Unwrought tungsten and other specified non-ferrous metals, their powders, and cobalt-metallurgy intermediates

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers gate-to-gate production of the CPC 41601 family: unwrought tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, magnesium, cobalt, cadmium, titanium, zirconium, beryllium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium, rhenium, thallium, germanium and vanadium; powders of those metals except magnesium powder; and cobalt mattes and other cobalt-metallurgy intermediates. It applies to primary, secondary, hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, electrolytic and chemical routes only when the exact product, feed state and route are declared.

The category is chemically and technologically heterogeneous. The detailed inventory below is the audited representative route for tungsten powder from tungsten concentrate. A dataset for another covered product shall replace the representative process map with its actual route and atomic exchanges; it shall not reuse tungsten flows, yields or emissions as proxies. Wrought products and articles, magnesium powder, cermets, fabricated products, mining and beneficiation before the received concentrate, capital goods, employee travel and downstream use or end-of-life are excluded.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.tungsten-molybdenum-tantalum-magnesium-cobalt-cadmium-titanium-zirconium-beryllium-gall-f36ccdf2
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41601 (exact classification context; no accepted mapping is asserted by this PCR)
covered_products	Declared unwrought metals and non-magnesium metal powders listed in scope; cobalt mattes and other declared cobalt-metallurgy intermediates
excluded_products	Wrought products and articles; magnesium powder; cermets; metal waste and scrap sold as waste; products outside the declared chemical identity or market state
representative_product	Tungsten Powder
production_route	Representative route: tungsten-concentrate hydrometallurgy to tungsten trioxide followed by hydrogen reduction; other covered products require their own declared route-specific process map
market_state	Dry saleable powder at the producing facility gate; purity, particle-size distribution, moisture and oxygen content declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Production of saleable tungsten powder meeting the declared product specification
How much	1 kg dry tungsten powder
How well	At declared tungsten purity, particle-size distribution, moisture, oxygen content and lot acceptance status
How long or cycle	One production lot represented over the declared reporting period
reference_flow_link	tungsten_powder_output

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg dry saleable product
Reference product flow	Tungsten Powder 50fa22a2-c21a-49ec-a088-53d2c4656c86
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	exact chemical/product identity; primary or secondary feed status; production route; dry or as-received basis; purity and assay method; particle-size distribution; moisture; oxygen content; facility geography; technology; reporting period; allocation method

When constructing a foreground data package, all required qualifiers shall be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent field. A non-tungsten covered product shall use its exact product flow and preserve the 1 kg dry-product mass reference; the tungsten UUID shall not be used as a proxy.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_dry_mass	reference product and mass-normalized inventory	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report saleable product on a dry-mass basis. When weighed as received, retain gross mass and measured moisture and calculate dry mass as gross mass multiplied by one minus the moisture mass fraction.
gas_reference_conditions	natural gas, industrial oxygen and unresolved hydrogen rows	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Record gas volume with temperature, absolute pressure and dry/wet basis. Convert all gas records to the single reference condition declared by the dataset; do not combine volumes at different conditions.
electricity_energy_conversion	purchased electricity rows	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Preserve metered electrical energy and convert kWh to MJ using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ. Declare voltage level, grid geography, on-site generation and loss boundary.
material_assay_basis	tungsten concentrate, tungsten trioxide, residue and powder	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Retain both total material mass and measured tungsten mass fraction. Never substitute contained-tungsten mass for total flow mass without an explicit conversion record.

5. System Boundary

The foreground boundary starts when tungsten concentrate or another explicitly declared metallurgical feed is received at the conversion facility. For the representative route it includes alkaline digestion or leaching, solid-liquid separation, purification and precipitation/calcination to tungsten trioxide, hydrogen reduction, powder finishing, on-site air-emission control and wastewater or residue generation up to dry saleable tungsten powder at the facility gate. Upstream production and delivery of concentrate, electricity, fuels, gases, chemicals and water shall be represented by linked datasets. Treatment after a waste crosses the foreground boundary is linked as downstream treatment and is not silently absorbed.

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Received metallurgical feed at facility gate, with exact material identity, primary/secondary status, origin, total mass, moisture, target-metal grade and impurity profile declared
starting_condition_role	Upstream product input to the foreground conversion route
product_classification_scope	CPC 41601 context restricted to the exact covered product and market state declared by the dataset
recursive_input_rule	A same-category product used as feed is recorded as a separate product input with its own upstream dataset; do not recursively include its production in the current foreground process or net it against output
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link geographically and technologically representative datasets for each received feed, electricity supply, fuel, gas, chemical and water input
disclosure	Disclose product identity, route, feed origin and grade, primary/secondary share, process ownership, cut-offs, recycled-content accounting, allocation, abatement, wastewater and residue destinations

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_route_specificity	every foreground dataset	Include only unit operations actually used for the declared product and route, and disclose excluded route stages; do not import tungsten-route exchanges into another covered metal.	jrc-nfm-bref-2017
boundary_upstream_inputs	purchased feeds and utilities	Represent production and delivery of each purchased feed, electricity, fuel, industrial gas, chemical and water input with an upstream dataset.	jrc-nfm-bref-2017
boundary_direct_releases	foreground emissions and wastes	Record direct air releases, waterborne releases and each waste leaving the controlled process as separate atomic exchanges before downstream treatment.	jrc-nfm-bref-2017

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
tungsten_hydrometallurgy	Tungsten concentrate digestion, purification and oxide preparation	conditional	Required when tungsten powder is produced through an alkaline hydrometallurgical route from tungsten concentrate	foreground conversion and intermediate production	kg dry tungsten trioxide transferred to reduction
tungsten_powder_reduction	Hydrogen reduction and tungsten powder finishing	conditional	Required when tungsten powder is produced by hydrogen reduction of tungsten trioxide	foreground reduction and final product production	kg dry saleable tungsten powder
other_covered_metal_route	Declared route for another covered CPC 41601 product	conditional	Required in place of the representative tungsten route when the reference product is not tungsten powder	route-specific foreground production	1 kg dry declared saleable product

Process: Tungsten concentrate digestion, purification and oxide preparation (tungsten_hydrometallurgy)

Inputs

Product flows

Tungsten concentrate feed (tungsten_concentrate_input)

Tungsten concentrate received from beneficiation crosses the facility gate as the representative metal-bearing feed.

• Selected flow: Tungsten concentrate 9d78c8bc-0a1c-4f89-9c86-efc516cd7e76
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured as-received mass corrected to dry mass, with tungsten grade retained separately
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry tungsten trioxide transferred to reduction
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hydromet_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process water (hydromet_process_water)

Water supplied for digestion, washing and solution preparation is measured as one product input; recirculated internal water is not double-counted.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered net process-water input crossing the foreground boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry tungsten trioxide transferred to reduction
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hydromet_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Sodium hydroxide (sodium_hydroxide_input)

Sodium hydroxide used in alkaline digestion is recorded as delivered product mass; concentration and solution carrier water are retained.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: purchased or issued mass, with active NaOH concentration recorded
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry tungsten trioxide transferred to reduction
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hydromet_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Electricity for hydrometallurgy (hydromet_electricity)

Purchased electricity used by digestion, pumping, separation and purification equipment is separately submetered or allocated from a documented meter hierarchy.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: submetered electrical energy converted to MJ
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry tungsten trioxide transferred to reduction
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hydromet_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Tungsten trioxide intermediate (tungsten_trioxide_output)

Dry tungsten trioxide transferred to the reduction process is an internal product flow. Its UUID remains unresolved and it shall not be replaced with tungstic acid or ammonium paratungstate.

• Selected flow: Tungsten trioxide
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry transfer mass reconciled with tungsten assay and batch balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry tungsten trioxide transferred to reduction
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_hydromet_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Tungsten-bearing leach residue (tungsten_leach_residue)

The wet solid separated after digestion or leaching is recorded as a distinct waste; moisture and residual tungsten content are retained.

• Selected flow: Tungsten-bearing leach residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured wet mass with moisture and tungsten assay retained
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry tungsten trioxide transferred to reduction
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hydromet_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Tungsten-containing process wastewater (tungsten_process_wastewater)

Liquid wastewater discharged from washing, purification or abatement is recorded before off-site treatment; volume or density conversion and dissolved tungsten concentration are retained.

• Selected flow: Tungsten-containing process wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered volume converted to mass using measured density, or directly measured mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry tungsten trioxide transferred to reduction
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hydromet_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Process: Hydrogen reduction and tungsten powder finishing (tungsten_powder_reduction)

Inputs

Product flows

Tungsten trioxide feed (tungsten_trioxide_input)

The internal tungsten trioxide from hydrometallurgy enters the reduction furnace. It carries the same unresolved identity as the preceding process output.

• Selected flow: Tungsten trioxide
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry furnace-charge mass reconciled to the transferred intermediate
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry saleable tungsten powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_reduction_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Industrial hydrogen reductant (hydrogen_reductant)

Elemental hydrogen supplied to reduce tungsten trioxide is recorded at the declared gas reference condition. No exact Tiangong product UUID was confirmed.

• Selected flow: Industrial hydrogen
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered hydrogen supplied minus separately measured recovered hydrogen exported from the process boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry saleable tungsten powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_reduction_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Electricity for reduction and finishing (reduction_electricity)

Purchased electricity used by reduction furnaces, gas circulation, cooling auxiliaries, milling, sieving and packing equipment is separately recorded.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: submetered electrical energy converted to MJ
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry saleable tungsten powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_reduction_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Natural gas for furnace heat (reduction_natural_gas)

Gaseous natural gas is included only when combusted within the reduction or finishing boundary; it is not combined with hydrogen.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered natural gas at the declared reference condition; not applicable for an all-electric route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry saleable tungsten powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_reduction_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Industrial oxygen for supported combustion (combustion_oxygen)

Industrial oxygen is included only when purchased oxygen supports on-site natural-gas combustion; purity and pressure are declared.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered oxygen at the declared reference condition; not applicable when ambient air alone supports combustion or no fuel is burned
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry saleable tungsten powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_reduction_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Saleable tungsten powder (tungsten_powder_output)

Dry saleable tungsten powder accepted against the declared lot specification is the reference output.

• Selected flow: Tungsten Powder 50fa22a2-c21a-49ec-a088-53d2c4656c86
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted lot mass corrected to dry mass; fixed to 1 kg after normalization
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg dry saleable tungsten powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_reduction_batch
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-2025

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from on-site natural-gas combustion (fossil_co2_output)

Direct fossil carbon dioxide is included only for natural gas combusted inside the foreground boundary; upstream electricity emissions are excluded from this row.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate from metered natural gas and a verified site fuel-carbon balance; not applicable when no fossil fuel is combusted on site
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg dry saleable tungsten powder
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_reduction_batch
• Sources: jrc-nfm-bref-2017

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	multi-output foreground operations	Avoid allocation by subdividing independently metered unit operations and by preserving internal intermediate transfers.	jrc-nfm-bref-2017
allocation_recovery_loop	recycled process material returned within the same reporting system	Treat an internal recovery loop as an internal transfer; count only make-up input and net waste or product crossing the foreground boundary.
allocation_joint_products	jointly produced saleable metals or cobalt intermediates	If subdivision is not possible, apply a documented physical relation based on measured recoverable metal mass when it reflects causality; otherwise use economic allocation with the price period, currency and sensitivity disclosed. Do not credit a waste unless it leaves as a documented product with a market function.	jrc-nfm-bref-2017

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_hydromet_batch	tungsten_hydrometallurgy	each listed feed, utility, intermediate and waste exchange	batch ledger, weigh ticket, meter, laboratory assay and waste manifest	timestamp; batch_id; flow identity; supplier or destination; gross mass or meter reading; moisture; tungsten grade; concentration; meter start/end; density; unit	reconcile purchase/issue records and calibrated meters to batch production and laboratory assays	kg, m3, MJ, mass fraction	each batch with monthly reconciliation	at least 12 consecutive representative months or all batches for a shorter campaign	all foreground hydrometallurgical units under operational control	sum by atomic flow and normalize to dry tungsten trioxide transfer; document shared-meter allocation	meter calibration; weigh tickets; certificates of analysis; laboratory QA/QC; stock reconciliation; waste manifests
cp_reduction_batch	tungsten_powder_reduction	each listed feed, energy, gas, product and direct-emission exchange	furnace batch sheet, gas and electricity meter, product lot record and fuel-carbon record	timestamp; batch_id; flow identity; meter start/end; gas temperature and pressure; gross mass; moisture; product acceptance; carbon content; unit	reconcile furnace charges, gas and energy meters, accepted product lots and direct-emission calculation inputs	kg, m3, MJ, mass fraction	each furnace batch with monthly reconciliation	at least 12 consecutive representative months or all batches for a shorter campaign	all reduction and finishing units under operational control	sum by atomic flow and normalize to dry accepted powder; document shared-meter allocation and rejected lots	calibrated meters; batch sheets; product certificates; moisture and oxygen tests; fuel certificates; mass and carbon balance closure

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_dry_mass	concentrate, tungsten trioxide, residue and powder	dry mass = as-received mass × (1 − moisture mass fraction)	as-received mass; measured moisture fraction	kg dry material
calc_flow_normalization	every inventory row	normalized amount = reporting-period atomic-flow amount ÷ reporting-period dry accepted tungsten-powder mass	reconciled flow amount; dry accepted product mass	amount per kg reference flow
calc_electricity_mj	electricity records	MJ = metered kWh × 3.6	metered kWh	MJ electricity
calc_gas_reference_volume	hydrogen, natural gas and oxygen records	convert measured gas volume to the dataset-declared temperature, absolute pressure and wet/dry basis and retain the conversion inputs	measured volume; temperature; absolute pressure; moisture basis; compressibility method	m3 at declared reference condition
calc_direct_fossil_co2	on-site natural-gas combustion	derive fossil CO2 from metered fuel and the verified site fuel-carbon balance; reconcile carbon in fuel, exported streams and unoxidized residues	natural-gas quantity; fuel carbon data; exported carbon; residual carbon	kg fossil CO2	jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	reference product and all product inputs	Confirm exact chemical identity, market state, purity or grade, moisture basis, primary/secondary status and supplier or internal origin.	product specification; certificate of analysis; supplier declaration; Tiangong direct-read identity where UUID-bearing
dq_route	foreground process map	Declare every included unit operation and reconcile the process map to equipment, batch and meter records; a non-tungsten dataset must replace the representative route and flows.	process flow diagram; equipment list; batch routing; meter map
dq_temporal	all foreground records	Use one consistent reporting period and explain shutdowns, start-ups, maintenance and non-representative campaigns.	dated records; production calendar; exception log
dq_completeness	mass, tungsten and carbon balances	Report balance closure, missing-meter estimates and cut-offs; investigate material gaps that could hide residues, wastewater or emissions.	signed reconciliation; uncertainty record; corrective-action log
dq_uuid	UUID-empty rows	Preserve the exact atomic name and do not substitute a proxy UUID until a public state-100 exact flow is directly verified.	finalized hybrid-search receipt and future direct-read review

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_product	reference flow	Confirm that the reference output is dry saleable Tungsten Powder with the stated UUID, Mass property and kg unit, or that a non-tungsten covered dataset has explicitly replaced it with an exact product identity and has not retained the tungsten UUID.	un-cpc-3-0-2025
validate_atomic_inventory	all inventory rows	Confirm that every row is one physical, chemical, waste, energy or elementary exchange and that route-inapplicable rows are explicitly marked not applicable rather than merged or silently omitted.
validate_balance	each reporting period	Reconcile total material, tungsten and—when fossil fuel is burned—carbon balances across inputs, products, internal transfers, wastes and direct emissions; disclose closure and unresolved loss.	jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validate_gas_basis	hydrogen, natural gas and oxygen	Confirm one declared gas reference condition and verify every volume conversion from retained temperature, pressure and moisture-basis data.
validate_no_proxy_uuid	UUID-empty inventory rows	Reject a dataset that assigns tungstic acid, ammonium paratungstate, tungsten tailings, mixed gas or another non-exact candidate UUID to the unresolved tungsten trioxide, leach residue, wastewater or hydrogen rows.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	secondary_dataset; may serve as background_dataset after independent review and resolution of relevant identity and range-evidence gaps
downstream_use	Product-footprint and lifecycle models requiring route-, geography- and product-specific production of a declared covered unwrought metal, powder or cobalt intermediate
allowed_use	Use when product identity, market state, feed, route, technology, geography, reporting period, allocation and data-quality disclosures match the study
excluded_use	Generic proxying across covered metals or routes; wrought or fabricated products; magnesium powder; mining-only datasets; comparison that ignores purity, grade, product state or allocation differences
required_metadata	exact product and flow UUID when available; chemical specification; dry/as-received basis; feed origin and primary/secondary share; route and technology; geography; reporting period; reference gas conditions; allocation; cut-offs; source and destination datasets
required_quality_disclosure	foreground share; meter and assay coverage; mass, tungsten and carbon balance closure; uncertainty and estimation methods; unresolved UUIDs; representativeness limits; range-evidence gaps
update_trigger	material route, feed, technology, energy mix, purity specification, allocation or abatement change; reporting period older than the programme threshold; exact replacement UUID or compatible independent range evidence becomes available

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 structure, code 41601, 2025. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv	Official classification identity and product-boundary wording
jrc-nfm-bref-2017	official_guidance	Cusano, Gonzalo, Farrell, Remus, Roudier and Delgado Sancho, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries, EUR 28648 EN, JRC107041, 2017, doi:10.2760/8224. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC107041	Non-ferrous-metal process boundary, common and sector-specific process decomposition, resource inputs, direct air/water emissions, wastes, monitoring and data-quality controls