixed, dairy-linked, and housed or semi-intensive variants may coexist, but their animals, periods, inputs, manure pathways, infrastructure use, and outputs must remain traceable whenever their modelling requirements differ.

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	live buffalo at the producing farm gate
How much	1 kg live weight
How well	declared animal class, sex where material, purpose, production route, breed or type where material, measured live-weight basis, health or market condition, geography, and farm-gate state
How long or cycle	declared cohort or reporting period covering the attributed reproduction, rearing, growth, manure, and shared-infrastructure service phases
reference_flow_link	`buffalo_reference_output`

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Buffalo `d9cae6eb-5ff2-46f0-9114-14d4444262c1`
Reference flow property	Mass `93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66`
Reference unit group	Units of mass `93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66`
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	animal class; sex where material; production purpose; pastoral or mixed, dairy-linked, housed or semi-intensive route; breed or type where material; measured live-weight basis and timing; geography; farm-gate handover; cohort or reporting period; included lifecycle phases

Head count is collected as supporting activity data and never substitutes for the mass reference property.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
`reference_live_mass`	reference buffalo	Mass `93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66`	kg	Normalize accepted output to 1 kg live mass measured immediately before farm-gate handover. Preserve scale identity, calibration, weighing time, individual or cohort basis, and gut-fill or shrink convention.
`animal_count_link`	animal event records	Mass and count	kg and head	Every count-to-mass conversion requires animal class, measured or sampled weight, sampling method, date, and cohort.
`feed_dry_matter`	feed, browse, forage, and supplements	Mass	kg as-fed and kg dry matter	Retain as-fed mass and moisture or dry-matter conversion; never aggregate wet and dry quantities without the recorded conversion basis.
`water_purpose`	drinking, cleaning, cooling, and wallowing water	Volume or mass	m3 or kg	Separate supplied drinking water from service, cooling, and wallowing water and preserve source, purpose, and measurement method.
`energy_carrier`	electricity and fuels	Energy or carrier quantity	kWh, MJ, L, or kg	Retain carrier-specific quantities and assign shared meters only once with documented service evidence.
`emission_species`	enteric and manure emissions	Pollutant mass	kg species	Keep CH4, N2O, NH3, and other species separate and retain receiving medium, activity data, factor tier, and molecular conversion basis.
`inventory_reference_normalization`	all inventory rows	Actual flow property	exchange unit per reference flow	The inventory and collection aggregation fields below express final amounts per declared reference flow. Keep all raw collection records, original denominator qualifiers, route/period strata, unit conversions and allocation requirements. For each flow, first obtain its attributable amount in its own numerator unit using the existing rules; then divide by the measured accepted reference-output quantity of the same scope and multiply by the declared reference quantity. Do not mix species, states, gates or incompatible routes; count transfers and shared burdens once. A missing, zero or untraceable accepted-output denominator is a blocking data-quality issue. Keep provisional QA ranges on their explicitly stated bases; they are not conversion factors or production defaults. These are final foreground-package contributions, not replacements for stage quantitative references or stage-native unit-process datasets. Retain stage records separately. Compute normalized amount = attributable raw amount * declared reference quantity / measured accepted final reference-output quantity. Apply normalization exactly once.
`stage_throughput_linkage`	stage records and final package contributions	Actual flow property and its stated raw basis	retain native numerator and stage denominator units	Keep the original lot, event, cohort, period and stage denominators with their units. Reconstruct the attributable numerator A with measured stage quantity Q_stage and documented attribution before final normalization. If a quoted amount a_B corresponds to an explicit stage basis B_stage (for example, 1000 kg), use A = a_B * Q_stage / B_stage. If r_stage is already an intensity in exchange-unit per stage-unit, instead use A = r_stage * Q_stage, with no second division by B_stage. A raw attributable total is used directly. Final contribution = A * declared reference quantity / measured accepted final output. Convert compatible units explicitly and apply each attribution/allocation share exactly once; never treat a quoted amount or intensity as a raw total. Link stage transfers, losses, rejects, stocks, shared services and allocation to the same actual route, period and final-output stratum. For a 1000 kg basis retain 1000 kg explicitly. Do not assume unit yield, equal fresh/dried mass, equal head mass, equal dose quality or interchangeable gates. Missing links, unsupported unit conversion, zero denominators and untraceable allocation block dataset production. Stage-native datasets retain their own stage reference; package contributions are a separate projection.

5. System Boundary

The foreground boundary begins with admitted breeding, replacement, or young buffalo and the declared opening herd state. It includes reproduction and calving when present, calf rearing, grazing or housed feeding, controlled animal movements, health management, supplied water, cooling or wallowing under management, energy, manure collection and treatment under farm control, live-animal selection, weighing, and handover. Upstream production of purchased feed, animals, health products, energy, and services is represented through supplier datasets unless explicitly controlled within the foreground package.

The boundary ends when the live buffalo is weighed immediately before ownership or operational-control transfer at the producing farm gate. Slaughter, dressing, downstream lairage, processing, and post-transfer transport are excluded.

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	opening buffalo herd plus admitted breeding, replacement, or young animals at the start of the declared cohort or reporting period
starting_condition_role	biological starting stock whose earlier burdens require a preceding-phase or supplier dataset, or an explicit period-attribution decision
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 `02112`, live buffalo; meat, milk, hides, reproductive material, and services do not recurse into this reference category
recursive_input_rule	a buffalo entering from this same category is recorded as starting stock or an intermediate biological transfer with origin, class, live mass, prior phase, and burden treatment; it is not recreated as a new reference output
upstream_dataset_requirement	supplier or preceding-phase datasets for admitted animals and purchased feed, health products, energy, and services, or a disclosed justified cutoff where no compatible upstream dataset exists
disclosure	route, animal classes and periods, grazing and housing pattern, feed and browse system, managed mobility, cooling or wallowing, manure pathways, shared assets, co-products and handovers, mortalities, live-weight method, geography, and unresolved identities

Boundary Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
`b_managed_buffalo_route`	all production variants	Use one managed buffalo-production parent; declare each pastoral or mixed, dairy-linked, or housed route delta in topology, inventory categories, calculation, evidence, and validation.	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`; `fao-gleam`
`b_gate`	reference output	End at live buffalo weighed immediately before the producing-farm handover; exclude slaughterhouse receipt and post-handover transport.	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`
`b_period_linkage`	breeding, gestation, calf, growing, finishing, culling, and replacement phases	Index animals, inputs, outputs, replacements, deaths, and termination events by cohort and period, and attribute opening-stock burdens exactly once.	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`
`b_manure_pathway`	excreta and manure	Include deposition, collection, storage, treatment, recovery, export, and land use under farm control; retain each pathway and handover without duplicating burdens.	`fao-leap-nutrient-flows-2018`; `ipcc-2019-livestock-manure`
`b_shared_services`	housing, pasture, milking, cooling or wallowing, water, energy, and manure assets	Identify every consuming animal group, product node, and service period; assign each shared burden once using measured service before a documented fallback driver.	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
`buffalo_production`	Buffalo Herd Production	required	reproduction may be omitted only for purchased starting stock with preceding-phase burden disclosure	managed biological production, including alternative route deltas	live mass released for farm-gate selection
`manure_management`	Manure and Nutrient Management	required	zero controlled collection or treatment requires documented direct deposition or immediate handover	residue and nutrient pathway management	manure dry matter, volatile solids, and nitrogen handled by pathway
`farm_gate_handover`	Selection, Weighing, and Farm-gate Handover	required		reference-product gate	accepted live buffalo mass transferred

Process: Buffalo Herd Production (`buffalo_production`)

Inputs

Product flows

Admitted breeding, replacement, or young buffalo (`incoming_buffalo`)

Record each entering animal or cohort with origin, class, purpose, count, live mass, admission date, and treatment of prior burdens.

Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg farm-gate live buffalo output and by cohort-period

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: measured admitted live mass and count by animal class and cohort Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: Incoming live buffalo starting stock
Flow property / unit: Mass and parallel count / kg and head
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_buffalo_events
Sources: fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016
Range: Provisional admitted-stock screen
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 2
- Unit: kg admitted live mass/kg farm-gate live output
- Basis: broad route-dependent check; zero is possible for a wholly home-born cohort
- Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Supplied drinking, service, cooling, and wallowing water (`buffalo_water`)

This collection requirement covers supplied water crossing the system boundary. Foreground records select concrete exchanges and distinguish drinking, cleaning, cooling, and wallowing from rainfall or unmanaged surface water.

Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg farm-gate live buffalo output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: metered or calculated supplied water by source, purpose, animal group, and period Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: Water supplied to buffalo production
Flow property / unit: Volume or mass / m3 or kg
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_cooling
Range: Provisional total supplied-water screen
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0.5
- Upper: 150
- Unit: m3/1,000 kg farm-gate live output
- Basis: broad screen spanning pastoral to cooled housed systems
- Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Alternating current (`herd_energy_electricity`)

Feeding, ventilation, pumping, cooling, shared milking, fencing and pasture machinery within the herd boundary; activate electricity only for electric equipment and diesel only for documented diesel machinery.

Activate only for documented alternating-current consumption at this node. The identity leaves voltage, technology and provider unspecified; record them and select compatible upstream supply. Preserve measured kWh and convert exactly to MJ using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ; do not interpret electric energy as combustion fuel or useful heat.

Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
Flow property / unit: Energy (database reference property: net calorific value) 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
Amount rule: Collect only this carrier quantity attributable to this node under cp_energy_and_assets. Reconcile inclusive services and shared use once; scale the attributed quantity by the declared reference amount divided by matched accepted final output quantity in the same product unit. Preserve process-native throughput records; do not renormalize a final-reference amount.
Value mode: calculated_value
Specificity: site_specific
Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
Basis kind: reference_flow
Evidence kind: calculated_from_collection
Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_assets
Sources: route-energy-fao

Apply herd_energy_identification in Section 8. No numerical range or default is inherited from the former aggregate card.

Diesel fuel (`herd_energy_diesel`)

Activate only when equipment and purchase records identify this fuel at this node. Record grade, formulation, supplier and actual mass; convert volume using documented density, not a default. The UUID identifies a fuel product, not a combustion service or emission factor. Account for actual foreground combustion separately without duplicating an inclusive upstream service.

Selected flow: Diesel fuel 9d258d75-6792-4f1c-9856-81602ed8f816
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
Amount rule: Collect only this carrier quantity attributable to this node under cp_energy_and_assets. Reconcile inclusive services and shared use once; scale the attributed quantity by the declared reference amount divided by matched accepted final output quantity in the same product unit. Preserve process-native throughput records; do not renormalize a final-reference amount.
Value mode: calculated_value
Specificity: site_specific
Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
Basis kind: reference_flow
Evidence kind: calculated_from_collection
Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_assets
Sources: route-energy-fao

Apply herd_energy_identification in Section 8. No numerical range or default is inherited from the former aggregate card.

Controlled inbound animal and feed transport (`controlled_inbound_transport`)

Include only inbound movements controlled by the foreground operator. Supplier-delivered transport already represented upstream must not be counted again.

Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg farm-gate live buffalo output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: loaded tonnes multiplied by controlled distance, separated for animals and feed Original collection denominator kind: transport_service.

Selected flow: Inbound road freight transport service
Flow property / unit: Transport service / tonne-kilometre
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_controlled_transport
Range: Provisional controlled-transport screen
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 100000
- Unit: tkm/1,000 kg farm-gate live output
- Basis: broad screen for explicitly controlled inbound movements
- Basis kind: Transport service (transport_service)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

No default waste input is prescribed.

Elementary flows

No default elementary input is prescribed. Add land occupation or water abstraction only when the actual elementary identity and receiving or source compartment are verified.

Outputs

Product flows

Live buffalo released to gate selection (`buffalo_to_gate`)

Carry live buffalo to the handover process with unchanged animal class, cohort, route, count, mass, and burden traceability.

Denominator and scope requirements：per production cohort

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: measured live mass and count released by animal class and transfer lot Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: Live buffalo before gate selection
Flow property / unit: Mass and parallel count / kg and head
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_buffalo_events
Range: Herd-to-gate reconciliation
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 1
- Upper: 2
- Unit: kg released/kg accepted farm-gate output
- Basis: broad selection and short-term loss screen
- Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Independently transferred raw buffalo milk (`raw_buffalo_milk`)

Include this conditional co-product only when raw buffalo milk is intentionally collected and transferred independently with measured quantity and handover. Otherwise omit the exchange. Record warm or chilled state, temperature and actual gate separately for each lot. This broad card has no fixed UUID: a chilled farm-gate identity is eligible only for an actually chilled, gate-matched lot after identity confirmation. Never infer cooling from a UUID; include measured pre-handover cooling inputs and losses only when cooling actually occurs.

Denominator and scope requirements：per reporting period and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live buffalo output after attribution

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: measured saleable raw milk mass at its farm-gate handover Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: Raw buffalo milk, handover state and gate qualified
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_outputs_and_attribution
Sources: fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016
Range: Provisional independent-milk screen
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 100
- Unit: kg raw milk/kg farm-gate live buffalo output
- Basis: broad dairy-linked route screen; zero is required when milk is not independently transferred
- Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Enteric methane to air (`enteric_methane`)

Calculate enteric methane by buffalo category, feed intake, diet quality, production phase, and selected IPCC tier; do not apply one universal buffalo factor.

Denominator and scope requirements：per cohort-period and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: IPCC-consistent calculation from collected animal and feed activity data Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: methane (biogenic) fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-a8e8-0050c2490048
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg CH4
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_manure
Sources: ipcc-2019-livestock-manure
Range: Provisional enteric-methane screen
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 1000
- Unit: kg CH4/1,000 kg farm-gate live output
- Basis: broad QA screen, not a universal emission factor
- Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Manure and Nutrient Management (`manure_management`)

Inputs

Product flows

Manure transferred from managed animals (`manure_received`)

Record manure reaching each controlled pathway separately from direct grazing deposition, with wet mass, dry matter, volatile solids, nitrogen, animal category, and period.

Denominator and scope requirements：per manure pathway and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: measured or calculated transfer by pathway and period Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: Buffalo manure received for management
Flow property / unit: Mass and composition / kg wet, kg dry matter, kg volatile solids, and kg N
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_manure
Sources: fao-leap-nutrient-flows-2018; ipcc-2019-livestock-manure
Range: Manure-transfer reconciliation
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 1
- Unit: kg received/kg excreta generated
- Basis: controlled-pathway fraction after direct deposition and stock change
- Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
- Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
- Sources: fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016

Water for manure operations (`manure_water`)

Record supplied dilution, cleaning, flushing, and treatment water separately from manure moisture and rainfall.

Denominator and scope requirements：per tonne manure received and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: metered or calculated supplied water by manure pathway Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: Process water supply
Flow property / unit: Volume or mass / m3 or kg
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_cooling
Range: Provisional manure-water screen
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 20
- Unit: m3/t manure received
- Basis: broad pathway screen excluding manure moisture
- Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Alternating current (`manure_energy_electricity`)

Scraping, pumping, separation, aeration, storage, treatment and land application under farm control. Electricity applies only to actual electric drives; identify the actual power source of mobile spreading separately.

Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
Flow property / unit: Energy (database reference property: net calorific value) 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
Amount rule: Collect only this carrier quantity attributable to this node under cp_energy_and_assets. Reconcile inclusive services and shared use once; scale the attributed quantity by the declared reference amount divided by matched accepted final output quantity in the same product unit. Preserve process-native throughput records; do not renormalize a final-reference amount.
Value mode: calculated_value
Specificity: site_specific
Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
Basis kind: reference_flow
Evidence kind: calculated_from_collection
Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_assets
Sources: route-energy-fao

Apply manure_energy_identification in Section 8. No numerical range or default is inherited from the former aggregate card.

Waste flows

No default waste input is prescribed.

Elementary flows

No default elementary input is prescribed.

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Manure methane to air (`manure_methane`)

Calculate methane by manure system, volatile solids, climate, storage duration, treatment, and measured recovery.

Denominator and scope requirements：per pathway and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: IPCC-consistent calculation from collected category and manure-pathway data Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: methane (biogenic) fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-a8e8-0050c2490048
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg CH4
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_manure
Sources: ipcc-2019-livestock-manure
Range: Provisional manure-methane screen
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 600
- Unit: kg CH4/1,000 kg farm-gate live output
- Basis: broad pathway screen, not a universal factor
- Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Direct and indirect nitrous oxide to air (`manure_nitrous_oxide`)

Calculate direct and indirect N2O separately from nitrogen excretion, pathway, deposition or application, volatilization, and leaching assumptions.

Coverage of this single N2O card: use calc_manure_n2o_coverage to calculate direct and applicable indirect components separately for the represented node, then report only their non-overlapping molecular-N2O sum assigned to this card. Keep storage and managed-soil calculations distinct. Exclude components explicitly covered by a linked process, retain the coverage evidence, and do not duplicate them as both aggregate and component exchanges. Missing indirect-pathway evidence is not zero.

Denominator and scope requirements：per pathway and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: IPCC-consistent calculation from collected nitrogen and pathway data Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: nitrous oxide 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-94c3-0050c2490048
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg N2O
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_manure
Sources: ipcc-2019-livestock-manure
Range: Provisional manure-N2O screen
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 100
- Unit: kg N2O/1,000 kg farm-gate live output
- Basis: broad pathway screen, not a universal factor
- Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Ammonia to air (`manure_ammonia`)

Calculate ammonia using nitrogen excretion, manure pathway, housing, storage, application, and volatilization basis; retain NH3 mass and nitrogen-equivalent conversions separately.

Denominator and scope requirements：per pathway and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: method calculation from collected nitrogen and manure-pathway records Original collection denominator kind: n_input.

Selected flow: ammonia 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-a2a9-0050c2490048
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg NH3
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_manure
Sources: fao-leap-nutrient-flows-2018; ipcc-2019-livestock-manure
Range: Nitrogen-balance ammonia guardrail
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 1
- Unit: kg N in NH3/kg manure N available
- Basis: ammonia nitrogen cannot exceed available manure nitrogen after other reconciled pathways
- Basis kind: N input (n_input)
- Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
- Sources: fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016

Process: Selection, Weighing, and Farm-gate Handover (`farm_gate_handover`)

Inputs

Product flows

Live buffalo entering gate operations (`gate_buffalo_input`)

Carry animals from production with their cohort, class, route, count, mass, and attribution lineage unchanged.

Denominator and scope requirements：per transfer lot

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: measured input mass and count by transfer lot Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Selected flow: Live buffalo entering farm-gate selection
Flow property / unit: Mass and parallel count / kg and head
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_gate_handover
Range: Gate-input reconciliation
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 1
- Upper: 2
- Unit: kg entering gate/kg accepted reference output
- Basis: broad rejection and short-holding loss screen
- Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Water for short holding and cleaning (`gate_water`)

Record supplied drinking and cleaning water used before handover and distinguish purpose.

Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg accepted reference output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: metered or calculated supplied water during gate operations Original collection denominator kind: reference_flow.

Selected flow: Process water supply
Flow property / unit: Volume or mass / m3 or kg
Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_cooling
Range: Provisional gate-water screen
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: 10
- Unit: m3/1,000 kg accepted output
- Basis: short holding and cleaning before handover
- Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
- Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

No default waste input is prescribed.

Elementary flows

No default elementary input is prescribed.

Outputs

Product flows

Live buffalo reference product (`buffalo_reference_output`)

This is the accepted live buffalo mass measured immediately before ownership or operational-control transfer at the producing farm gate.

Raw reference-output records: measured accepted transfer mass on the declared live-weight basis Preserve the measured accepted lot quantity and every required qualifier. The amount below is the normalized reference exchange, not an assertion that a physical lot contains only one unit.

Denominator and scope requirements：per reference flow

Selected flow: Buffalo d9cae6eb-5ff2-46f0-9114-14d4444262c1
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
Amount rule: 1 kg
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_gate_handover
Range: Reference normalization
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 1
- Upper: 1
- Unit: kg/kg reference flow
- Basis: normalized accepted live buffalo output
- Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
- Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
- Sources: fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016

Waste flows

Dead buffalo carcasses at the gate (`gate_rejects`)

Record only actual dead buffalo carcasses generated within the gate operation and assigned a documented waste destination. Retain weighing or a documented carcass-mass estimate, head count, event, location, destination and treatment responsibility. Rejected animals that remain alive, retained or returned animals, excreta and short-holding live-weight change are not this carcass exchange. Cross-check mortality records in preceding processes so the same carcass and its treatment are counted once.

Denominator and scope requirements: per transfer lot and per kg accepted reference output

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: sum the documented actual carcass mass attributable to this gate operation; keep head count as supporting activity data. A live-mass balance deficit is not a substitute for carcass mass or a waste-treatment amount. Normalize the attributable carcass mass exactly once under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage.

Selected flow: Dead buffalo carcasses
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Use the documented gate carcass quantity and waste destination; do not infer it from input live mass minus accepted output.
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_gate_handover
Range: Batch-specific carcass availability QA bound; not a mortality default
- Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
- Lower: 0
- Upper: Q_carcass_gate / Q_accepted
- Unit: kg carcass/kg accepted live buffalo output
- Basis: per 1 kg accepted live buffalo output from the matched gate lot and period. Q_carcass_gate is the documented actual mass of unique carcasses newly generated within this gate operation, before burden attribution; Q_accepted is the measured positive accepted live output mass from the same lot and period. This is a site-calculated physical availability bound, not an empirical rate, default amount or permission to infer carcass mass from live-weight deficit.
- Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
- Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
- Sources: mass-balance-identity

Elementary flows

No default elementary output is prescribed. Add direct equipment emissions only when not already represented by the energy supplier dataset and when the actual species and medium are verified.

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
`a_output_precedence`	live buffalo, independently transferred milk, breeding or cull animals, draught service, and exported manure	Enumerate every intended output and its handover. Partition directly measured product-specific records first; use an explicit physical causal relation for indivisible burdens, and economic allocation only when physical causality is not defensible, with prices, period, and sensitivity disclosed.	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`; `fao-ruminant-lca-2013`
`a_milk_condition`	raw buffalo milk	Create the milk co-product exchange only for intentionally collected and independently transferred raw milk. Milk suckled by calves or discarded remains within herd production and is not an external co-product.	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`
`a_residue_status`	manure, mortalities, and losses	Recognize exported manure only with intentional recovery and a documented transfer. Mortalities and unusable residues remain waste or loss and do not receive an avoided-product credit by default.	`fao-leap-nutrient-flows-2018`
`a_multi_period`	breeding stock, replacements, births, growth, culls, deaths, and ending stock	Reconcile opening stock, additions, transfers, deaths, culls, and ending stock by class and period; attribute prior and current-period burdens once and document replacement and termination treatment.	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`
`a_shared_assets`	shared pasture, housing, milking, cooling or wallowing, water, energy, and manure infrastructure	Name all consuming nodes and service periods. Assign direct measured service first, then a documented causal driver such as animal-days, live-mass-days, runtime, or throughput; fractions sum to one and burdens are counted once.	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`
`a_route_portfolio`	coexisting pastoral or mixed, dairy-linked, and housed routes	Keep route-specific animals, periods, feed, mobility, water, manure, infrastructure, and emissions records separate. Aggregate only with production-weighted route shares and no duplicated animals or periods.	`fao-gleam`; `fao-ruminant-lca-2013`

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Specific input identification before dataset completion

Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default.

requirement_id	collection_protocol_id	Preserved collection scope
`feed_and_browse_specific_input`	`cp_feed_grazing_and_browse`	Operation buffalo_production: Record each feed identity and source with as-fed mass, dry matter, composition, animal group, and period. Grazed or browsed intake may be calculated only from documented foreground observations and a stated method. Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg farm-gate live buffalo output and by cohort-period Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Use separate feed-supply, intake and loss ledgers under calc_feed_supply_and_intake. The quantity carrying feed-production burden includes in-boundary refusals, spoilage and uneaten feed; it is not reduced to animal intake. Retain source, species/cohort, phase and original mass/moisture basis. Calculate the final contribution with inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage exactly once. Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using reconciled feed-supply records that retain in-boundary losses and their production burden.
`health_materials_specific_input`	`cp_health_and_husbandry`	Operation buffalo_production: Record vaccines, medicines, disinfectants, bedding, and other physical materials by identity and event. Separately sold services do not become the reference product. Denominator and scope requirements：per treated cohort and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: purchase and use record by product, dose, animal class, and event Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.

Route-specific energy identification requirements

Select energy exchanges from the actual product state, operation, equipment and supply records. The conditional cards below are not a mandatory or exhaustive fuel list. For each requirement, document applicability and the used carrier, supplier, service period, native quantity and allocation; add a separate physically specific card and verify its UUID for any actual input not yet represented. An unidentified input remains an explicit completeness gap, never a zero or a generic energy exchange. Evidence of manual work, ambient drying or a bypass can justify non-use only for the affected operation. Preserve every required operation even when no example card is supplied.

Separate purchased supply from on-site conversion. Link self-generated electricity internally to the foreground generator and count its actual fuel and emissions there once; do not also charge a purchased-electricity supply for the same internal transfer. Likewise do not count supplier-side fuel again with purchased heat. Reconcile shared meters and contractor-included energy against existing cards, with one physical quantity assigned once. Retain source quantities, output throughput, shared-service allocation and excluded post-gate activities. For each carrier, apply period/output attribution once and scale to the declared reference quantity using matched accepted final output in the same product unit; do not normalize an already normalized amount again. Process-native intensities require a measured throughput link to that final output. These requirements do not set a consumption default or certify dataset completeness.

requirement_id	collection_protocol_id	Required operation and evidence
`herd_energy_identification`	`cp_energy_and_assets`	Feeding, ventilation, pumping, cooling, shared milking, fencing and pasture machinery within the herd boundary; activate electricity only for electric equipment and diesel only for documented diesel machinery. Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg farm-gate live buffalo output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: meter, invoice, fuel, or runtime record by carrier, consuming node, and period Original collection denominator kind: process_output. (`route-energy-fao`)
`manure_energy_identification`	`cp_energy_and_assets`	Scraping, pumping, separation, aeration, storage, treatment and land application under farm control. Electricity applies only to actual electric drives; identify the actual power source of mobile spreading separately. Denominator and scope requirements：per tonne manure received and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: metered, invoiced, or runtime-derived carrier quantity by pathway and period Original collection denominator kind: process_output. (`route-energy-fao`)
`gate_energy_identification`	`cp_energy_and_assets`	Short holding, weighing and loading before farm-gate handover. Identify the actual handling equipment first; neither powered handling nor a fuel is assumed. Exclude post-transfer transport. Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg accepted reference output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: meter, invoice, or equipment-runtime record assigned to gate operations Original collection denominator kind: reference_flow. (`route-energy-fao`)

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
`cp_buffalo_events`	`buffalo_production`; `farm_gate_handover`	opening stock, births, purchases, transfers, deaths, culls, and accepted output	herd register, movement record, and scale ticket	animal or cohort id; class; sex; purpose; route; event; date; count; live mass; origin; destination; phase	herd register plus calibrated weighing or documented representative sampling; Raw aggregation requirements: reconcile stock and movements by class-period before normalization. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. `buffalo_mortalities_specific_output`: Record deaths and unusable biological material with class, mass or count, date, cause where known, and management destination; do not classify them as co-products. Denominator and scope requirements：per cohort-period and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: measured or documented mortality mass and count by class and destination Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. This is a mandatory specific-output collection requirement, not a selected exchange. Preserve every actual waste, residue, reject and co-product from this operation. Create separate cards for physically distinct streams with actual material, composition/state, quantity, receiving route and Product/Waste role before dataset completeness; verify a compatible UUID or explicitly retain its unresolved identity. A genuinely mixed stream may remain one physically defined mixture supported by composition records; never invent separation or count its components again. Keep liquid and solid treatment quantities separate. Preserve original period, output balance, reference normalization and allocation rules; missing records do not establish zero or exclusion. `fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`	head and kg	each event	complete cohort and reporting period	named farm, herd, and cohort	per reference flow	signed records, movement documents, scale calibration; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
`cp_feed_grazing_and_browse`	`buffalo_production`	feed, forage, browse, and grazing intake	invoices, ration logs, feed inventory, and pasture or browse records	feed identity; source; as-fed mass; dry matter; composition; leftovers; area; stocking time; animal class	measured issue and inventory reconciliation plus documented intake calculation; Raw aggregation requirements: Use calc_feed_supply_and_intake to distinguish supplied feed carrying production burden, actual intake and losses; preserve all native stock and period records, then normalize the attributable quantity once to accepted final output. `feed_and_browse_specific_input`: Operation buffalo_production: Record each feed identity and source with as-fed mass, dry matter, composition, animal group, and period. Grazed or browsed intake may be calculated only from documented foreground observations and a stated method. Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg farm-gate live buffalo output and by cohort-period Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Use separate feed-supply, intake and loss ledgers under calc_feed_supply_and_intake. The quantity carrying feed-production burden includes in-boundary refusals, spoilage and uneaten feed; it is not reduced to animal intake. Retain source, species/cohort, phase and original mass/moisture basis. Calculate the final contribution with inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage exactly once. Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using reconciled feed-supply records that retain in-boundary losses and their production burden. Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default.	kg as-fed, kg dry matter, ha-day	daily issue or period summary	all feeding phases	store, paddock, range, housing group, and cohort	per reference flow	invoice, supplier specification, moisture result, grazing evidence; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
`cp_water_and_cooling`	all processes	drinking, cleaning, cooling, wallowing, and manure water	meter, tank, pump, and allocation records	source; purpose; reads; volume; runtime; users; period	calibrated meter or documented pump/runtime calculation; Raw aggregation requirements: aggregate by purpose; allocate shared supply once. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again.	m3 or kg	daily, monthly, or batch	full reporting period	source, process, and consumer	per reference flow	calibration, bill, runtime log, allocation worksheet; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
`cp_energy_and_assets`	all processes	energy carriers and shared assets	meter, invoice, fuel, runtime, and asset register	carrier; quantity; equipment; service; users; hours; service period; allocation driver	submeter, invoice, tank record, runtime log, and asset register; Raw aggregation requirements: direct assignment first; allocate residual shared amount once. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. Route-specific requirements: `herd_energy_identification`: Feeding, ventilation, pumping, cooling, shared milking, fencing and pasture machinery within the herd boundary; activate electricity only for electric equipment and diesel only for documented diesel machinery. Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg farm-gate live buffalo output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: meter, invoice, fuel, or runtime record by carrier, consuming node, and period Original collection denominator kind: process_output. (`route-energy-fao`) `manure_energy_identification`: Scraping, pumping, separation, aeration, storage, treatment and land application under farm control. Electricity applies only to actual electric drives; identify the actual power source of mobile spreading separately. Denominator and scope requirements：per tonne manure received and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: metered, invoiced, or runtime-derived carrier quantity by pathway and period Original collection denominator kind: process_output. (`route-energy-fao`) `gate_energy_identification`: Short holding, weighing and loading before farm-gate handover. Identify the actual handling equipment first; neither powered handling nor a fuel is assumed. Exclude post-transfer transport. Denominator and scope requirements：per 1,000 kg accepted reference output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: meter, invoice, or equipment-runtime record assigned to gate operations Original collection denominator kind: reference_flow. (`route-energy-fao`) Verify actual use, equipment and supply for each applicable input; create one specific exchange per actual carrier before dataset completeness. Missing identity or quantity evidence remains unresolved, never zero. Distinguish purchased supply, internal generation and inclusive contractor services; count their energy once. Do not substitute the conditional examples for an unverified route.	kWh, MJ, L, kg, hours	monthly and major operation	full reporting and asset service period	process and consuming group	per reference flow	invoice, calibration, equipment log, allocation worksheet; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
`cp_health_and_husbandry`	`buffalo_production`	physical health and husbandry materials	medicine, treatment, purchase, and issue records	product; substance; dose; unit; animal class; count; date; purpose	farm register and supplier record; Raw aggregation requirements: sum by product identity and class; retain service costs separately. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. `health_materials_specific_input`: Operation buffalo_production: Record vaccines, medicines, disinfectants, bedding, and other physical materials by identity and event. Separately sold services do not become the reference product. Denominator and scope requirements：per treated cohort and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: purchase and use record by product, dose, animal class, and event Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default.	native product unit and event	each use	complete reporting period	herd and treatment group	per reference flow	invoice, treatment record, veterinarian evidence; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
`cp_controlled_transport`	`buffalo_production`	controlled inbound animals and feed	shipment, route, and scale records	cargo; mass; origin; destination; mode; loaded distance; control status	manifest, weigh ticket, and route log; Raw aggregation requirements: sum loaded tonnes multiplied by kilometres by cargo and mode. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again.	t, km, tkm	each trip	full reporting period	controlled inbound route	per reference flow	manifest, route evidence, scale ticket; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
`cp_emissions_and_manure`	`buffalo_production`; `manure_management`	enteric emissions, excretion, manure pathways, methane, nitrous oxide, and ammonia	animal, feed, manure, storage, treatment, recovery, application, and factor records	category; population; days; intake; digestibility; volatile solids; nitrogen; pathway; storage; climate; recovery; export; application; factor tier	measurements plus IPCC-consistent calculation from collected activity data; Raw aggregation requirements: calculate by category-pathway-period; reconcile carbon and nitrogen transfers before aggregation. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. `manure_residue_waste_specific_output`: Record manure, sludge, bedding residue, or treatment residue not intentionally transferred as product, including actual destination. Denominator and scope requirements：per manure pathway and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output Raw quantity and calculation requirements: measured or reconciled waste mass by pathway and destination Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. This is a mandatory specific-output collection requirement, not a selected exchange. Preserve every actual waste, residue, reject and co-product from this operation. Create separate cards for physically distinct streams with actual material, composition/state, quantity, receiving route and Product/Waste role before dataset completeness; verify a compatible UUID or explicitly retain its unresolved identity. A genuinely mixed stream may remain one physically defined mixture supported by composition records; never invent separation or count its components again. Keep liquid and solid treatment quantities separate. Preserve original period, output balance, reference normalization and allocation rules; missing records do not establish zero or exclusion. `fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`	kg manure, kg VS, kg N, kg gas species	monthly or pathway event	every animal phase and manure pathway	pasture, housing, storage, treatment, and field pathway	per reference flow	laboratory or supplier data, logs, factor table, calculation workbook; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
`cp_outputs_and_attribution`	`buffalo_production`; `manure_management`	milk, exported manure, and other intended outputs	sales, transfer, composition, and price records	identity; quantity; quality; handover; recipient; period; price; allocation driver	measured transfer and signed commercial or internal record; Raw aggregation requirements: aggregate by output and handover; retain partitioning and allocation worksheet. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. `exported_manure_specific_output`: Treat manure as a product only when it is intentionally recovered and transferred with measured quantity, composition, recipient, gate, and attribution treatment. Denominator and scope requirements：per manure pathway and per 1,000 kg farm-gate live output after attribution Raw quantity and calculation requirements: measured transferred mass with dry matter, nitrogen, and other declared nutrient content Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. This is a mandatory output-identification requirement, not an aggregate exchange. Preserve every actual co-product, reject, packaging waste and treatment stream in this operation. Before dataset completeness create separate cards for physically distinct streams, with actual material/state, quantity, destination and Product/Waste role. A genuinely mixed waste stream may remain one physically defined mixture with measured composition; do not invent separation or count its components again. Keep unlike units separate, retain the original allocation and reference normalization, and reconcile the output balance. Identify actual functions before co-product allocation; waste does not acquire a co-product share merely by having mass. Confirm a compatible UUID or explicitly retain its unresolved identity. Missing records never establish zero or exclusion. `fao-leap-nutrient-flows-2018`	kg and declared composition	each handover	full reporting period	product node and recipient	per reference flow	scale or meter calibration, invoice, composition result, signed transfer; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
`cp_gate_handover`	`farm_gate_handover`	gate input, accepted reference output, returned animals, rejects, deaths, and losses	lot register and scale ticket	lot; class; route; input count and mass; output count and mass; returned or retained animals; rejection; loss; time; scale	calibrated scale and lot reconciliation; Raw aggregation requirements: accepted mass is reference output; reconcile all other outcomes before normalization. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. Keep mutually exclusive accepted, retained/returned, other live transfers and deaths by animal/lot and time. Retain actual carcass mass and disposal evidence separately from live-weight change, excreta, water/carbon transfers and measurement uncertainty. Investigate unexplained residuals rather than turning them into waste; preserve non-carcass waste duties in their actual existing pathway records. Match preceding mortality and treatment records to prevent duplication.	kg and head	each lot	every transfer lot	producing-farm gate	per reference flow	scale certificate, signed transfer, reconciliation sheet; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
`cp_feed_supply_and_intake`	`buffalo_production`	Feed supply, intake and loss	stock, receipt, issue and loss ledger	feed identity/source; cohort/phase; period; opening/closing stock; receipts; on-site provision; unused returns/transfers; uneaten/spoiled mass and destination; as-fed/DM; actual intake; burden owner; accepted final output	Reconcile matched stock, scales, ration/forage estimates and disposal records under calc_feed_supply_and_intake. Keep raw totals and stage denominators; assign production and treatment burden once, then normalize to accepted final output.	kg as-fed; kg DM	each issue and period close	complete represented cohort/period	actual operated feeding nodes	per reference flow	stock and supplier records; moisture evidence; loss and no-duplication reconciliation
`cp_manure_n2o_coverage`	`manure_management`	Direct and indirect manure/soil N2O coverage	pathway N ledger and method worksheet	species/class; period; excreted N; stage stocks/transfers; system shares; volatilised NH3-N/NOx-N; leached/runoff N; application/grazing N; factor source, unit and applicability; direct/indirect components; receiving medium; linked process and assigned card; accepted final output	Retain raw stage N and component calculations under calc_manure_n2o_coverage, matched to actual operation and existing manure protocols. Document unsupported or inapplicable paths and coverage boundaries; normalize attributable N2O once.	kg N; kg N2O	each reporting period and management change	complete represented management period	actual operated and explicitly linked nodes	per reference flow	N balance, factor unit/applicability, component-to-card and no-duplication worksheet

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
`c_reference_normalization`	all inventory	reported amount × (1 kg accepted buffalo output / accepted output mass in the same attributed system)	attributed inventory; accepted live mass	amount per kg reference flow	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`
`c_stock_reconciliation`	buffalo events	opening + births + purchases + internal additions = accepted transfers + other sales + deaths + culls + closing stock, by class and period; reconcile mass and count	event and weighing records	complete class-period stock balance	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`
`c_feed_dry_matter`	feed	as-fed mass × measured dry-matter fraction; sum only after preserving feed identity and period	as-fed records; moisture results	kg dry matter by feed and cohort-period	`ipcc-2019-livestock-manure`
`c_transport_service`	controlled inbound transport	loaded mass in tonnes × controlled loaded distance in kilometres	shipment mass; distance; cargo and mode	tonne-kilometres by route	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`
`c_enteric_methane`	enteric methane	apply the selected IPCC tier by buffalo category and period using collected intake, diet, performance, and population data; preserve tier and factors	animal-days; intake or gross energy; diet; factor tier	kg CH4 by category-period	`ipcc-2019-livestock-manure`
`c_manure_emissions`	manure methane, N2O, and NH3	calculate each gas by category-pathway-period from volatile solids or nitrogen, management system, climate, duration, recovery, and method factors; never merge species	excretion; VS; N; pathway; climate; duration; recovery; factors	kg named gas and component trace	`ipcc-2019-livestock-manure`; `fao-leap-nutrient-flows-2018`
`c_shared_asset`	shared infrastructure and services	direct measured service first; otherwise shared burden × documented causal-driver share; shares over all consumers and periods sum to one	asset burden; consumers; periods; service or fallback driver	one attributed burden per consumer-period	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`
`c_multi_output`	intended outputs	partition separable records; otherwise apply the declared physical relation; if economic allocation is necessary, use contemporaneous prices and report sensitivity	output quantities, properties, handovers, prices, separable records	burden attributed once to each intended output	`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`; `fao-ruminant-lca-2013`
`calc_feed_supply_and_intake`	`feed_and_browse`	Feed supply used by the represented operation = opening feed stock + receipts + on-site feed entering the operation - closing feed stock - documented unused returns or transfers out. Retain in-boundary spoilage, refusals and discarded leftovers in that supply. Actual intake = that supply - measured uneaten/discarded losses, after matching moisture/DM and period; use intake only for nutrition/metabolism. Opening stock retains its prior burden and is not another purchase. Trace any unused return or transfer and its burden destination; no automatic substitution credit. Attribute production once, through either the purchased-feed dataset or the represented on-site crop/collection node, never both for the same feed. Include actual waste treatment and manure contributions once, not as a second feed-production burden.	`cp_feed_supply_and_intake`	separate feed supply, intake and loss quantities, in matched as-fed/DM units	`fao-feed-loss-accounting-2018`
`calc_manure_n2o_coverage`	`manure_nitrous_oxide`	For each actual manure stage, calculate direct N2O, volatilisation/deposition-derived indirect N2O, and applicable leaching/runoff-derived indirect N2O separately with documented species/system activity and factor basis. Convert N2O-N to molecular N2O by 44/28 once; do not reconvert molecular masses. Retain component worksheets. Where an existing N2O card covers both direct and indirect emissions, report their non-overlapping sum; where separate direct/indirect cards exist, assign each component once to its matching card and never also report the sum. Pasture deposition and land application use the managed-soil method, not a manure-storage factor. Assign foreground versus linked treatment/pasture coverage explicitly; a manure export does not erase earlier emissions, and already covered downstream emissions are not repeated. Account for stock, transfers and previous N losses in the nitrogen cascade; indirect N2O is a downstream transformation of its precursor, not a second source-stage N loss. Normalize attributed molecular masses once to the accepted reference output. Document inapplicability; absent pathway data are not zero.	`cp_manure_n2o_coverage`	kg molecular N2O by pathway and assigned existing card	`ipcc-2019-livestock-manure`; `ipcc-managed-soils-2019`
`c_gate_reconciliation`	gate records and `gate_rejects`	Reconcile animal counts using mutually exclusive accepted, retained/returned, other live transfers and deaths within matched lot/time records. Reconcile live mass separately, recording measured weight change and applicable feed/water, excreta or carbon transfers and uncertainty; investigate residuals without assigning them to waste. The carcass exchange uses documented actual carcass mass and fate only, reconciled with prior mortality records, then normalized once.	`cp_gate_handover`; matched mortality and weighing records	animal-count and live-mass reconciliation; separately evidenced kg carcass	`mass-balance-identity`
`c_gate_carcass_availability`	`gate_rejects` range QA	Q_carcass_gate = sum of documented actual mass for unique carcasses newly generated in this gate operation, excluding prior-phase carcasses and duplicate movements or treatment tickets. Q_accepted = measured accepted live output mass for the same lot and period, strictly positive. After the existing non-negative attribution and final-reference normalization, the carcass exchange in kg per kg accepted output must lie between 0 and Q_carcass_gate / Q_accepted. Use the range only to check independently recorded actual quantities; never generate an exchange from its upper bound or from a live-weight residual. Missing or incompatible carcass/output records make this QA unevaluable, not zero or a pass. A zero carcass amount requires documented absence; a lot with zero accepted output cannot normalize a 1 kg product dataset. Investigate mismatches and weighing uncertainty without clipping records to the bound.	`cp_gate_handover`; actual carcass event/mass/fate and accepted-output records	site-specific QA upper bound in kg carcass/kg accepted live output	`mass-balance-identity`
`chemical_species_mass_accounting`	`elementary_nutrient_emissions`	Final elementary exchanges use the mass of the identified substance and one actual receiving compartment. Keep nutrient/activity ledgers separate: species-specific N2O-N × 44/28 gives N2O, NH3-N × 17/14 gives NH3, nitrate-N × 62/14 gives nitrate, and phosphate-P × 95/31 gives phosphate. If the selected flow is elemental phosphorus instead, report kg P and convert phosphate mass by 31/95 only when that species basis is evidenced. Apply a conversion exactly once only when the method output is on the elemental basis; measured compound mass is not reconverted. Total nutrient losses cannot be assigned to a single species without a supported split, and residual/retained soil nutrient is not an emission. Keep direct/indirect pathway ledgers and avoid repeating a pathway already included in the chosen method or upstream inventory. Factor uncertainty ranges screen factors on their stated basis, not final compound amounts or admissible site emissions. Normalize the attributable compound mass once using the accepted reference quantity and the matched measured output. Unknown activity, identity or compartment remains an evidence gap and blocks a completeness claim.	`cp_emissions_and_manure`; species-specific activity ledger, method pathway and factor basis, matched accepted output	Identity-specific exchanges and reconciled activity records

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
`dq_identity`	all product and waste exchanges	Preserve concrete product identity, state, source or destination, and gate; unresolved semantic identities must be fixed before release of a concrete process dataset.	identity confirmation and supplier or transfer record
`dq_live_mass`	reference and animal events	Use calibrated weighing or documented representative sampling; retain timing, class, sample, count, and conversion to live mass.	calibration and weighing record
`dq_route`	route variants	Record route by animal group and period, including grazing or housing, mobility, cooling or wallowing, milking, and manure pathway; do not infer route solely from geography.	herd, housing, grazing, water, and manure records
`dq_temporal`	biological and shared-asset burdens	Cover complete relevant phases or reconcile opening and closing stock; disclose exclusions and prevent double attribution across periods.	cohort-period balance and attribution worksheet
`dq_completeness`	feed, water, energy, health, transport, manure, emissions, and outputs	Reconcile source records to process totals and explain missing months, animal groups, pathways, or intended outputs.	completeness report and exception log
`dq_emission_method`	calculated gases	Preserve activity data, factor source and tier, category, pathway, climate, conversions, and calculation version.	calculation workbook and factor table

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	severity
`v_reference_identity`	reference flow	Require the fixed buffalo UUID, Mass property and units-of-mass group, 1 kg amount, farm-gate state, and all required qualifiers.	error
`v_handover_boundary`	gate operations	Reject slaughter, dressing, slaughterhouse receipt, or post-transfer transport inside the reference process.	error
`v_route_delta`	production routes	Require the managed parent plus route-specific topology, feed, water or cooling, mobility, manure, infrastructure, and calculation evidence; a route label alone is insufficient.	error
`v_stock_period_balance`	animals and periods	Require class-period count and mass reconciliation, preceding-phase treatment, replacement and termination decisions, and no repeated opening-stock burden.	error
`v_output_set`	milk, live animals, manure, and losses	Enumerate intended outputs and handovers, distinguish residue and waste, and require one explicit attribution method with precedence.	error
`v_shared_burden`	shared assets and services	Require at least two named consumers or periods, a service boundary, causal driver, allocation shares summing to one, and one-time burden counting.	error
`v_manure_nitrogen`	manure pathways and nitrogen losses	Reconcile excreted, retained, exported, applied, volatilized, leached, and stock-change nitrogen without merging species or exceeding available nitrogen.	error
`v_flow_binding`	all cards	Resolve every unmapped semantic card to one verified concrete flow before process-dataset release; unresolved cards expand from foreground records using the cited flow identity verification evidence.	error
`v_range_use`	provisional ranges	Treat reasoned-estimate ranges only as QA screens; do not substitute them for foreground records or publish them as universal defaults without review.	warning
`v_foreground_emission_responsibility`	Actual operated nodes and linked services	Record responsibility for on-site fuel combustion and refrigerant leakage when applicable: either quantified foreground emissions or a named linked process explicitly covering them, never merely a fuel-supply or electricity-production input. Assess special-taxon biological and residue emissions using species/route evidence, without a generic livestock factor. Identify any unresolved pathway and withhold a completeness claim; document supported absence and prevent duplicate upstream/downstream accounting.
`v_feed_supply_intake_separation`	All feed inputs	Reject an upstream feed inventory reduced by in-boundary refusal, spoilage or discarded leftovers without retaining their production burden. Reconcile supply, intake, stock, transfers and loss destinations under calc_feed_supply_and_intake. Do not reuse intake as supplied feed, assume zero-burden on-site feed or grant automatic avoided-product credits.	`fao-feed-loss-accounting-2018`
`v_manure_n2o_coverage`	Applicable manure and managed-soil N pathways	Require explicit direct and indirect pathway coverage, stage N balances and molecular-mass conversion. Map each component to an existing N2O card or an explicitly covering linked process once under calc_manure_n2o_coverage. Missing indirect-pathway evidence prevents a completeness claim; no default zero or duplicate aggregate-plus-components.	`ipcc-2019-livestock-manure`; `ipcc-managed-soils-2019`
`v_gate_waste_quantity`	gate waste and live-weight reconciliation	Reject assigning live-weight deficit, live returns or retained animals to carcass waste or its treatment amount. Require actual carcass mass, fate and responsibility, investigate unexplained residuals and exclude duplicate prior-phase mortality or treatment.	`mass-balance-identity`

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	foreground data package for live buffalo at the producing farm gate
downstream_use	`secondary_dataset`; `background_dataset` after identity, evidence, and review gates pass
allowed_use	route-specific process construction, supplier and farm comparison with equivalent boundaries, inventory development, and lifecycle-model assembly
excluded_use	buffalo meat, milk, hides, services, slaughter, or post-farm transport as the reference product; comparison across unlike live-weight bases or gates; use of provisional ranges as observations
required_metadata	PCR id and version; CPC ref; species or buffalo type; animal class and sex where material; purpose; route; live-weight method; geography; farm-gate definition; cohort and period; phases; feed system; water and cooling or wallowing; manure pathways; co-products and attribution; shared assets; data sources; unresolved identities
required_quality_disclosure	coverage and sampling; calibrated measurements; stock, mass, and nitrogen reconciliation; route shares; upstream dataset gaps; factor tier; allocation and sensitivity; provisional ranges; binding evidence; exceptions
update_trigger	changed route or gate; new animal class; material feed, water, cooling, manure, energy, or co-product change; improved UUID or quantitative evidence; revised IPCC or LEAP method; failed validation; expired reporting period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
`fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016`	official_guidance	FAO LEAP, Environmental performance of large ruminant supply chains, 2016, https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i6494en	large-ruminant boundary, route, co-product, period, and data requirements applied to buffalo
`fao-gleam`	official_guidance	FAO, Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model, https://www.fao.org/gleam	buffalo production-system coverage and route distinctions
`fao-ruminant-lca-2013`	literature	FAO, Greenhouse gas emissions from ruminant supply chains — A global life cycle assessment, 2013, https://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3461e/i3461e.pdf	route typology and attribution context
`fao-leap-nutrient-flows-2018`	official_guidance	FAO LEAP, Nutrient flows and associated environmental impacts in livestock supply chains, 2018, https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca1328en	manure, nutrient, and nitrogen-flow requirements
`ipcc-2019-livestock-manure`	method_factor	IPCC, 2019 Refinement, Volume 4, Chapter 10: Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management, https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/4_Volume4/19R_V4_Ch10_Livestock.pdf	buffalo category, feed, enteric methane, manure methane, nitrogen, and emission calculation requirements
`fao-feed-loss-accounting-2018`	official_guidance	FAO 2018, Environmental performance of pig supply chains, section 11.2.2	Feed supply versus intake and waste burden, not animal parameters. Applying this accounting principle to the declared taxon is this PCR's methodological choice; no pig diet or emission factor is transferred.
`ipcc-managed-soils-2019`	official_guidance	IPCC 2019 Refinement, Volume 4, Chapter 11	Direct/indirect nitrogen pathways and coordination of manure storage with managed-soil emissions; select applicable species and management evidence.
`route-energy-fao`	official_guidance	FAO, Energy-smart food for people and climate (2011), Annex 2; and Energy use in agriculture and industry, Annex IV. https://www.fao.org/4/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf ; https://www.fao.org/4/Q1085e/q1085e0d.htm	Equipment/carrier possibilities only; site records govern applicability. No intensity, fuel share or default recipe is adopted.
`mass-balance-identity`	method_factor	Non-negative physical mass availability and conservation identities applied to matched foreground carcass and accepted-output records.	Gate reconciliation and the site-calculated carcass availability QA bound; no empirical mortality factor.

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pcr.zh-CN.md75 KB · a240b1692105…
structured.yaml111 KB · 2ddbf95e1d93…

Structured rule index

This index comes from verified structured.yaml and retains the canonical English rule text.

System boundary rules · 7

Rule ID	Applies to	Rule	Source IDs
`system_boundary_rule_1`	foreground_system_boundary	The foreground boundary begins with admitted breeding, replacement, or young buffalo and the declared opening herd state. It includes reproduction and calving when present, calf rearing, grazing or housed feeding, controlled animal movements, health management, supplied water, cooling or wallowing under management, energy, manure collection and treatment under farm control, live-animal selection, weighing, and handover. Upstream production of purchased feed, animals, health products, energy, and services is represented through supplier datasets unless explicitly controlled within the foreground package.
`system_boundary_rule_2`	foreground_system_boundary	The boundary ends when the live buffalo is weighed immediately before ownership or operational-control transfer at the producing farm gate. Slaughter, dressing, downstream lairage, processing, and post-transfer transport are excluded.
`b_managed_buffalo_route`	all production variants	Use one managed buffalo-production parent; declare each pastoral or mixed, dairy-linked, or housed route delta in topology, inventory categories, calculation, evidence, and validation.	fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016, fao-gleam
`b_gate`	reference output	End at live buffalo weighed immediately before the producing-farm handover; exclude slaughterhouse receipt and post-handover transport.	fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016
`b_period_linkage`	breeding, gestation, calf, growing, finishing, culling, and replacement phases	Index animals, inputs, outputs, replacements, deaths, and termination events by cohort and period, and attribute opening-stock burdens exactly once.	fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016
`b_manure_pathway`	excreta and manure	Include deposition, collection, storage, treatment, recovery, export, and land use under farm control; retain each pathway and handover without duplicating burdens.	fao-leap-nutrient-flows-2018, ipcc-2019-livestock-manure
`b_shared_services`	housing, pasture, milking, cooling or wallowing, water, energy, and manure assets	Identify every consuming animal group, product node, and service period; assign each shared burden once using measured service before a documented fallback driver.	fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016

Allocation rules · 6

Rule ID	Applies to	Rule	Source IDs
`a_output_precedence`	live buffalo, independently transferred milk, breeding or cull animals, draught service, and exported manure	Enumerate every intended output and its handover. Partition directly measured product-specific records first; use an explicit physical causal relation for indivisible burdens, and economic allocation only when physical causality is not defensible, with prices, period, and sensitivity disclosed.	fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016, fao-ruminant-lca-2013
`a_milk_condition`	raw buffalo milk	Create the milk co-product exchange only for intentionally collected and independently transferred raw milk. Milk suckled by calves or discarded remains within herd production and is not an external co-product.	fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016
`a_residue_status`	manure, mortalities, and losses	Recognize exported manure only with intentional recovery and a documented transfer. Mortalities and unusable residues remain waste or loss and do not receive an avoided-product credit by default.	fao-leap-nutrient-flows-2018
`a_multi_period`	breeding stock, replacements, births, growth, culls, deaths, and ending stock	Reconcile opening stock, additions, transfers, deaths, culls, and ending stock by class and period; attribute prior and current-period burdens once and document replacement and termination treatment.	fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016
`a_shared_assets`	shared pasture, housing, milking, cooling or wallowing, water, energy, and manure infrastructure	Name all consuming nodes and service periods. Assign direct measured service first, then a documented causal driver such as animal-days, live-mass-days, runtime, or throughput; fractions sum to one and burdens are counted once.	fao-leap-large-ruminants-2016
`a_route_portfolio`	coexisting pastoral or mixed, dairy-linked, and housed routes	Keep route-specific animals, periods, feed, mobility, water, manure, infrastructure, and emissions records separate. Aggregate only with production-weighted route shares and no duplicated animals or periods.	fao-gleam, fao-ruminant-lca-2013

Validation rules · 13

Rule ID	Applies to	Rule
`v_reference_identity`	reference flow	Require the fixed buffalo UUID, Mass property and units-of-mass group, 1 kg amount, farm-gate state, and all required qualifiers.
`v_handover_boundary`	gate operations	Reject slaughter, dressing, slaughterhouse receipt, or post-transfer transport inside the reference process.
`v_route_delta`	production routes	Require the managed parent plus route-specific topology, feed, water or cooling, mobility, manure, infrastructure, and calculation evidence; a route label alone is insufficient.
`v_stock_period_balance`	animals and periods	Require class-period count and mass reconciliation, preceding-phase treatment, replacement and termination decisions, and no repeated opening-stock burden.
`v_output_set`	milk, live animals, manure, and losses	Enumerate intended outputs and handovers, distinguish residue and waste, and require one explicit attribution method with precedence.
`v_shared_burden`	shared assets and services	Require at least two named consumers or periods, a service boundary, causal driver, allocation shares summing to one, and one-time burden counting.
`v_manure_nitrogen`	manure pathways and nitrogen losses	Reconcile excreted, retained, exported, applied, volatilized, leached, and stock-change nitrogen without merging species or exceeding available nitrogen.
`v_flow_binding`	all cards	Resolve every unmapped semantic card to one verified concrete flow before process-dataset release; unresolved cards expand from foreground records using the cited flow identity verification evidence.
`v_range_use`	provisional ranges	Treat reasoned-estimate ranges only as QA screens; do not substitute them for foreground records or publish them as universal defaults without review.
`v_foreground_emission_responsibility`	Actual operated nodes and linked services	Record responsibility for on-site fuel combustion and refrigerant leakage when applicable: either quantified foreground emissions or a named linked process explicitly covering them, never merely a fuel-supply or electricity-production input. Assess special-taxon biological and residue emissions using species/route evidence, without a generic livestock factor. Identify any unresolved pathway and withhold a completeness claim; document supported absence and prevent duplicate upstream/downstream accounting.
`v_feed_supply_intake_separation`	All feed inputs	Reject an upstream feed inventory reduced by in-boundary refusal, spoilage or discarded leftovers without retaining their production burden. Reconcile supply, intake, stock, transfers and loss destinations under calc_feed_supply_and_intake. Do not reuse intake as supplied feed, assume zero-burden on-site feed or grant automatic avoided-product credits.
`v_manure_n2o_coverage`	Applicable manure and managed-soil N pathways	Require explicit direct and indirect pathway coverage, stage N balances and molecular-mass conversion. Map each component to an existing N2O card or an explicitly covering linked process once under calc_manure_n2o_coverage. Missing indirect-pathway evidence prevents a completeness claim; no default zero or duplicate aggregate-plus-components.
`v_gate_waste_quantity`	gate waste and live-weight reconciliation	Reject assigning live-weight deficit, live returns or retained animals to carcass waste or its treatment amount. Require actual carcass mass, fate and responsibility, investigate unexplained residuals and exclude duplicate prior-phase mortality or treatment.

Processes and inputs/outputs · 3

Process ID	Process name	Input flows	Output flows
`buffalo_production`	Buffalo Herd Production	5	3
`manure_management`	Manure and Nutrient Management	3	3
`farm_gate_handover`	Selection, Weighing, and Farm-gate Handover	2	2

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Buffalo

Content languages

Readiness

Classification mapping

Source

1. Scope and Applicability

2. Product Category Identity

3. Reference Flow

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Boundary Rules

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

Process: Buffalo Herd Production (buffalo_production)

Inputs

Product flows

Admitted breeding, replacement, or young buffalo (incoming_buffalo)

Supplied drinking, service, cooling, and wallowing water (buffalo_water)

Alternating current (herd_energy_electricity)

Diesel fuel (herd_energy_diesel)

Controlled inbound animal and feed transport (controlled_inbound_transport)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Live buffalo released to gate selection (buffalo_to_gate)

Independently transferred raw buffalo milk (raw_buffalo_milk)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Enteric methane to air (enteric_methane)

Process: Manure and Nutrient Management (manure_management)

Inputs

Product flows

Manure transferred from managed animals (manure_received)

Water for manure operations (manure_water)

Alternating current (manure_energy_electricity)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Manure methane to air (manure_methane)

Direct and indirect nitrous oxide to air (manure_nitrous_oxide)

Ammonia to air (manure_ammonia)

Process: Selection, Weighing, and Farm-gate Handover (farm_gate_handover)

Inputs

Product flows

Live buffalo entering gate operations (gate_buffalo_input)

Water for short holding and cleaning (gate_water)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Live buffalo reference product (buffalo_reference_output)

Waste flows

Dead buffalo carcasses at the gate (gate_rejects)

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Specific input identification before dataset completion

Route-specific energy identification requirements

Data Collection Protocols

Calculation Rules

Data Quality Requirements

9. Validation Rules

10. Published Dataset Profile

11. Data Sources

Raw downloads

Structured rule index

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Process: Buffalo Herd Production (`buffalo_production`)

Admitted breeding, replacement, or young buffalo (`incoming_buffalo`)

Supplied drinking, service, cooling, and wallowing water (`buffalo_water`)

Alternating current (`herd_energy_electricity`)

Diesel fuel (`herd_energy_diesel`)

Controlled inbound animal and feed transport (`controlled_inbound_transport`)

Live buffalo released to gate selection (`buffalo_to_gate`)

Independently transferred raw buffalo milk (`raw_buffalo_milk`)

Enteric methane to air (`enteric_methane`)

Process: Manure and Nutrient Management (`manure_management`)

Manure transferred from managed animals (`manure_received`)

Water for manure operations (`manure_water`)

Alternating current (`manure_energy_electricity`)

Manure methane to air (`manure_methane`)

Direct and indirect nitrous oxide to air (`manure_nitrous_oxide`)

Ammonia to air (`manure_ammonia`)

Process: Selection, Weighing, and Farm-gate Handover (`farm_gate_handover`)

Live buffalo entering gate operations (`gate_buffalo_input`)

Water for short holding and cleaning (`gate_water`)

Live buffalo reference product (`buffalo_reference_output`)

Dead buffalo carcasses at the gate (`gate_rejects`)