Spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1000 cc

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs cradle-to-factory-gate data production for one complete, newly manufactured spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engine for a motor vehicle when total swept cylinder capacity exceeds 1000 cc. The foreground package covers material and component supply, component casting or forming where performed for the reported engine, machining, aqueous cleaning, final assembly, production testing, and transfer of the accepted engine to the manufacturer's factory gate. Supplier processes may be linked upstream rather than repeated in the foreground, but their material and component burdens remain inside the product system.

The PCR excludes aircraft engines, rotary engines, engines of 1000 cc or less, compression-ignition engines, incomplete engine parts sold separately, remanufactured engines, installation in a vehicle, vehicle operation, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life. Packaging and outbound distribution are excluded unless the declared product state explicitly includes them. A concrete dataset shall state which castings, machining, cleaning, assembly and hot-test operations are performed on site and which are represented by supplier datasets.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.general-purpose-machinery.spark-ignition-reciprocating-internal-combustion-piston-engines-of-a-cylinder-capacity-381d092a
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 43122, exact classification context
covered_products	Complete new spark-ignition reciprocating piston engines for motor vehicles with total cylinder capacity greater than 1000 cc
excluded_products	Engines at or below 1000 cc; compression-ignition, rotary or aircraft engines; incomplete parts; remanufactured engines; complete vehicles
representative_product	An assembled and production-accepted gasoline-compatible reciprocating piston engine above 1000 cc at the engine manufacturer's factory gate
production_route	Supplied materials and components; casting/forming where applicable; machining; cleaning; assembly; cold test and, where applied, hot test
market_state	New complete engine, dry or filled state explicitly declared, accepted for installation in a motor vehicle

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provide a complete, production-accepted spark-ignition reciprocating piston engine above 1000 cc for installation in a motor vehicle
How much	1 kg net engine mass at the factory gate; the number of complete engines represented shall also be reported
How well	Conforming to the declared engine family or model specification and the manufacturer's production acceptance criteria
How long or cycle	One manufacturing cycle through factory-gate acceptance; service life and vehicle use are outside this PCR
reference_flow_link	The reference flow is the measured net mass of accepted complete engines; one engine count is converted to kg using the same batch's measured net engine mass

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1000 cc 573e22c4-3de9-4b1e-a339-0e5a453d1457
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	engine family and model; total cylinder capacity in cc; spark-ignition and reciprocating configuration; cylinder count; aspiration; rated power; compatible test fuel; dry or filled mass basis; included accessories and emission-control components; manufacturing geography and reference year; supplier-versus-site process boundary; cold-test and hot-test status

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
measurement_reference_mass	Reference product and mass-normalized rows	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use the net mass of accepted complete engines at the declared dry or filled state. Exclude shipping packaging and transport fixtures unless they are explicitly part of the sold product.
measurement_count_to_mass	Engine count records	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Convert engine count to mass with measured net batch mass divided by accepted engine count; retain both raw values and do not use a generic nominal engine mass.
measurement_energy	Electricity rows	Net calorific value / energy	MJ	Preserve metered energy and convert kWh to MJ using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ. Do not convert demand, capacity or rated power into energy.
measurement_gas_volume	Gaseous natural gas	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	State temperature, pressure and whether volume is normal, standard or actual. Use supplier or measured factors for any mass or energy conversion.
measurement_bom_mass	Material inputs	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Reconcile net material input, incorporated material and separately measured scrap on a consistent wet/dry and recycled-content basis; do not infer material mass from cost.

5. System Boundary

The product system is cradle-to-factory-gate. Primary and secondary material production and production of purchased engine components are represented through qualified upstream datasets. The foreground records site operations for the reported engine family, including applicable casting or forming, machining, cleaning, assembly and production testing. Capital equipment, engine installation, vehicle use, maintenance and end-of-life are outside the default boundary.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_cradle_to_gate	Complete engine product system	Include raw-material recovery, material processing, engine-component production, engine assembly and the treatment of wastes generated before factory-gate acceptance. Link qualified upstream datasets for purchased materials and components.	argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production; mrozik-2020-si-engine-materials
boundary_site_route	Foreground site operations	Include only casting, heat treatment, machining and aqueous cleaning operations actually performed for the declared engine; disclose supplier datasets for operations performed elsewhere.	usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes
boundary_production_test	Cold and hot production tests	Include all electricity, test fuel, rejected engine disposition and direct elementary emissions from production testing. Gasoline and hot-test combustion emissions apply only when a fuelled hot test occurs.	argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production
boundary_no_double_count	Linked suppliers and site operations	Do not count the same component-making, fuel-combustion or waste-treatment burden in both a supplier dataset and the foreground stage.
boundary_exclusions	Default PCR boundary	Exclude factory capital goods, worker commuting, engine installation, vehicle assembly, distribution, use, maintenance and end-of-life unless the study goal explicitly expands the boundary and reports those results separately.

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Identified primary or secondary materials and purchased engine components at the point they enter the product system, with supplier production represented by upstream datasets
starting_condition_role	Cradle-to-gate product-system input and foreground/supplier boundary declaration
product_classification_scope	Complete CPC 43122 engine only; same-category complete-engine inputs are not silently embedded
recursive_input_rule	If a complete CPC 43122 engine enters as an input, record it as a separate product flow and stop recursive expansion at its qualified upstream dataset; do not relabel it as parts or raw material
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geographically and technologically representative datasets for each purchased material and component; disclose recycled content, allocation method, production geography, reference year and data gaps
disclosure	Declare engine model/family, mass state, cylinder capacity, included accessories, supplier-versus-site operations, casting and cleaning routes, test route, rejected-engine treatment and all exclusions

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
component_manufacture	Material supply and engine-component manufacture	required	Required for every dataset; supplier operations may be linked upstream, while site operations are collected directly	Material composition, casting/forming, machining and cleaning before final assembly	Inputs and outputs per kg accepted complete engine
assembly_and_test	Final engine assembly and production test	required	Required for every dataset; fuelled hot-test rows apply only when a hot test is performed	Assembly, acceptance testing and release of the complete reference product	Inputs and outputs per kg accepted complete engine

Process: Material supply and engine-component manufacture (component_manufacture)

Inputs

Product flows

Aluminium-alloy material (cm_aluminium_alloy)

Record the mass of aluminium alloy incorporated in cast or wrought engine components, including measured process losses when those component-making operations are inside the product system.

• Selected flow: Aluminium alloy 28b47d6d-68b4-4810-b764-01a1fc1352dc
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculated aluminium-alloy input from the product-specific bill of materials plus separately measured aluminium process loss
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom_material_ledger
• Sources: argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production; mrozik-2020-si-engine-materials

Alloy-steel bars and rods (cm_alloy_steel)

Record the mass of not-further-worked alloy-steel bars or rods entering component manufacture; grade and delivered form remain product-specific qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Bars and rods of alloy steel, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded (except bars or rods of high-speed steel or silico-manganese steel) c11c7e9a-d020-4b89-a50c-4a82c0f76943
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculated alloy-steel bar and rod input from purchase records and the product-specific bill of materials
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom_material_ledger
• Sources: argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production; mrozik-2020-si-engine-materials

Grey cast iron (cm_cast_iron)

Record grey cast iron entering blocks, heads, camshafts or other engine components as one mass flow. The Tiangong identity remains unresolved because ranked candidates were not publicly readable at state 100.

• Selected flow: Grey cast iron
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculated grey-cast-iron input from purchase records and the product-specific bill of materials
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom_material_ledger
• Sources: mrozik-2020-si-engine-materials; usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes

Nitrile-rubber material (cm_nitrile_rubber)

Record nitrile rubber only when it is present in the declared engine's seals, hoses or moulded components; other elastomers require their own atomic rows in the completed dataset.

• Selected flow: Nitrile Rubber ad250520-feb6-401a-9159-1f25c0fd7980
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculated nitrile-rubber input from the product-specific bill of materials
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom_material_ledger
• Sources: argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production

Cutting fluid (cm_cutting_fluid)

Record fresh cutting fluid make-up crossing into engine-component machining; recovered recirculating stock is not counted again on every circulation.

• Selected flow: Cutting Fluid 576d250f-4f36-4385-939d-0f03b8f95a10
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured fresh cutting-fluid additions minus returned unopened material
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_consumables
• Sources: usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes

Component-manufacturing electricity (cm_electricity)

Record purchased and on-site-generated electricity consumed by applicable casting, machining, cleaning and component-handling operations, net of exported electricity.

• Selected flow: Electricity 67b723a9-6f63-4802-adca-b52ce7967d47
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: metered electricity allocated causally to the declared engine family and converted to MJ
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_energy
• Sources: argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production

Gaseous natural gas (cm_natural_gas)

Record gaseous natural gas when it crosses the boundary for on-site metal melting, heat treatment, space/process heating or other engine-component operations.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered natural-gas volume at declared reference conditions allocated to the applicable engine operations
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_fuel
• Sources: usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes

Process water (cm_process_water)

Record process water supplied to machining-fluid make-up, part washing and other engine-component operations; cooling water is a distinct flow and shall not be merged into this row.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered process-water input allocated to the declared component operations
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_records
• Sources: usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes

Sodium hydroxide (cm_sodium_hydroxide)

Record sodium hydroxide only when an alkaline aqueous cleaning bath or make-up solution is used for engine components; disclose supplied concentration.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: mass of pure sodium hydroxide calculated from purchased solution mass and documented concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_records
• Sources: usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Wastewater from component cleaning (cm_cleaning_wastewater)

Record aqueous wastewater leaving engine-part cleaning, before or after on-site treatment as declared. Retained bath, hauled waste liquid and sewer discharge are not merged without a mass-balance conversion.

• Selected flow: Wastewater from cleaning f0402393-e82c-47e8-9cd8-a486c97f3e89
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured cleaning wastewater transferred to the declared treatment or discharge boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_waste
• Sources: usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes

Spent foundry moulding sand (cm_spent_foundry_sand)

Record spent foundry moulding sand only when sand casting of engine components is inside the declared boundary. Keep it separate from blasting abrasive and furnace slag.

• Selected flow: Spent foundry moulding sand
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured spent moulding sand transferred off site or to on-site recovery, net of internally recirculated sand
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_waste
• Sources: usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from component manufacture (cm_fossil_co2)

Record direct fossil carbon dioxide released by on-site combustion of fossil natural gas in component operations. Upstream electricity emissions remain in the electricity dataset.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: stack measurement or fuel-carbon-balance calculation for fossil natural gas consumed by component operations
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_direct_emissions
• Sources:

Process: Final engine assembly and production test (assembly_and_test)

Inputs

Product flows

Assembly-and-test electricity (at_electricity)

Record electricity used for final assembly tools, handling, leak checks, cold tests and production-test equipment, separately from component-manufacturing electricity where meters permit.

• Selected flow: Electricity 67b723a9-6f63-4802-adca-b52ce7967d47
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: metered assembly-and-test electricity allocated causally to accepted and rejected engines of the declared family
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_assembly_energy
• Sources: argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production

Gasoline for fuelled hot testing (at_gasoline)

Record finished gasoline only when the production route includes a fuelled hot test. Fuel returned unchanged to storage is excluded from net consumption; grade and fossil/biogenic content are disclosed.

• Selected flow: Gasoline e6677cd5-b574-4e00-a3bd-c373ac796135
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured gasoline issued to hot tests minus measured recoverable returned fuel
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hot_test_fuel
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted complete engine (at_reference_engine)

Record only complete engines that pass the declared production acceptance gate. Rejected engines and rework-in-process do not enter the reference-product quantity until accepted.

• Selected flow: Spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1000 cc 573e22c4-3de9-4b1e-a339-0e5a453d1457
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net mass of accepted complete engines at the declared dry or filled state
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg accepted complete engine reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_reference_product
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from hot testing (at_fossil_co2)

Record direct fossil carbon dioxide emitted during fuelled engine hot tests. This row is not applicable for cold-test-only production and excludes upstream gasoline production emissions.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: direct measurement or carbon-balance calculation from the fossil fraction of net gasoline consumed in hot tests
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted complete engine from the same production period
• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_hot_test_emissions
• Sources:

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivide_first	Multi-stage or multi-product plants	Subdivide and meter component manufacture, assembly and testing before allocation whenever technically feasible.
allocation_causal_driver	Shared electricity, fuel, water and consumables	Allocate shared quantities using a documented causal driver such as machine-hours, test-minutes, metered cell consumption or processed mass; use engine count only when resource use per engine is demonstrably uniform.
allocation_scrap	Recyclable metal and other recovered material	Record each recovered material as its own physical output and disclose the recycling allocation convention. Do not subtract scrap revenue or an avoided-burden credit from foreground consumption without a declared study method.	usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes
allocation_rework_rejects	Rework and rejected engines	Assign rework inputs and treatment burdens to the production period that generated them. Include the mass of accepted engines only in the reference-product denominator.
allocation_supplier_boundary	Purchased components	Do not allocate or repeat burdens already contained in a linked supplier dataset; disclose any truncation or substitution used for missing supplier data.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_bom_material_ledger	component_manufacture	Each named material input	Product BOM, purchase and scrap records	material grade; supplied mass; incorporated mass; scrap mass; recycled content; component supplier; engine family; accepted engine mass	Reconcile product BOM with weighed receipts, supplier declarations and scrap ledgers	kg	Per engineering revision and monthly reconciliation	Representative production period, normally at least 12 months	All reporting sites and material suppliers in scope	Sum each chemically or physically distinct material, include measured process loss, then divide by accepted engine mass	Approved BOM revision; weighbridge or invoice records; supplier declarations; reconciliation sign-off
cp_component_consumables	component_manufacture	Cutting fluid	Purchase, stock and issue records	opening stock; purchases; additions; returns; closing stock; concentration; production line	Tank or store mass balance, excluding internal recirculation	kg	Monthly	Same period as reference output	All machining cells in scope	Net fresh make-up divided by accepted engine mass	Calibrated scales or supplier invoices; tank reconciliation
cp_component_energy	component_manufacture	Electricity	Meter readings and production logs	opening and closing meter; submeter values; exported electricity; machine-hours; accepted and rejected engine mass	Calibrated meter or reconciled utility invoice with causal allocation	kWh and MJ	Continuous or monthly	Same period as reference output	All component operations in scope	Net electricity times 3.6, divided by accepted engine mass	Meter calibration; invoice reconciliation; allocation worksheet
cp_component_fuel	component_manufacture	Gaseous natural gas	Meter and supplier records	gas volume; temperature; pressure; reference condition; operation; engine family; accepted engine mass	Calibrated meter reconciled to supplier statement	m3	Continuous or monthly	Same period as reference output	All combustion units serving component operations	Net volume at declared conditions divided by accepted engine mass	Meter calibration; supplier bill; allocation worksheet
cp_cleaning_records	component_manufacture	Process water and sodium hydroxide	Meter, batch sheet and chemical issue records	water mass or volume; solution mass; NaOH concentration; bath additions; bath returns; engine family; accepted engine mass	Meter water and calculate pure NaOH from documented solution concentration	kg	Per batch and monthly	Same period as reference output	Each applicable cleaning line	Sum net water and pure NaOH separately, then divide by accepted engine mass	Meter calibration; batch sheets; chemical certificate and concentration calculation
cp_component_waste	component_manufacture	Each named waste output	Waste transfer and internal recovery records	waste identity; wet/dry basis; mass; destination; hazardous status; internal recovery; engine family	Weigh each waste stream at the transfer boundary and reconcile internal recirculation	kg	Per shipment and monthly	Same period as reference output	All component operations in scope	Net external transfer of each waste divided by accepted engine mass	Weighbridge tickets; manifests; treatment receipts; moisture statement
cp_component_direct_emissions	component_manufacture	Fossil carbon dioxide	Stack measurement or fuel carbon-balance record	fuel quantity; carbon content; fossil fraction; oxidation factor; measured CO2; operating period	Use direct calibrated measurement when available, otherwise documented carbon balance	kg	Per campaign or monthly calculation	Same period as reference output	All on-site fossil combustion serving component operations	Fossil CO2 divided by accepted engine mass	Calibration and laboratory certificates or auditable carbon-balance worksheet
cp_assembly_energy	assembly_and_test	Electricity	Assembly/test submeters and production logs	meter readings; test minutes; line hours; accepted and rejected engine mass	Calibrated submeter or utility reconciliation with causal allocation	kWh and MJ	Continuous or monthly	Same period as reference output	Assembly and production-test cells	Net electricity times 3.6, divided by accepted engine mass	Meter calibration; production and allocation records
cp_hot_test_fuel	assembly_and_test	Gasoline	Fuel issue, return and hot-test records	issued mass; returned mass; grade; fossil fraction; engine family; test count; accepted and rejected engine mass	Weighed tank or calibrated fuel meter, reconciled to stock	kg	Per test or shift	Same period as reference output	All fuelled production-test stands	Net issued minus returned gasoline, divided by accepted engine mass	Meter calibration; stock reconciliation; test log
cp_hot_test_emissions	assembly_and_test	Fossil carbon dioxide	Exhaust measurement or fuel carbon-balance record	measured CO2; fuel carbon content; fossil fraction; net fuel; oxidation factor; test count	Direct exhaust measurement or documented carbon balance	kg	Per representative test campaign or monthly	Same period as reference output	All fuelled production-test stands	Fossil CO2 divided by accepted engine mass; zero only when no fuelled test occurs	Analyzer calibration and test reports or auditable carbon-balance worksheet
cp_reference_product	assembly_and_test	Accepted complete engine	Final inspection, scale and production records	engine model; serial or batch; cylinder capacity; dry/filled state; net mass; accepted count; rejected count; included accessories	Calibrated scale linked to final acceptance status	kg and item	Each batch or continuous	Same period as all foreground inputs	All final engine lines in scope	Sum accepted net mass; retain count and rejected mass separately	Scale calibration; acceptance log; configuration record

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_material_intensity	Each BOM material row	(incorporated material mass + process loss inside the boundary) / accepted complete-engine mass	BOM, purchases, supplier declarations, material-specific scrap, accepted engine mass	kg material per kg accepted engine	argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production; mrozik-2020-si-engine-materials
calc_energy_intensity	Electricity rows	(metered imports + on-site generation consumed - exports) × 3.6 / accepted complete-engine mass	kWh meter records, allocation driver, accepted engine mass	MJ electricity per kg accepted engine
calc_solution_active_mass	Sodium hydroxide	supplied solution mass × measured or certified NaOH mass fraction / accepted complete-engine mass	solution mass, concentration, accepted engine mass	kg NaOH per kg accepted engine
calc_waste_intensity	Each waste row	externally transferred waste mass, excluding verified internal recirculation, / accepted complete-engine mass	transfer weights, recovery records, accepted engine mass	kg waste per kg accepted engine	usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes
calc_fossil_co2	Direct fossil carbon dioxide	Use calibrated direct measurement, or net fuel × carbon mass fraction × fossil fraction × oxidation factor × 44/12; do not add upstream fuel emissions	fuel and carbon records or direct measurement, accepted engine mass	kg fossil CO2 per kg accepted engine
calc_reference_flow	Reference product	accepted net engine mass / accepted net engine mass	accepted engine mass and count	1 kg reference product with associated engine count

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	Reference product	Demonstrate spark ignition, reciprocating configuration, motor-vehicle application and total cylinder capacity above 1000 cc for every included engine family.	Engineering specification, configuration record and final acceptance log
dq_bom_completeness	Material and component supply	Represent every physically or chemically distinct material or purchased component contributing at least 1% of net engine mass, plus every hazardous or high-impact material regardless of share, as its own atomic flow or qualified supplier dataset. Reconcile represented mass to net engine mass and explain the residual.	Approved BOM, supplier declarations and mass-reconciliation worksheet
dq_temporal	All foreground rows	Use one consistent representative production period, normally at least 12 consecutive months; disclose start/end dates, shutdowns, model changes and abnormal campaigns.	Dated meters, invoices, production logs and change-control records
dq_geography_technology	Upstream and foreground data	Match production geography, electricity supply, material route, recycled content, casting technology, cleaning chemistry and test route to the declared engine.	Dataset metadata, supplier declarations and route map
dq_meter_reconciliation	Energy, water, fuel and waste	Reconcile submeters to facility totals and document allocation drivers, calibration status, missing intervals and estimation.	Calibration certificates and signed reconciliation worksheet
dq_no_umbrella_flows	Completed inventory	Add route-specific materials, fuels, chemicals, wastes and emissions as separate atomic rows; do not replace them with combined utility, material, waste or emission categories.	Inventory review against purchase, meter, BOM and waste ledgers
dq_uncertainty	Calculated and allocated rows	Disclose measurement uncertainty, allocation shares, missing supplier data and all substitutions.	Calculation workbook, uncertainty record and data-gap register

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_identity	Product identity and reference flow	Reject a dataset unless the reference product is a complete CPC 43122 engine above 1000 cc and reference mass, engine count, dry/filled state and included accessories are declared.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
validation_boundary	System boundary	Confirm that material/component supply, applicable component operations, assembly and production testing are included once, and that supplier-versus-site responsibilities and exclusions are disclosed.	argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production; usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes
validation_inventory_atomicity	Process inventory	Confirm that each row is one product, waste or elementary exchange with one applicable property and unit; reject combined materials, utilities, fuels, wastes or emissions.
validation_bom_balance	Material inputs	Reconcile incorporated material plus separately measured losses to accepted engine mass; investigate and disclose any unexplained residual exceeding the dataset's stated uncertainty.	mrozik-2020-si-engine-materials
validation_energy_units	Electricity and gaseous fuel	Verify kWh-to-MJ conversion, gas reference conditions and the absence of power-to-energy substitution.
validation_route_conditions	Conditional operations and rows	Mark natural gas, sodium hydroxide, spent foundry sand, gasoline and direct combustion emissions not applicable only with route evidence that the corresponding operation did not occur.
validation_combustion_double_count	Direct fossil CO2	Confirm direct site and hot-test fossil CO2 excludes upstream electricity and fuel-supply emissions and is linked to the same foreground fuel record.
validation_data_quality	All rows	Confirm temporal alignment, meter reconciliation, supplier representativeness, calibration evidence and explicit data-gap disclosure.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Cradle-to-factory-gate secondary dataset or background dataset for one complete new CPC 43122 engine
downstream_use	Vehicle production LCA, powertrain comparison, engine-component supply modelling and lifecyclemodel assembly when reference-product qualifiers match
allowed_use	Use after matching engine capacity, configuration, mass state, included accessories, geography, technology, production year and test route
excluded_use	Aircraft or rotary engines; engines at or below 1000 cc; compression-ignition engines; remanufactured engines; parts-only products; use-phase fuel consumption or exhaust modelling
required_metadata	PCR id and version; engine family/model; cylinder capacity; mass and count; dry/filled state; included accessories; geography; reference period; supplier-versus-site boundary; material routes and recycled content; casting, cleaning and test routes; allocation and recycling methods
required_quality_disclosure	Foreground coverage; BOM mass closure; meter and scale calibration; temporal coverage; supplier data quality; allocation drivers; UUID gaps; range-evidence gaps; uncertainty and substitutions
update_trigger	Engineering change affecting mass or materials; new engine family; capacity or fuel-compatibility change; supplier or plant change; casting/cleaning/test-route change; electricity or fuel change; allocation-method change; data older than the declared representativeness period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	Official guidance (official_guidance)	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv	Official CPC 43122 identity and classification path
argonne-anl-22-27-vehicle-production	Official guidance (official_guidance)	Kelly et al., Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways, ANL-22/27, Argonne National Laboratory, June 2022, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1875764	Cradle-to-gate vehicle-production stages, major material categories, component manufacture and assembly system boundary
mrozik-2020-si-engine-materials	Literature (literature)	M. Mrozik, Ecological comparative assessment of selected materials used for the construction of spark ignition engines, Combustion Engines 183(4), 2020, https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-2020-402	Product-specific SI-engine material composition, BOM collection and material sensitivity for 1396-1796 cm3 engines
usphs-1970-automotive-solid-wastes	Official guidance (official_guidance)	Ralph Stone and Company, Inc., Solid Wastes in the Automotive Industry, SW-20C, U.S. Public Health Service, 1970, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=9101VAUL.TXT	Engine casting, finish machining and assembly sequence; separate foundry-sand and metal-machining waste identification
prc-2018-engine-terminology	Official guidance (official_guidance)	State Council of the People's Republic of China, List 2 of products subject to additional tariffs on U.S. goods, 2018, https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-08/08/5312624/files/a2e1f243401141ecabbe93fa983a6937.pdf	Professional Chinese terminology for 点燃往复式活塞内燃发动机 and 气缸容量（排气量）超过1000毫升