Electrical transformers

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to the manufacture of complete electrical transformers, including liquid-immersed, dry-type, conventional electrical-steel-core, and amorphous-core designs. It provides a common factory-gate data-production rule across power, distribution, instrument, isolation, control, welding, testing, and other transformer applications when the product remains an electrical transformer.

The foreground boundary begins with purchased materials, purchased transformer subassemblies, water, fuels, gases, and electricity at the manufacturing site and ends with one finished, factory-tested transformer ready to leave the factory. Static converters, ballasts, stand-alone inductors, stand-alone transformer parts, installation, use-phase electricity losses, maintenance, refurbishment, and end-of-life treatment are outside this foreground dataset. A study may model those stages downstream, but it must not merge them into the factory manufacturing inventory.

The product-specific bill of materials and route determine which conditional rows apply. A foreground data package must add any further concrete atomic exchange that crosses the actual site boundary; this PCR's listed rows are the minimum common set and may not be replaced by umbrella labels.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.electrical-machinery-and-apparatus.electrical-transformers
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 46121 Electrical transformers
covered_products	Complete electrical transformers that transform voltage and current by electromagnetic induction, including liquid-immersed and dry-type products and application-specific transformer designs
excluded_products	Static converters, ballasts, stand-alone inductors, stand-alone transformer parts, substations and construction works, and contract manufacturing services without ownership of the finished transformer
representative_product	One complete factory-tested electrical transformer configured to the declared rated power, voltage ratio, frequency, phase count, insulation and cooling system, and application
production_route	Purchased material and subassembly receipt; core and winding manufacture; insulation and enclosure or tank assembly; route-specific drying, casting, liquid filling, cleaning and finishing; final assembly and factory testing
market_state	Finished, factory-tested, unpackaged transformer at the manufacturer's gate before outbound transport, installation, use, or end-of-life

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Transform an alternating-voltage and current system into another declared alternating-voltage and current system by electromagnetic induction for transmission, distribution, supply, measurement, control, isolation, testing, welding, or another declared transformer application
How much	Provide the declared rated apparent power in kVA under the declared operating and loading profile
How well	Meet the declared voltage ratio, frequency, phase count, insulation and cooling technology, no-load loss, load loss, impedance, temperature-rise, and applicable performance or conformity requirements
How long or cycle	Operate for the declared reference service life and declared lifetime operating hours or duty cycles; the manufacturing dataset itself ends at the factory gate
reference_flow_link	One complete factory-tested transformer required to provide the declared function

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 Item(s)
Reference product flow	Transformer 734249ea-34e6-471b-a05a-f5b26b818167
Reference flow property	Number of items 01846770-4cfe-4a25-8ad9-919d8d378345
Reference unit group	Units of items 5beb6eed-33a9-47b8-9ede-1dfe8f679159
Reference unit	Item(s)
Required qualifiers	transformer application; rated apparent power; primary and secondary rated voltages; frequency; phase count; winding conductor metal; magnetic-core technology and grade; liquid-immersed or dry-type insulation system; cooling method; no-load and load losses and their test conditions; impedance; total product mass; factory location and production period; reference service life; lifetime operating and loading profile; included accessories and unpackaged factory-gate state

When constructing a foreground data package, every required qualifier must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent field. The Tiangong reference product supplies category identity only; it does not encode product rating, technology, geography, performance, or service life.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_item_count	Finished transformer reference flow	Number of items 01846770-4cfe-4a25-8ad9-919d8d378345	Item(s)	Record exactly one accepted, factory-tested transformer as the quantitative reference; report its measured total mass separately as a required qualifier.
material_mass_balance	Material inputs and solid or liquid wastes	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Weigh or derive mass from traceable receipts and product-specific issue and return records; reconcile input material with incorporated mass, recoverable scrap, other documented loss, and stock change without forcing unlike materials into one balance.
electricity_energy_basis	Purchased electricity	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	MJ	Preserve metered electrical energy and convert kWh to MJ only by multiplying by 3.6; exclude use-phase transformer losses and state the meter boundary and loss treatment.
gas_volume_basis	Natural gas and industrial oxygen	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Record delivered or metered volume at declared reference temperature and pressure; do not combine the two gases or convert mass and volume without a documented composition and conversion basis.
factory_test_separation	Factory acceptance and routine testing	Measured energy and electrical test results	MJ; W; kVA; V; Hz	Record test-bay electricity in manufacturing electricity, while no-load and load-loss results remain product-performance metadata and must not be added as manufacturing energy.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Purchased materials, purchased transformer subassemblies, water, fuels, gases, and electricity as received at the declared manufacturing site
starting_condition_role	Upstream production is represented by supplier or background datasets; the foreground starts when each input crosses the manufacturing-site boundary
product_classification_scope	Complete electrical transformers; not static converters, ballasts, stand-alone inductors, stand-alone parts, substations, or contract manufacturing services
recursive_input_rule	A purchased complete transformer entering the factory is recorded as an upstream transformer product only when it is physically incorporated or transformed; it must not be recursively remodelled inside this manufacturing process, and its supplier dataset and treatment must be disclosed
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geographically, technologically, temporally, and product-state-representative supplier or background datasets for every purchased input, with explicit treatment of recycled content and allocation
disclosure	Declare site, production period, transformer design and rating, bill-of-materials coverage, core and winding technologies, insulation and cooling system, included accessories, factory test scope, meter boundaries, stock changes, scrap destinations, direct emissions, and all exclusions

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
boundary_factory_gate	foreground manufacturing	Include material preparation, core and winding manufacture, insulation and structural assembly, applicable drying or casting or liquid filling, cleaning and finishing, final assembly, and factory testing through acceptance of the finished transformer at the factory gate.	ec-transformer-impact-assessment-2014
boundary_variant_disclosure	product and route selection	Distinguish liquid-immersed and dry-type insulation systems and conventional electrical-steel and amorphous-core routes; include each conditional atomic exchange only when the declared product and site records demonstrate that route.	eu-power-transformers-regulation-548-2014, ec-transformer-impact-assessment-2014
boundary_downstream_exclusion	downstream lifecycle stages	Exclude outbound transport, installation, use-phase electricity losses, maintenance, refurbishment, and end-of-life from this factory-gate foreground inventory; model them as separate downstream processes when the study goal requires them.	ec-transformer-impact-assessment-2014

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
transformer_manufacturing	Electrical-transformer manufacturing and factory testing	required	Always included for a factory-gate transformer dataset	Foreground production	1 accepted factory-tested transformer
transformer_use	Transformer operation	excluded_by_default	Model downstream only when the study goal extends beyond the factory gate	Downstream use	Declared operating and loading profile
transformer_end_of_life	Transformer decommissioning and treatment	excluded_by_default	Model downstream only when the study goal extends beyond the factory gate	Downstream end-of-life	Declared treatment scenario

Process: Electrical-transformer manufacturing and factory testing (transformer_manufacturing)

Inputs

Product flows

Grain-oriented electrical steel for a conventional magnetic core (grain_oriented_electrical_steel)

Record one specific grain-oriented electrical-steel sheet or strip input used in the manufactured core. This row is conditional on a conventional grain-oriented electrical-steel core and is omitted for an amorphous-core design.

• Selected flow: Grain-oriented electrical steel sheet
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Product-specific issued mass less traceable unused returns, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance
• Sources:

Amorphous magnetic-core strip (amorphous_alloy_strip)

Record amorphous alloy strip only for an amorphous-core design; do not also record grain-oriented electrical steel for the same core unless both are physically incorporated and separately documented.

• Selected flow: Amorphous alloy strip db4d6a66-a479-428f-b005-f5efbee3106d
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Product-specific issued mass less traceable unused returns, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance
• Sources:

Copper winding conductor (copper_wire)

Record copper wire when copper conductor is incorporated in transformer windings. Do not use this row for aluminum conductor or for mixed conductor stock.

• Selected flow: copper wire da2d966d-fe62-44dc-ba0f-b1cd7c7cf33e
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Product-specific issued copper-wire mass less traceable unused returns, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance
• Sources:

Aluminum winding conductor (aluminum_wire)

Record aluminum wire only when aluminum conductor is incorporated in transformer windings. Do not substitute unwrought aluminum or a conductor of unspecified metal.

• Selected flow: Aluminum wire 89db8507-09bd-45f8-ba96-4e459058412c
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Product-specific issued aluminum-wire mass less traceable unused returns, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance
• Sources:

Epoxy resin for a cast-resin insulation system (epoxy_resin)

Record formulated epoxy resin only when it is consumed in a cast-resin or resin-encapsulated transformer insulation system. Other distinct resin, hardener, filler, or solvent inputs must be added as separate atomic rows.

• Selected flow: Epoxy resin
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Product-specific net resin mass issued to casting and curing, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance
• Sources:

Electrical insulation paper (electrical_insulation_paper)

Record electrical insulation paper when incorporated between turns, layers, windings, or core-and-coil components. Distinct pressboard or other insulation products must be added separately when used.

• Selected flow: Electrical insulation paper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Product-specific issued insulation-paper mass less traceable unused returns, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance
• Sources:

Transformer insulating oil (transformer_insulating_oil)

Record transformer insulating oil only for a liquid-filled design and include both the oil retained in the accepted product and documented manufacturing losses crossing the site boundary.

• Selected flow: Transformer insulating oil 252efad6-76d5-55f4-a338-0ed8d03cf335
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Product-specific delivered or issued oil mass less traceable unused return and stock change, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance
• Sources:

Purchased transformer structural components and casing (transformer_structural_components)

Record the purchased transformer-specific structural subassembly when it crosses the foreground boundary as one supplied product. If the site fabricates individual tank or enclosure materials, replace this subassembly row with separate concrete input rows and avoid double counting.

• Selected flow: Transformer structural components and casing d4d9d3f9-9a57-4ca3-953c-f9bad98d5bc1
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Product-specific received subassembly mass incorporated in one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance
• Sources:

Factory electricity (electricity)

Record electricity delivered to the declared manufacturing and factory-test meter boundary. Exclude electricity attributable to downstream transformer operation.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / MJ; unit group 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Metered manufacturing and factory-test electricity allocated by traceable submeter or documented causal allocation, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources:

Gaseous natural gas for on-site thermal operations (natural_gas)

Record gaseous natural gas only when it is burned or otherwise consumed on site for drying, curing, heating, or another declared manufacturing operation. Do not include upstream gas combustion embedded in purchased electricity or materials.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3; unit group 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Metered or invoiced site consumption for included manufacturing operations, normalized to one accepted transformer and reported at declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources:

Industrial oxygen for on-site oxy-fuel cutting (industrial_oxygen)

Record industrial oxygen only when oxy-fuel cutting or another identified manufacturing operation consumes purchased oxygen within the site boundary.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3; unit group 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Metered or cylinder-delivery oxygen volume consumed by included operations, normalized to one accepted transformer at declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_records
• Sources:

Process water for cleaning or testing (process_water)

Record process water only when water crosses the site boundary for transformer-part cleaning, leak testing, or another identified manufacturing operation. Cooling water must be represented by a distinct row if it crosses the boundary.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Metered or batch-record process-water mass consumed by included operations, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_chemical_records
• Sources:

Sodium hydroxide for alkaline cleaning (sodium_hydroxide)

Record sodium hydroxide only when an alkaline cleaning bath consumes it within the foreground boundary. Report dry NaOH-equivalent mass and separately disclose supplied solution concentration.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Dry NaOH-equivalent mass from product mass multiplied by documented concentration, normalized to one accepted transformer
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_chemical_records
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted finished transformer (transformer_product)

Record the accepted reference product after factory tests and any rework required for acceptance. Rejected units are not counted as reference output.

• Selected flow: Transformer 734249ea-34e6-471b-a05a-f5b26b818167
• Flow property / unit: Number of items 01846770-4cfe-4a25-8ad9-919d8d378345 / Item(s); unit group 5beb6eed-33a9-47b8-9ede-1dfe8f679159
• Amount rule: One accepted factory-tested transformer
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Generic (generic)
• Normalization basis: 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_acceptance
• Sources:

Waste flows

Post-industrial steel scrap (post_industrial_steel_scrap)

Record ferrous offcuts and rejected steel parts leaving the site as post-industrial steel scrap. Do not combine copper, aluminum, oil, or mixed hazardous residues in this row.

• Selected flow: Post-industrial steel scrap c143745d-be4f-4d8f-b403-2dcbfe685349
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Weighed shipment mass plus documented stock change attributable to the accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources:

Copper winding scrap (copper_scrap)

Record copper offcuts and rejected copper winding material leaving the site as copper scrap. Keep contaminated or mixed metal waste separate.

• Selected flow: Copper Scrap 4fbbb5f1-560a-4052-ba0c-652c5dfc282e
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Weighed shipment mass plus documented stock change attributable to the accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources:

Aluminum winding scrap (aluminum_scrap)

Record aluminum offcuts and rejected aluminum winding material only when the aluminum-conductor route applies. Keep contaminated or mixed metal waste separate.

• Selected flow: Aluminium Scrap 96c5f842-ea53-419b-b1cd-c02c479efb45
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Weighed shipment mass plus documented stock change attributable to the accepted transformer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources:

Waste transformer insulating oil (waste_transformer_insulating_oil)

Record off-spec, spilled, drained, or otherwise discarded mineral transformer insulating oil that leaves the site for treatment. Do not use generic lubricating-oil identities or combine aqueous cleaning waste with this row.

• Selected flow: Waste transformer insulating oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or volume-to-mass-converted shipment quantity attributable to the accepted liquid-filled transformer, with density and reference conditions documented
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_records
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from on-site natural-gas combustion (fossil_carbon_dioxide)

Record only direct fossil carbon dioxide crossing from the foreground site to air when on-site natural-gas combustion occurs. Upstream emissions from purchased electricity, fuels, or materials remain in their upstream datasets.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg; unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: Directly measured site emission attributable to included natural-gas combustion and normalized to one accepted transformer; if calculated instead, add a reviewed calculation rule and factor source before use
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 accepted factory-tested transformer
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions
• Sources:

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	shared manufacturing operations	Avoid allocation by product-specific bills of materials, batch records, test records, and submetered utilities; subdivide production cells or time periods whenever the records permit.
allocation_causal_shared_inputs	residual shared utilities and consumables	When subdivision is not possible, use a documented causal driver such as machine time, oven occupancy, test duration, or measured throughput that reflects consumption; disclose the driver and test sensitivity to a reasonable alternative.
allocation_scrap_no_credit	scrap and waste outputs	Report scrap and waste as physical outputs at the factory gate. Do not subtract avoided virgin-material burdens or recycling credits from the foreground manufacturing inventory; downstream models may apply a separately disclosed end-of-life allocation convention.
allocation_rework_and_rejects	rework and rejected units	Attribute rework inputs and the material and energy burden of rejected units to accepted output using the same production-period records; do not count a rejected transformer as reference output.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_balance	transformer_manufacturing	material and purchased-subassembly inputs	purchase, warehouse issue, return, stock and bill-of-material records	material identity; supplier; lot; received mass; issued mass; unused return; opening and closing stock; product serial or batch; route applicability	Reconcile purchasing and stores records to the product-specific bill of materials and production order	kg	Each receipt and production order	Representative continuous production period, normally at least 12 months unless justified	All included manufacturing buildings and stores at the declared site	Net input equals receipts plus opening stock minus returns, closing stock and documented transfers; normalize to accepted units	Calibrated scale records; invoices; material certificates; stock reconciliation; bill-of-material revision
cp_utility_records	transformer_manufacturing	electricity, natural gas and industrial oxygen inputs	meter, invoice and cylinder-delivery records	meter id; opening and closing readings; energy or gas quantity; reference conditions; delivery quantity; process area; production period; allocation driver	Prefer process or production-area submeters; reconcile to site invoices and delivery records	MJ for electricity; m3 for gases	Meter interval or each delivery, aggregated monthly	Same production period as accepted product output	All included production and factory-test meters	Subtract excluded loads, apply documented causal allocation, and divide by accepted transformer count	Meter calibration; invoice reconciliation; meter map; excluded-load log
cp_water_chemical_records	transformer_manufacturing	process water and sodium hydroxide inputs	water-meter, batch make-up and chemical issue records	water volume or mass; chemical product mass; NaOH concentration; bath make-up; bath disposal; production order; density conversion	Read meters and cleaning-bath records; calculate dry NaOH-equivalent from supplied product mass and concentration	kg	Each batch or meter interval, aggregated monthly	Same production period as accepted product output	Included cleaning and testing operations	Sum net input, document reuse and stock change, and normalize to accepted transformer count	Meter calibration; concentration certificate; batch sheet; stock reconciliation
cp_product_acceptance	transformer_manufacturing	accepted transformer output	production order and factory acceptance test record	serial number; product model; acceptance status; rated power; voltages; frequency; phases; losses; impedance; insulation and cooling system; total mass; accessories	Count only units with completed acceptance records and link each unit to its product configuration	Item(s) and kg	Each unit	Same production period as inventory records	Declared factory and test bay	Count accepted units and retain product-level qualifiers; normalize inventory to one accepted unit	Signed acceptance record; calibrated test equipment; weigh record; configuration release
cp_waste_records	transformer_manufacturing	steel, copper, aluminum and waste insulating-oil outputs	waste container, scale, shipment, stock and treatment records	waste identity; source operation; container; gross and tare mass; stock change; shipment date; destination; treatment route	Weigh each shipment or container and reconcile opening and closing waste stock	kg	Each container or shipment, aggregated monthly	Same production period as accepted product output	All included production and waste-storage areas	Net waste equals shipments plus closing stock minus opening stock and documented incoming transfers; allocate by source records and normalize to accepted units	Scale calibration; waste manifest; carrier receipt; stock reconciliation; photographs or contamination classification
cp_direct_emissions	transformer_manufacturing	direct fossil carbon dioxide output	stack or exhaust measurement record	source id; fuel-consuming operation; concentration; flow rate; sampling duration; operating hours; fossil attribution; production period	Use calibrated direct measurement covering included on-site combustion; calculated values require a separately reviewed rule and factor source	kg	Each test or continuous interval according to monitoring system	Representative operating period aligned with production	Every included combustion source	Integrate measured mass over operating time, apply documented production allocation, and normalize to accepted units	Calibration; sampling report; operating log; source inventory; fossil-origin evidence

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalize_per_transformer	all foreground exchanges	Normalized amount equals the net exchange assigned to the product configuration divided by the count of accepted transformers represented by the records.	net exchange; accepted transformer count	exchange per 1 accepted transformer
calc_electricity_conversion	electricity reported in kWh	Electrical energy in MJ equals metered kWh multiplied by 3.6; retain the original meter value and conversion.	metered kWh	electricity MJ
calc_naoh_dry_equivalent	sodium hydroxide solution	Dry NaOH-equivalent mass equals supplied solution mass multiplied by the supplier-certified NaOH mass fraction.	solution mass; certified NaOH mass fraction	kg dry NaOH equivalent
calc_inventory_reconciliation	each material family	Net material input must reconcile to incorporated product mass plus same-material waste, documented other loss, and stock change; investigate and disclose any residual rather than assigning it to an umbrella flow.	net input; incorporated mass; waste mass; other loss; stock change	material-specific reconciliation residual

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product	Link every accepted item to a serial number or production order and retain all required reference-flow qualifiers.	Product configuration, nameplate data, acceptance record and bill-of-material revision
dq_temporal_alignment	all foreground records	Use one representative production period across inputs, outputs and accepted units; disclose shutdowns, commissioning, unusual rework and any shorter-than-12-month period.	Dated meter, purchasing, stock, production, test and waste records
dq_completeness	site boundary	Reconcile purchasing, utility, output and waste totals; disclose missing meters, estimates, excluded buildings and every actual atomic flow added beyond the minimum rows.	Site flow map, reconciliation worksheet and signed completeness review
dq_variant_consistency	conditional routes	Apply mutually exclusive or combined core, conductor and insulation rows according to the actual bill of materials; do not infer route from the category name.	Bill of materials, drawings, material certificates and production traveller
dq_source_representativeness	upstream datasets	Select upstream datasets matching material grade, product state, supplier technology, geography and period where possible; disclose proxies and sensitivity.	Supplier declarations, dataset metadata and proxy log
dq_performance_metadata	downstream interpretation	Retain rated power, voltage ratio, frequency, phase count, no-load and load losses, test conditions, impedance, cooling and insulation system, reference service life and loading profile because factory-gate mass alone does not describe transformer function.	Nameplate, type or routine test report, technical specification and declared use scenario

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
validation_reference_flow	reference product	Fail validation unless the output is exactly one accepted Transformer item with the listed product, property and unit-group UUIDs and every required qualifier is populated.	eu-power-transformers-regulation-548-2014
validation_inventory_identity	inventory rows	Fail validation when a selected flow combines multiple materials, utilities, wastes, or emissions, when an unresolved row is assigned a proxy UUID, or when a conditional row lacks route applicability.
validation_mass_reconciliation	material families	Require a documented material-specific reconciliation and investigate non-zero residuals; do not balance one material with another or silently assign a residual to other waste.
validation_boundary_separation	manufacturing energy and emissions	Fail validation if use-phase transformer losses or upstream emissions from purchased electricity, fuels, or materials are counted as direct factory exchanges.	ec-transformer-impact-assessment-2014
validation_bilingual_identity	localized flow displays	Require identical row ids, UUIDs and controlled values across languages and require the exact Tiangong Chinese baseName for every UUID-bearing flow.
validation_unresolved_evidence	publication readiness	Treat the four unresolved flow UUIDs and every unresolved external range-evidence need as review blockers for publication, while retaining foreground collection requirements for candidate use.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Product-specific factory-gate foreground manufacturing dataset for one accepted electrical transformer
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Supplier-specific or representative transformer manufacturing in product systems when the declared design, rating, technology, geography, period and factory-gate boundary match; linkage to separately modelled transport, installation, use, maintenance and end-of-life stages
excluded_use	Direct comparison of transformer efficiency, lifetime performance or whole-life impacts without compatible rated power, voltage, loss, loading, service-life and downstream scenarios; representation of static converters, inductors, parts, substations or contract manufacturing services
required_metadata	Canonical PCR id; product and UUID identity; all required reference-flow qualifiers; site and production period; bill-of-material revision; route applicability; collection protocols; allocation drivers; accepted-unit count; total mass; upstream dataset choices; exclusions and unresolved evidence
required_quality_disclosure	Temporal and site coverage; meter and scale calibration; record completeness; material reconciliation residuals; data gaps and estimates; proxy upstream datasets; conditional rows; stock changes; scrap destinations; direct-emission measurement coverage; uncertainty and review status
update_trigger	Change in transformer design, rated power family, core or conductor technology, insulation or cooling system, factory or production line, bill of materials, energy supply, cleaning or finishing route, allocation driver, upstream dataset, applicable performance specification, or evidence that materially changes the normalized inventory

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	Dataset (dataset)	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv, retrieved 2026-09-04	Official CPC 46121 product classification identity and exclusions of neighbouring CPC products
eu-power-transformers-regulation-548-2014	Standard (standard)	Commission Regulation (EU) No 548/2014 of 21 May 2014 with regard to small, medium and large power transformers, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A32014R0548, retrieved 2026-09-04	Power-transformer definition; rated power, voltage, frequency, liquid-immersed and dry-type qualifiers; performance disclosure context
ec-transformer-impact-assessment-2014	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document Impact Assessment accompanying power-transformer ecodesign requirements, SWD(2014) 162, https://ec.europa.eu/smart-regulation/impact/ia_carried_out/docs/ia_2014/swd_2014_0162_en.pdf, retrieved 2026-09-04	Transformer variant and lifecycle context; magnetic steel, copper or aluminum, resin and oil relevance; factory loss testing and downstream-stage separation
gbt-1094-1-2013	Standard (standard)	State Administration for Market Regulation and Standardization Administration of China, GB/T 1094.1-2013 Power transformers—Part 1: General, https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/std/newGbInfo?hcno=C3539A02733314553221D30BB7A2A0DF, retrieved 2026-09-04	Professional Chinese product title 电力变压器 and terminology alignment