Watches

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to complete portable personal timepieces placed on the market as watches, including wrist-watches, pocket-watches, and other complete watches with mechanical, quartz, or other watch movements. The foreground dataset covers final assembly, cleaning when performed, functional and water-resistance testing, attachment of the declared band or strap, final quality release, and retail-unit packaging up to the factory gate.

The semantic boundary follows CPC 48410 and its established correspondence to HS headings 9101 and 9102. It excludes clocks; time-recording or interval-indicating apparatus; movements sold separately; cases, bands, straps, glasses, and other parts sold separately; watch repair or manufacturing services; and multifunction connected wearable computers whose primary product identity is not a watch. Component manufacture, transport, distribution, use, maintenance, and end-of-life are outside the foreground process but must be represented by linked upstream or downstream datasets when the study claims a broader life-cycle boundary.

Mechanical and battery-powered routes are not averaged silently. The data package must identify the movement technology, power system, case and cover materials, band or strap material, water-resistance class, declared accuracy or release specification, manufacturing geography, packaging configuration, and whether cleaning or wet testing occurs.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.medical-appliances-precision-and-optical-instruments-watches-and-clocks.watches
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 48410 Watches; semantic boundary informed by the official CPC 2.1 correspondence to HS 9101 and 9102
covered_products	Complete wrist-watches, pocket-watches, and other complete portable personal timepieces whose primary identity is a watch; mechanical and battery-powered or quartz variants
excluded_products	Clocks; time-recording apparatus; movements and parts sold separately; repair and manufacturing services; connected wearable computers not classified as watches
representative_product	One accepted, functionally tested, retail-unit packaged watch at the manufacturing factory gate
production_route	Final assembly and testing from delivered watch movement components, case components, declared band or strap, route-specific power source, and packaging inputs
market_state	Finished, accepted, packaged watch ready for distribution; movement technology, material configuration, and power system declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provide one finished portable personal timepiece whose primary product identity is a watch
How much	One accepted retail-unit packaged watch at the factory gate
How well	Meets the manufacturer's declared timekeeping, functional, appearance, water-resistance where applicable, and quality-release specifications
How long or cycle	One completed manufacturing lot allocation to one accepted watch; use-life duration is outside this factory-gate functional unit
reference_flow_link	finished_watch

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Watches (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
Reference flow property	Number of items 01846770-4cfe-4a25-8ad9-919d8d378345
Reference unit group	Units of items 5beb6eed-33a9-47b8-9ede-1dfe8f679159
Reference unit	Item(s)
Required qualifiers	movement technology; power system; case material; watch-cover material; band or strap material; water-resistance class or not applicable; declared accuracy or release specification; manufacturing site and geography; accepted-lot period; packaging configuration; included and excluded life-cycle stages

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
watch_item_reference	Reference product and accepted-watch count	Number of items 01846770-4cfe-4a25-8ad9-919d8d378345	Item(s)	Normalize all foreground exchanges to one accepted, packaged watch; reject units do not increase the denominator.
component_mass_basis	Component, strap, packaging, solvent, and waste mass	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record net mass crossing the process boundary and convert supplier item counts to mass using lot-specific measured or supplier-declared mass.
electricity_energy_basis	Purchased electricity	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Preserve metered energy before normalization; if source records use kWh, convert with 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ and disclose the grid geography, voltage level, and included losses.
water_mass_basis	Process water	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record net make-up or consumed water, excluding recirculated volume that does not cross the foreground boundary; document any volume-to-mass conversion and reference conditions.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Delivered movement components, surface-treated case components, declared band or strap, route-specific button cell where used, cleaning agent, and retail packaging materials at the watch-assembly site gate
starting_condition_role	Upstream component and material datasets feed the foreground final assembly, testing, quality release, and packaging process
product_classification_scope	Complete watches within CPC 48410; separately sold movements, cases, bands, straps, glasses, and other parts remain upstream products rather than reference products
recursive_input_rule	A complete watch re-entering the foreground process for rework is tracked as an internal rework item and not as a new purchased reference-category input; an externally purchased complete watch must be disclosed and linked to a separate upstream dataset without double counting its production
upstream_dataset_requirement	Supplier- or technology-specific cradle-to-gate datasets are required for each delivered component, power source, solvent, water, electricity supply, and packaging input when a cradle-to-gate or broader result is claimed
disclosure	Declare the assembly site, accepted-lot period, included operations, manual versus automated assembly, movement and power technology, component material configuration, wet-testing and cleaning practice, utility boundary, rejects, packaging, and all omitted upstream or downstream stages

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_complete_watch	Product inclusion	Include only a complete watch as the reference product; treat movements, cases, straps, bands, glasses, and other separately supplied parts as upstream inputs.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; un-cpc-2-1-hs-correspondence-2013
boundary_foreground_gate	Foreground operations	Include final assembly, cleaning when performed, functional and water-resistance testing, quality release, reject handling, and retail-unit packaging performed at the reporting site.	casio-environmental-report-2003; hes-so-he-arc-mechanical-watch-eco-audit-2022
boundary_upstream_components	Broader cradle-to-gate claims	Link upstream datasets for delivered movement, case, strap or band, battery, solvent, utilities, and packaging; do not represent their embedded burdens as direct foreground emissions.	casio-environmental-report-2003; hes-so-he-arc-mechanical-watch-eco-audit-2022
boundary_route_disclosure	Variant handling	Keep mechanical and battery-powered routes and different case, cover, and strap materials separately parameterized whenever their bills of materials or operations differ.	casio-environmental-report-2003; hes-so-he-arc-mechanical-watch-eco-audit-2022

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
watch_final_assembly	Final watch assembly, testing, quality release, and packaging	required	Always included for complete watches	Foreground production	Per one accepted, retail-unit packaged watch at the factory gate

Internal transfers between assembly, testing, and packaging stations remain inside this aggregated foreground process and are not duplicated as technosphere exchanges. If a site models those stations separately, their internal product transfers must cancel at the foreground-system boundary.

Process: Final watch assembly, testing, quality release, and packaging (watch_final_assembly)

Inputs

Product flows

Delivered watch movement component set (movement_components)

Record the delivered component set used to build the declared mechanical or electronic watch movement configuration. Do not mix movement technologies in one foreground average unless the declared product mix and weighted bill of materials are retained.

• Selected flow: Delivered watch movement component set (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Supplier or receiving mass consumed, including components incorporated in accepted watches and attributable rejects, normalized to accepted watches
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_bom
• Sources: hes-so-he-arc-mechanical-watch-eco-audit-2022

Surface-treated watch case components (watch_case_components)

Record the case, back, bezel, cover or crystal, crown, seals, and other case components as the delivered case-component lot used by the declared watch configuration. The unresolved selected-flow label denotes one delivered case-component set, not a choice among materials; component material and masses remain explicit in the bill of materials.

• Selected flow: Surface-treated watch case components (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Receiving or bill-of-material mass consumed for the declared case configuration, including attributable rejects, normalized to accepted watches
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_bom
• Sources: casio-environmental-report-2003; hes-so-he-arc-mechanical-watch-eco-audit-2022

Assembled metal watch band (metal_watch_band)

Include only when the accepted watch is supplied with a metal band. Record one finished metal band crossing the assembly boundary and its measured or supplier-declared mass.

• Selected flow: Assembled metal watch band (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Mass of metal bands consumed, including attributable rejects, normalized to accepted watches fitted with this band type
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch fitted with a metal band
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_bom
• Sources: casio-environmental-report-2003

Finished leather watch strap (leather_watch_strap)

Include only when the accepted watch is supplied with a leather strap. Keep leather origin, tanning route, buckle material, and supplier identity as upstream qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Finished leather watch strap (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Mass of leather straps consumed, including attributable rejects, normalized to accepted watches fitted with this strap type
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch fitted with a leather strap
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_bom
• Sources: casio-environmental-report-2003

Finished elastomer watch strap (elastomer_watch_strap)

Include only when the accepted watch is supplied with an elastomer or resin strap. Record the actual finished strap material and supplier dataset; do not substitute a generic plastic mass without disclosure.

• Selected flow: Finished elastomer watch strap (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Mass of elastomer straps consumed, including attributable rejects, normalized to accepted watches fitted with this strap type
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch fitted with an elastomer strap
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_bom
• Sources: casio-environmental-report-2003

Watch button cell (watch_button_cell)

Include only for a battery-powered watch when a button cell crosses the assembly-site boundary separately from the movement. Record its chemistry, model, nominal capacity, rechargeable status, supplier, and whether it is incorporated in the delivered movement.

• Selected flow: Watch button cell (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / Item(s)
• Amount rule: Count of button cells issued to assembly, less verified returns to stock, normalized to accepted battery-powered watches
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged battery-powered watch receiving a separate cell
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_bom
• Sources:

Isopropanol (isopropanol)

Include when isopropanol is consumed for component or case cleaning. Purity, water content, recovered quantity, and waste or air destinations must be retained in the site record.

• Selected flow: Isopropanol a4a75541-e156-4e30-947c-ba067a682afd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Opening inventory plus receipts minus closing inventory, verified returns, and recovered reusable solvent, normalized to accepted watches
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch when isopropanol cleaning is used
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_solvent_records
• Sources:

Purchased electricity (assembly_electricity)

Record electricity consumed by assembly benches, automated equipment, cleaning, testing, packaging, and the allocated share of directly supporting facility loads during the reporting period.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered electricity for included operations plus a documented allocation of shared directly supporting loads, normalized to accepted watches
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_electricity_metering
• Sources: hes-so-he-arc-mechanical-watch-eco-audit-2022

Process water for cleaning and wet testing (test_process_water)

Include net make-up water when cleaning or water-resistance testing causes water to cross the foreground boundary. Do not count closed-loop recirculation repeatedly.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered or tank-balanced net process-water input for included cleaning and wet-testing operations, normalized to accepted watches
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch when wet cleaning or testing is used
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_metering
• Sources:

Paper presentation box (paper_box)

Record the paper or paperboard presentation box supplied with the retail unit. Decorative non-paper components must be recorded in additional atomic rows in the site implementation.

• Selected flow: Paper box 12d5d744-7725-4dbc-b102-43c80547f777
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net receiving mass of paper boxes issued to accepted retail units plus attributable rejects, normalized to accepted watches
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch supplied with a paper box
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_bom
• Sources:

Printed paper instruction insert (paper_instruction_insert)

Record the printed paper instruction, warranty, or compliance insert included in the retail package as one paper insert exchange. Electronic-only instructions are not assigned a paper input.

• Selected flow: Packaging, paper insert b4681b7b-ff95-4df8-804a-fff06aa3c3aa
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net mass of printed paper inserts issued to accepted retail units plus attributable rejects, normalized to accepted watches
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch containing a printed insert
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_bom
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted finished watch (finished_watch)

This is the declared reference product after functional testing, quality release, and retail-unit packaging. The Tiangong product-flow UUID remains unresolved; the item-count property and reference unit are confirmed.

• Selected flow: Watches (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / Item(s)
• Amount rule: Count of accepted, released, retail-unit packaged watches
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: one accepted packaged watch
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_and_rejects
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; un-cpc-2-1-hs-correspondence-2013

Waste flows

Rejected finished watch (rejected_finished_watch)

Record rejected assembled watches that leave the foreground system for treatment and are not successfully reworked into accepted output. Preserve their actual component configuration and waste destination.

• Selected flow: Rejected finished watch (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass of rejected assembled watches leaving for treatment, excluding units returned to successful internal rework
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_and_rejects
• Sources:

Spent isopropanol cleaning solution (spent_isopropanol_solution)

Include when spent isopropanol solution leaves the site for treatment or recovery. Record water and contaminant content when known and keep recovered solvent returned to the process out of this output.

• Selected flow: Spent isopropanol cleaning solution (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass dispatched off-site as spent isopropanol solution, normalized to accepted watches
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted packaged watch when isopropanol cleaning is used
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_solvent_records
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Direct emissions to air, water, or soil are not represented by umbrella rows. A site implementation must add one atomic elementary-flow row for every measured or mass-balance-derived substance that crosses the environment boundary, including solvent emissions when applicable, and must complete a Tiangong UUID audit for each added row.

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	Multi-product assembly and packaging operations	Avoid allocation by separate product bills of materials, accepted and reject counts, direct labor or machine records, and submetered utility data wherever practicable.
allocation_shared_utilities	Shared electricity, water, and directly supporting facility loads	Allocate only the residual shared amount using a documented physical driver that reflects consumption, such as measured machine hours, test cycles, or occupied equipment time; retain the total and reconciliation.
allocation_rework	Internal rework	Assign rework inputs and losses to the product family that caused them and count only successfully released watches in the reference-product denominator.
allocation_recycling	Recovered solvent, recyclable rejects, and waste treatment	Report recovered materials and wastes at the foreground boundary without netting avoided virgin-material or treatment credits into the foreground inventory; place substitution or recycling credits in an explicitly disclosed downstream scenario.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_component_bom	watch_final_assembly	movement, case, band or strap, and button-cell inputs	approved bill of materials; receiving and issue records; supplier specifications; reject records	component identity; material; supplier; lot; opening and closing stock; receipts; returns; issued mass or count; reject mass or count; product variant	Reconcile approved BOM to lot-level warehouse issues and physical or supplier-declared mass; separate mutually exclusive strap and power routes	kg and Item(s)	Each production lot with monthly reconciliation	Representative continuous 12-month period or complete shorter campaign disclosed	All lines and subcontracted steps controlled by the reporting assembly site	Net issued quantity plus attributable rejected quantity divided by accepted watches of the matching variant	Approved BOM revision, calibrated balance records, warehouse reconciliation, supplier specifications, and variance investigation
cp_solvent_records	watch_final_assembly	isopropanol input and spent-solution output	purchase, inventory, recovery, and waste consignment records	opening stock; receipts; closing stock; returned or recovered solvent; spent-solution mass; purity; water content; destination	Monthly solvent mass balance reconciled to cleaning operation records and waste dispatches	kg	Monthly and each waste dispatch	Same period as accepted-watch output	All included cleaning stations and on-site solvent recovery	Net consumed input and off-site waste mass divided by accepted watches; unexplained balance disclosed	Calibrated stock measurement, purchase invoices, recovery logs, waste manifests, and mass-balance closure
cp_electricity_metering	watch_final_assembly	assembly, testing, cleaning, packaging, and supporting electricity	revenue meter, submeter, and equipment runtime records	meter start and end; multiplier; equipment runtime; rated or measured load; production downtime; accepted watch count; grid contract	Prefer submeters; reconcile included submeters and allocated supporting loads to the facility meter	kWh and MJ	Continuous or shift readings with monthly reconciliation	Representative continuous 12-month period or complete shorter campaign disclosed	Included production lines and directly supporting facility loads	Net included kWh converted to MJ and divided by accepted watches; residual shared load allocated by disclosed physical driver	Meter calibration, utility invoices, reconciliation, driver records, and documented conversion
cp_water_metering	watch_final_assembly	cleaning and wet-test process water	water meter, tank balance, batch log, and discharge record	make-up water; drain volume or mass; recirculation inventory change; batch count; accepted watch count; reference conditions	Meter net make-up where possible; otherwise perform a documented tank balance without repeatedly counting recirculation	kg or m3 with conversion	Each batch or monthly meter reconciliation	Same period as accepted-watch output	Included cleaning and water-resistance test systems	Net boundary-crossing water mass divided by accepted watches	Meter calibration, tank dimensions, density assumption, leak checks, and reconciliation
cp_packaging_bom	watch_final_assembly	paper box and printed paper insert	packaging BOM; receiving and issue records; supplier mass specifications	packaging item identity; material; mass per item; issued count; returned count; rejected count; accepted watch count	Reconcile packaging BOM and issues to accepted retail units; record each additional non-paper component separately	kg and Item(s)	Each packaging specification and monthly reconciliation	Same period as accepted-watch output	All retail-unit packaging applied at the reporting site	Net packaging mass issued plus attributable rejects divided by accepted watches using that configuration	Approved packaging specification, calibrated sample weighing, issue records, and reconciliation
cp_output_and_rejects	watch_final_assembly	accepted finished watches and rejected assembled watches	quality-release, production, rework, and waste records	product model; movement route; material configuration; packaged accepted count; rejected count and mass; rework entry and release; waste destination	Reconcile final quality release to packaging and dispatch records; track rework until accepted output or waste exit	Item(s) and kg	Each lot with monthly reconciliation	Same period as all input protocols	All included final assembly and quality-release lines	Accepted count is the denominator; only rejects leaving the system are waste outputs	Signed release records, test logs, rework genealogy, calibrated reject weighing, and dispatch manifests

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_net_component_input	Component and packaging input rows	(opening stock + receipts - closing stock - verified returns) / accepted watches of the matching configuration; reconcile against BOM and add separately measured attributable rejects when issue records exclude them	inventory, receiving, return, BOM, reject, and accepted-output records	kg or Item(s) per accepted packaged watch
calc_net_solvent_input	isopropanol	(opening stock + receipts - closing stock - verified off-site returns - recovered solvent returned to stock) / accepted watches	solvent inventory, receipts, returns, recovery, and accepted-output records	kg isopropanol input per accepted packaged watch
calc_electricity_per_watch	assembly_electricity	(submetered included electricity + reconciled shared supporting electricity) × 3.6 MJ/kWh / accepted watches	meters, allocation driver, and accepted-output records	MJ per accepted packaged watch
calc_net_process_water	test_process_water	net make-up or boundary-crossing water mass / accepted watches; do not add internal recirculation volume	water meters or tank balance and accepted-output records	kg per accepted packaged watch
calc_waste_per_watch	Waste output rows	measured mass leaving the foreground system / accepted watches; exclude successful internal rework and recovered solvent returned to the process	waste dispatch, recovery, rework, and accepted-output records	kg waste per accepted packaged watch

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	Product and all exchanges	Preserve product model, movement and power technology, component material configuration, supplier or source, flow state, and Tiangong UUID status; do not replace specific exchanges with generic utilities, materials, wastes, or emissions.	Approved product specification, BOM, supplier records, direct-read UUID audit, and unresolved-flow register
dq_temporal	All foreground records	Use one common representative period; disclose shutdowns, start-up lots, model changes, incomplete months, and any shorter campaign.	Dated meter, inventory, production, and release records
dq_completeness	Mass, item, utility, waste, and direct-emission balances	Reconcile purchased or issued inputs, accepted output, rejects, recovery, and inventory change; investigate material discrepancies and add substance-specific direct-emission rows where applicable.	Reconciliation worksheets, mass-balance closure, variance investigations, and emission records
dq_measurement	Metered and weighed quantities	Retain calibration status, reading frequency, unit conversions, detection limits, and allocation drivers; supplier-declared mass must be distinguished from on-site measurement.	Calibration certificates, meter logs, scale records, supplier specifications, and calculation files
dq_upstream_linkage	Broader cradle-to-gate claims	Use component, electricity, water, solvent, battery, and packaging datasets matching the declared geography, technology, material, recycled content, and delivery state; disclose proxies separately.	Linked dataset metadata and documented representativeness review

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_output	Reference flow	Confirm exactly one finished_watch reference output is reported as one accepted packaged item and that rejects do not increase the denominator.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; un-cpc-2-1-hs-correspondence-2013
validate_route_exclusivity	Band, strap, movement, and power inputs	Confirm only the material and power rows applicable to the declared product configuration carry amounts; justify any weighted product-family average with model-level quantities.	casio-environmental-report-2003; hes-so-he-arc-mechanical-watch-eco-audit-2022
validate_inventory_reconciliation	Components, utilities, solvent, water, output, rework, and waste	Confirm all normalized values use the same accepted-watch denominator and period, and reconcile each protocol to source totals before normalization.
validate_no_umbrella_flows	Site-specific additions	Reject combined labels such as utilities, packaging materials, mixed chemicals, wastes and residues, or emissions to air; every added row must represent one physical or chemical exchange.
validate_boundary_claim	Dataset profile	A gate-to-gate dataset must not be presented as cradle-to-gate unless all required upstream component and supply datasets are linked; use, maintenance, transport, and end-of-life require separate downstream modelling.	casio-environmental-report-2003; hes-so-he-arc-mechanical-watch-eco-audit-2022
validate_unresolved_identities	UUID-empty rows	Keep unresolved rows visible and do not publish an exact Tiangong identity until a public state-100 direct read confirms semantic identity, classification, flow type, property, unit group, product state, geography, technology, and general comment.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground factory-gate watch assembly, testing, quality-release, and retail-unit packaging dataset
downstream_use	May be linked as a secondary_dataset or background_dataset within a cradle-to-gate or full-life-cycle watch model after upstream component and supply datasets are added
allowed_use	Product- and site-specific modelling of complete watches with matching movement technology, material configuration, power system, geography, reporting period, quality specification, and packaging
excluded_use	Unqualified comparison across mechanical, quartz, solar, or connected products; use as a clock or watch-part dataset; representation of component manufacture, distribution, use, maintenance, or end-of-life without additional datasets
required_metadata	Canonical PCR id; product model or family; CPC scope; movement and power technology; case, cover, and band or strap materials; accepted-watch count; factory geography; reporting period; included operations; packaging configuration; allocation drivers; UUID status; upstream dataset links
required_quality_disclosure	Metering and weighing methods; calibration; BOM version; supplier data quality; temporal coverage; completeness and reconciliation; rejects and rework; solvent recovery; water recirculation; shared-load allocation; unresolved UUIDs; proxy upstream datasets
update_trigger	Change in movement or power technology, case or strap material, supplier or BOM, manufacturing geography, cleaning or testing route, packaging configuration, allocation driver, or a material change in normalized inputs, rejects, or data quality

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-07)	Official CPC 48410 product-classification identity and title
un-cpc-2-1-hs-correspondence-2013	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 2.1 complete structure and explanatory notes, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/doc13/BG-CPC-Version21.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-07)	Semantic boundary through HS 9101 and 9102 and separation from clocks, movements, and other parts
casio-environmental-report-2003	literature	CASIO Computer Co., Ltd., Environmental Report 2003, “Comparison of Watches through LCA,” https://arch.casio.com/file/csr/pdf/report_2003/p19-20.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-07)	Per-watch basis, life-cycle stage separation, and material-dependent case, bezel, and strap configurations; not used as range evidence
hes-so-he-arc-mechanical-watch-eco-audit-2022	literature	HES-SO / HE-Arc Ingénierie, “Ecological impact of a typical mechanical Swiss watch,” 2022, https://www.he-arc.ch/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Ecological-impact-of-a-typical-mechanical-Swiss-watch.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-07)	Mechanical-watch movement and external-case decomposition, material and processing disclosure, and electricity-geography sensitivity; not used as range evidence