Spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, of a cylinder capacity not exceeding 1000 cc

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground factory-gate data packages for complete spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines of a kind used for motor vehicles, with total cylinder capacity not exceeding 1000 cc. It covers material and component receipt, on-site machining and cleaning where performed, engine assembly, finishing, and production-line engine testing where performed.

It excludes rotary engines, compression-ignition engines, engines exceeding 1000 cc, aircraft engines, complete vehicles, transmissions, traction batteries, vehicle integration, distribution, use, maintenance, remanufacturing, and end-of-life. Transport packaging is excluded unless it is part of the declared saleable engine supply contract; any included packaging must be reported as separate atomic flows.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.general-purpose-machinery.spark-ignition-reciprocating-internal-combustion-piston-engines-of-a-cylinder-capacity-89c81679
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 43121 (exact contextual reference; acceptance is governed outside this PCR)
covered_products	Complete, saleable spark-ignition reciprocating piston engines of a kind used for motor vehicles, with total cylinder capacity <= 1000 cm3
excluded_products	Rotary, compression-ignition, aircraft, incomplete engine-part, engine exceeding 1000 cm3, and complete-vehicle products
representative_product	Multi-cylinder gasoline-fuelled reciprocating piston engine supplied as a standalone motor-vehicle engine
production_route	Purchased bulk materials, near-net parts, and components; on-site machining/cleaning as applicable; assembly and optional production-line hot testing
market_state	Complete factory-gate engine in the declared dry or fluid-filled shipping state, excluding transport packaging unless explicitly declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Factory-gate provision of a complete CPC 43121 engine meeting the declared product specification and production acceptance criteria
How much	1 kg net mass of the complete saleable engine
How well	Spark ignition; reciprocating piston design; motor-vehicle type; total cylinder capacity <= 1000 cm3; declared engine family and acceptance status
How long or cycle	One production lot at the reporting plant; service life is outside this cradle-to-gate functional unit
reference_flow_link	The single reference product flow defined below

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, of a cylinder capacity not exceeding 1000 cc 68b3d069-e54c-4940-bf73-0ecce68d5cef
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	engine family and model; exact total cylinder capacity in cm3; cylinder count; two-stroke or four-stroke; aspiration; fuel-metering system; emission-control configuration; rated power; net dry or fluid-filled shipping mass; included fluids; tested production fraction; plant geography; production period; packaging inclusion

When constructing a foreground data package, every required qualifier must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent data-package field. Missing qualifiers make the reference-flow definition incomplete.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference product and material/waste mass rows	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Weigh or derive traceable net engine mass in the declared shipping state; exclude transport packaging unless packaging inclusion is declared. Normalize all inventory to 1 kg of this net engine mass.
electricity_energy	electricity rows	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Preserve metered electricity and its conversion to MJ; disclose the original meter unit, conversion factor, voltage level, grid geography, and losses included.
gas_volume	gaseous natural gas	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Report metered gas volume with temperature, pressure, standard/actual condition, composition or supplier billing basis, and conversion method.
test_allocation	production-line engine testing	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record the tested fraction and allocate only actual test-cell inputs and direct emissions to saleable production using the declared physical production-lot rule.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Purchased bulk materials, near-net parts, finished components, utilities, and chemicals at the reporting engine-manufacturing factory gate
starting_condition_role	Foreground manufacturing start; upstream production of every purchased input is represented by a separate valid dataset
product_classification_scope	Complete CPC 43121 motor-vehicle-type spark-ignition reciprocating piston engines with total cylinder capacity <= 1000 cm3
recursive_input_rule	A complete engine from the same category entering as an input must be recorded as a distinct purchased or internally transferred product with origin and prior burden; it must not be silently merged with the reference output
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geographically, technologically, temporally, and product-state representative upstream datasets for all purchased materials, components, energy, water, fuel, and treatment services
disclosure	Declare in-house versus purchased component scope, included machining/cleaning/finishing, test fraction and test type, shipping-fluid state, packaging inclusion, cut-offs, data gaps, and treatment destinations

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_rule_1	foreground manufacturing	Include all on-site material/component receipt, machining, cleaning, assembly, finishing, and supporting utility use that produces the declared saleable engine.	us-doe-vto-analysis-2020
boundary_rule_2	production-line test	Include actual test-engine fuel, electricity, engine throughput, and direct exhaust emissions when production, compliance, or performance testing occurs at the reporting plant.	us-epa-engine-test-cells, us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15
boundary_rule_3	exclusions	Exclude vehicle integration, vehicle operation, maintenance, remanufacturing, and end-of-life; disclose any capital-goods or employee-activity exclusion separately.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
engine_manufacturing	Engine component manufacture, cleaning, assembly, and finishing	required	Always; record only activities and exchanges inside the declared plant boundary	Foreground production	1 kg net saleable engine output
production_line_test	Production-line engine hot test	conditional	Include when complete engines are operated at the plant for production, compliance, or performance acceptance	Foreground quality testing	Tested-engine mass and tested fraction per production lot

Process: Engine component manufacture, cleaning, assembly, and finishing (engine_manufacturing)

Inputs

Product flows

Aluminium alloy input (aluminium_alloy)

Record the mass of aluminium alloy crossing the plant boundary for engine castings or other aluminium components; alloy grade and purchased product state remain foreground qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Aluminium alloy
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: purchased mass minus documented returns, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipts
• Sources: us-doe-vto-analysis-2020

Grey cast iron input (grey_cast_iron)

Record grey cast iron used for the declared engine only when it crosses the plant boundary; do not substitute pig iron.

• Selected flow: Grey cast iron
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: purchased mass minus documented returns, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipts
• Sources: us-doe-vto-analysis-2020

Alloy steel input (alloy_steel)

Record alloy steel used in crankshaft, connecting-rod, valve-train, gear, or other engine parts according to the actual bill of materials.

• Selected flow: Alloy steel
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: purchased mass minus documented returns, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipts
• Sources: us-doe-vto-analysis-2020

Copper wire input (copper_wire)

Record copper wire installed in the engine electrical and ignition systems; exclude vehicle-side wiring outside the supplied engine.

• Selected flow: Copper wire
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: bill-of-material mass entering the supplied engine, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipts
• Sources: us-doe-vto-analysis-2020

Nylon 6 resin input (nylon_6_resin)

Record Nylon 6 resin only for Nylon 6 parts manufactured on site or supplied as quantified Nylon 6 content; do not combine it with other polymers.

• Selected flow: Nylon 6 resin
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: bill-of-material or moulding issue mass, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipts
• Sources: us-doe-vto-analysis-2020

EPDM rubber input (epdm_rubber)

Record EPDM rubber installed as declared seals or hoses; other elastomers require their own atomic rows in the concrete data package.

• Selected flow: Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: bill-of-material mass entering the supplied engine, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipts
• Sources: us-doe-vto-analysis-2020

Purchased electricity (electricity_manufacturing)

Record electrical energy delivered to machining, washing, assembly, finishing, compressed-air, and allocated supporting systems.

• Selected flow: Electricity 67b723a9-6f63-4802-adca-b52ce7967d47
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: metered or physically allocated electricity normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_water
• Sources:

Process water (process_water)

Record process water entering aqueous cleaning, rinsing, coolant make-up, or other engine-manufacturing operations; cooling water in a closed loop is not double-counted.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered net process-water input normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_water
• Sources:

Sodium hydroxide for aqueous cleaning (sodium_hydroxide)

Record sodium hydroxide active mass when an alkaline aqueous-cleaning route is used; solution concentration and purchased state must be retained.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: active sodium-hydroxide mass issued to the cleaning system, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_chemicals
• Sources:

Gaseous natural gas for on-site process heat (natural_gas)

Record gaseous natural gas only when consumed on site for process heat allocated to the engine line; supplier and volume reference conditions remain foreground qualifiers.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered gas volume physically allocated to engine manufacturing and normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_water
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Complete saleable engine (reference_engine_output)

Record net output mass after final acceptance in the declared dry or fluid-filled shipping state.

• Selected flow: Spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, of a cylinder capacity not exceeding 1000 cc 68b3d069-e54c-4940-bf73-0ecce68d5cef
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted output mass normalized to exactly 1 kg reference product
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_and_waste
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025

Waste flows

Aluminium scrap sent to treatment (aluminium_scrap)

Record aluminium turnings, offcuts, and rejected aluminium parts leaving the foreground boundary as one aluminium-scrap waste flow.

• Selected flow: Aluminium scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed net aluminium scrap leaving the plant, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_and_waste
• Sources:

Ferrous metal scrap sent to treatment (ferrous_scrap)

Record iron and steel turnings, offcuts, and rejected parts leaving the foreground boundary; keep stainless or hazardous-contaminated fractions separate when present.

• Selected flow: Iron and steel scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed net ferrous scrap leaving the plant, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_and_waste
• Sources:

Alkaline wastewater sent to treatment (alkaline_wastewater)

Record spent aqueous alkaline cleaning liquid crossing to on-site or off-site wastewater treatment; do not combine it with unrelated sanitary water.

• Selected flow: Alkaline wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered or weighed net alkaline wastewater sent to treatment, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_and_waste
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from on-site natural-gas combustion (carbon_dioxide_manufacturing)

Record only direct fossil CO2 emitted inside the foreground boundary; upstream electricity and fuel-supply emissions remain in upstream datasets.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or calculated direct stack CO2 attributable to engine manufacturing, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions
• Sources: us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15

Process: Production-line engine hot test (production_line_test)

Inputs

Product flows

Engine entering the test cell (reference_engine_test_input)

Record the mass of complete engines actually operated in the test cell and the tested share of the production lot.

• Selected flow: Spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, of a cylinder capacity not exceeding 1000 cc 68b3d069-e54c-4940-bf73-0ecce68d5cef
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: total mass of engines actually tested, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output; report the resulting tested fraction separately
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_production_test
• Sources: us-epa-engine-test-cells, us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15

Motor gasoline consumed in testing (motor_gasoline)

Record only motor gasoline burned by production test engines; grade, biofuel blend, supplier, and fuel-carbon origin must be declared.

• Selected flow: Motor gasoline
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: total measured gasoline consumed by production tests, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_production_test
• Sources: us-epa-engine-test-cells, us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15

Electricity consumed by the test cell (electricity_test)

Record electrical energy delivered to the dynamometer, ventilation, cooling, controls, and emission measurement allocated to production testing.

• Selected flow: Electricity 67b723a9-6f63-4802-adca-b52ce7967d47
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: total metered electricity consumed by production tests, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_production_test
• Sources: us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Engine leaving the test cell (reference_engine_test_output)

Record the same tested-engine mass after testing; rejected engines are not included in accepted reference output until reworked and accepted.

• Selected flow: Spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, of a cylinder capacity not exceeding 1000 cc 68b3d069-e54c-4940-bf73-0ecce68d5cef
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: total accepted mass of engines leaving production testing, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_production_test
• Sources: us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from testing (carbon_dioxide_test)

Record direct fossil CO2 in test-engine exhaust using measured exhaust mass or a documented fuel-carbon balance.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: total measured or calculated CO2 from production tests, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_production_test
• Sources: us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15

Carbon monoxide from testing (carbon_monoxide_test)

Record carbon monoxide emitted to air during production-line engine operation when measured or required by the applicable test protocol.

• Selected flow: Carbon monoxide, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: total measured carbon monoxide from production tests, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_production_test
• Sources: us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15

Nitrogen oxides from testing (nitrogen_oxides_test)

Record total measured nitrogen oxides emitted to air during production-line engine operation.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: total measured nitrogen oxides from production tests, normalized to 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_production_test
• Sources: us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_rule_1	engine-family foreground operations	Avoid allocation by separately metering or recording engine-family material issues, machine energy, cleaning campaigns, assembly lines, test cells, rejects, and wastes.
allocation_rule_2	shared utilities and support operations	When subdivision is impracticable, allocate shared burdens using a documented causal physical driver such as machine-hours, metered energy, cleaning-bath throughput, tested-engine hours, or accepted engine mass; economic allocation requires explicit justification.
allocation_rule_3	scrap and rejected engines	Report scrap and treatment flows at the foreground boundary without an avoided-burden credit; model recycling or recovery consistently in the downstream treatment dataset and disclose any recycled-content convention.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_receipts	engine_manufacturing	material inputs	purchase, issue, return, and bill-of-material records	material identity; grade; purchased state; supplier; gross issue; return; engine family; accepted output mass	reconcile procurement and line-issue records to the declared engine bill of materials	kg	each receipt/issue; periodic reconciliation	complete representative reporting period or full production campaign	all facilities inside the declared plant boundary	net issues divided by accepted net engine mass	invoices; material certificates; BOM revision; scale calibration; reconciliation
cp_energy_and_water	engine_manufacturing	electricity, water, and natural gas	utility meter and allocation records	meter id; start/end; unit; temperature/pressure for gas; allocation driver; production mass	direct submetering preferred; otherwise documented causal allocation	MJ, kg, m3	continuous or billing interval	same reporting period as production	included production and support meters	net consumption divided by accepted net engine mass	meter calibration; bills; allocation worksheet
cp_cleaning_chemicals	engine_manufacturing	sodium hydroxide	chemical issue and bath-management records	product mass; concentration; active fraction; bath additions; disposal; engine-family throughput	weigh or meter additions and calculate active ingredient mass	kg active NaOH	each addition; monthly reconciliation	same reporting period as production	all included cleaning systems	active ingredient mass divided by accepted net engine mass	supplier certificate; concentration test; issue log
cp_output_and_waste	engine_manufacturing	accepted engine and wastes	production, weighbridge, manifest, and treatment records	accepted engine mass; dry/wet state; reject mass; scrap material; wastewater mass; destination	calibrated scales or traceable volume-density conversion	kg	each lot or shipment	same reporting period as inputs	all included engine lines and waste destinations	segregate material-specific waste, then divide by accepted net engine mass	scale calibration; waste manifest; acceptance record; mass reconciliation
cp_direct_emissions	engine_manufacturing	direct combustion emissions	stack measurement or fuel-carbon calculation	fuel amount; carbon content; oxidation basis; measured concentration; flow; operating time	approved measurement or documented carbon balance	kg	each monitored interval or fuel batch	same reporting period as production	all direct on-site sources allocated to the engine line	sum direct emissions and divide by accepted net engine mass	calibration; laboratory result; fuel certificate; calculation audit
cp_production_test	production_line_test	tested engines, gasoline, electricity, and exhaust	test-cell log, fuel meter, electricity meter, and emission measurement	engine id; engine mass; tested fraction; duration; duty cycle; fuel mass; electricity; exhaust flow; constituent concentration; pass/reject	link synchronized test-cell and production-lot records; determine emitted mass over each test interval	kg, MJ, h	each test	same reporting period as production	every included production test cell	sum all measured production-test exchanges and divide once by accepted net engine mass; do not reapply the tested fraction to aggregated measurements	instrument calibration; test worksheet; lot traceability; pass/reject record

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalize_mass	all foreground exchanges	normalized amount = net exchange amount / accepted net engine output mass	net exchange amount; accepted net engine output mass	exchange per 1 kg reference product
calc_material_net_issue	material inputs	net material input = receipts or line issues - documented returns not consumed by the engine line	receipt/issue mass; return mass	net material mass
calc_gas_reference_volume	natural gas	convert actual or billed gas volume to the declared reference condition without mixing volume bases	metered volume; temperature; pressure; compressibility or billing basis	m3 at declared condition
calc_emitted_mass	measured test emissions	emitted mass = integral of constituent mass flow over the test interval; use the applicable continuous or batch sampling calculation	constituent concentration; exhaust flow; test interval	kg emitted constituent	us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15
calc_test_fraction	production-line test	When only a per-tested-engine mean is available, multiply it once by the tested-engine count before normalizing to accepted output; when the meter already totals all production tests, normalize that total directly and do not reapply the tested fraction.	measured test exchange; tested engines; accepted engine output mass	test exchange attributable to saleable output	us-epa-engine-test-cells, us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	reference product	Demonstrate spark ignition, reciprocating piston design, motor-vehicle use, and total cylinder capacity <= 1000 cm3 for the declared engine family.	nameplate/specification; homologation or certificate record; BOM and model-family control
dq_mass_balance	manufacturing inventory	Reconcile material inputs with engine output, process losses, inventory change, returns, scrap, wastewater solids where material, and documented exclusions.	signed mass-balance worksheet; stock records; waste manifests
dq_temporal	all foreground records	Use a complete representative reporting period or a complete campaign; explain start-up, shutdown, abnormal, prototype, and low-volume conditions.	production calendar; meter coverage; exception log
dq_completeness	all processes	Reconcile the full accepted engine mass and report every separately hazardous, regulated, or decision-relevant exchange regardless of mass share; quantify and disclose any residual gap.	BOM coverage; completeness calculation; gap register
dq_test_traceability	production-line test	Prevent double counting between certification/development and production tests and retain the tested production fraction, duty cycle, fuel specification, and constituent method.	test plan; engine/test identifiers; calibration and result files

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_rule_1	product identity	Reject a data package unless the engine is spark-ignition, reciprocating piston, of a kind used for motor vehicles, and its declared total cylinder capacity is not greater than 1000 cm3.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
validation_rule_2	reference flow	Require the exact reference-flow UUID, Mass property, kg unit, and every required qualifier; verify that net engine mass excludes undeclared transport packaging.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
validation_rule_3	inventory accounting	Require each exchange to be atomic, tied to a process and direction, normalized to 1 kg accepted engine output, and reconciled against production, stock, return, and waste records.
validation_rule_4	production-line test	If testing occurs, require tested-engine input/output identity, tested fraction, fuel and electricity records, and separately reported direct exhaust constituents without double counting aggregate and speciated hydrocarbons.	us-epa-engine-test-cells, us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15
validation_rule_5	upstream representativeness	Require supplier/product state, geography, technology, time, and allocation disclosures for upstream datasets; unresolved UUID or range evidence remains an explicit review finding.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after independent review
downstream_use	Foreground engine-manufacturing inventories and downstream motor-vehicle process or lifecyclemodel projections
allowed_use	Cradle-to-gate comparison of CPC 43121 engines with equivalent reference-flow qualifiers and compatible boundary, geography, technology, and production period
excluded_use	Complete-vehicle, use-phase, remanufacturing, end-of-life, aircraft-engine, rotary-engine, compression-ignition, or >1000 cm3 claims without added models
required_metadata	PCR id/version; engine family/model; displacement; cylinder count; cycle; aspiration; fuel system; emission control; rated power; shipping-fluid state; tested fraction; plant geography; period; upstream dataset identities; allocation; cut-offs; unresolved findings
required_quality_disclosure	primary-data share; meter and BOM coverage; mass-balance closure; temporal representativeness; allocation drivers; test protocol; data gaps; uncertainty; review status
update_trigger	engine-family or BOM redesign; displacement/category change; material plant/process/energy change; test-policy change; new exact UUIDs; new two-source compatible range evidence; or loss of temporal representativeness

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Ver. 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-05)	English category identity, parent motor-vehicle-engine boundary, and capacity threshold
un-cpc-1-1-chinese	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 1.1, Chinese edition, Series M No. 77 Ver. 1.1, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesM/M_77ver1_1c.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Professional Chinese title and Chinese parent-category terminology for the same code
us-doe-vto-analysis-2020	official_guidance	U.S. Department of Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office, Analysis Program 2020 Annual Progress Report, section I.3, Update of Vehicle Manufacturing Cycle for Light Duty Vehicles, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-07/VTO_2020_APR_ANALYSIS_COMBINED_REPORT_compliant_.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Powertrain-system material composition and steel, aluminium, plastics, copper wiring, rubber, and cast-iron inventory coverage
us-epa-engine-test-cells	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, Engine Test Cells/Stands: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/engine-test-cellsstands-national-emission-standards-hazardous-air (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Conditional engine-test-cell process and direct exhaust-air exchange requirement
us-ecfr-40-cfr-1065-15	standard	Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 1065.15, Overview of procedures for laboratory and field testing, https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-U/part-1065/subpart-A/section-1065.15 (retrieved 2026-09-05)	Test fuel/work records, exhaust constituent list, emitted-mass measurement, and dynamometer test context