Unrefined copper; copper anodes for electrolytic refining

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to gate-to-gate production of fire-refined unrefined copper and copper anodes intended for subsequent electrolytic refining. The foreground boundary begins with declared blister copper or copper scrap at the fire-refining gate and ends with net conforming unrefined copper or copper anodes at the producer gate. Primary-feed and secondary-feed routes are covered only when feed state, copper assay, impurity profile, and upstream dataset are declared.

Included operations are charge receipt, melting where required, oxidation, reduction or poling, slag removal, anode-furnace off-gas handling, and anode casting and cooling when anodes are produced. Ore and concentrate production, roasting, matte smelting, converting before the declared feed gate, electrolytic refining, cathode production, semi-fabrication, downstream transport, use, and end-of-life are excluded. The semantic boundary follows ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017, with independent primary-route corroboration from us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.unrefined-copper-copper-anodes-for-electrolytic-refining
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41412, Unrefined copper; copper anodes for electrolytic refining (un-cpc-3-0-2025)
covered_products	Fire-refined unrefined copper leaving the declared refining gate; cast copper anodes intended for electrolytic refining
excluded_products	Copper matte and cement copper; refined cathode copper; refined copper alloys and master alloys; copper powder and semi-finished copper products
representative_product	Anode copper suitable for transfer to electrolytic refining
production_route	Fire refining of declared blister copper, with conditional secondary copper-scrap feed; oxidation followed by reduction or poling; conditional anode casting
market_state	Solid unrefined copper or solid cast copper anodes at the producer gate; temperature, copper assay, impurity profile, dimensions, and acceptance status declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Supply of declared fire-refined unrefined copper product for further copper refining
How much	1,000 kg net conforming product at the producer gate
How well	Meets the purchaser or refinery acceptance specification for copper assay, impurity profile, physical form, and, for anodes, geometry and integrity
How long or cycle	One completed production lot; no use-duration function is assigned
reference_flow_link	Net conforming mass leaving the foreground boundary, excluding off-spec material returned internally

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg
Reference product flow	Anode copper 23b431ee-f7a0-4788-b2e2-7361cd48d4ad
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	declared product form; copper assay and analytical basis; impurity profile; primary, secondary, or mixed feed route; physical state and temperature at gate; anode dimensions and acceptance specification when applicable; site and geography; reporting period; allocation method; upstream dataset identity and boundary for each external copper feed

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete. For a declared fire-refined non-anode output, retain the 1,000 kg mass function, disclose that the confirmed Anode copper UUID is only the category representative, and keep the non-anode output identity unresolved until an exact flow is available.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Determine net conforming output mass on a calibrated scale. Exclude casting rejects and internal returns from the reference amount.
copper_mass_balance	copper-bearing inputs and outputs	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record as-received mass and copper assay basis separately; do not substitute contained-copper mass for physical flow mass.
gas_reference_conditions	natural gas, propane, compressed air, and industrial oxygen	Volume or Mass as assigned to the selected flow	m3 or kg	Preserve the selected flow property. For volume records, declare temperature, pressure, dry or wet basis, and standard-condition conversion.
electricity_energy	alternating current	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Preserve meter kWh in the source record and convert to MJ using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ; disclose voltage level and supply geography.
water_accounting	cooling water and wastewater	Mass or Volume as assigned to the selected flow	kg or m3	Distinguish gross recirculation, make-up, evaporation, and discharged water. Only water crossing the foreground boundary is an exchange.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Blister copper or copper scrap received at the fire-refining boundary, with mass, copper assay, impurity profile, physical state, temperature, origin, and upstream dataset identity declared
starting_condition_role	Upstream copper-bearing product input to foreground fire refining
product_classification_scope	Fire-refined unrefined copper and copper anodes intended for electrolytic refining; CPC 3.0 code 41412 is classification context rather than canonical identity
recursive_input_rule	Record externally supplied same-category unrefined copper with its upstream dataset; record facility-internal fire-refined copper and off-spec anodes as internal transfers and do not recursively attach this PCR
upstream_dataset_requirement	Each external blister-copper or copper-scrap input requires a named upstream dataset or documented cut-off, geography, technology, temporal coverage, assay, and allocation status
disclosure	Declare feed route and shares, melting inclusion, reduction agent, oxygen enrichment, furnace type, off-gas controls, casting technology, cooling-water mode, internal recycling, product form, and excluded operations

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_feed_gate	foreground starting boundary	Start at metered receipt of declared blister copper or copper scrap; exclude ore extraction, concentrate preparation, matte smelting, and converting unless an expanded dataset reports them separately.	ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986
boundary_refining_operations	foreground operations	Include oxidation, reduction or poling, slag removal, furnace and fugitive off-gas capture and treatment, and directly attributable utilities and emissions.	ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986
boundary_anode_casting	product-form condition	Include anode casting, cooling, reject handling, and casting emissions when the output is copper anodes; mark not applicable only for a declared non-anode output.	ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
boundary_electrorefining_exclusion	downstream boundary	End at net conforming product at the producer gate; exclude electrolytic refining, cathode production, semi-fabrication, downstream transport, use, and end-of-life.	ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
fire_refining	Fire refining and off-gas handling	required	Always required for the declared product boundary	Foreground oxidation, reduction or poling, slag removal, and off-gas handling	Net fire-refined copper transferred to casting or sold as declared unrefined copper
anode_casting	Anode casting and cooling	conditional	Include when the declared product is a copper anode; otherwise document non-applicability	Foreground casting, cooling, inspection, and reject return	1,000 kg net conforming anode copper at the producer gate

Process: Fire refining and off-gas handling (fire_refining)

Inputs

Product flows

Primary-route blister copper feed (fr_blister_copper)

Record blister copper crossing the fire-refining gate for a primary or mixed feed route.

• Selected flow: Blister Copper ca87ab19-c076-4ccf-9cbd-b76cb932a880
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured as-received blister-copper mass charged during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_copper_feed_mass
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986

Secondary-route copper scrap feed (fr_copper_scrap)

Record copper scrap when secondary feed crosses the boundary; declare grade, origin, contamination, preparation, and ownership transfer.

• Selected flow: Scrap copper 096e8470-e8e1-4aa9-b35e-c5b4350f145e
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted copper-scrap mass charged; zero and not applicable for routes without scrap feed
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_copper_feed_mass
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Gaseous natural gas (fr_natural_gas)

Record natural gas crossing the boundary as furnace fuel or reducing agent.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered natural-gas volume allocated to refining and associated afterburning
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_fuel_and_reductant
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986

Propane (fr_propane)

Record propane only when it crosses the boundary as the declared poling agent or fuel.

• Selected flow: Propane 9c0d706a-c414-4afb-ad0c-4777c4072311
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured delivered propane mass attributable to refining; zero and not applicable when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_fuel_and_reductant
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Compressed oxidation air (fr_compressed_air)

Record metered compressed air supplied to oxidation, combustion, or afterburning.

• Selected flow: Compressed air 46e2b1e4-5a4e-4579-b6a2-65b03f9ce825
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered compressed-air volume at declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_gases
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986

Industrial oxygen (fr_industrial_oxygen)

Record industrial oxygen only when supplied across the boundary for oxygen enrichment.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered oxygen volume at declared reference conditions; zero and not applicable without enrichment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_gases
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Alternating-current electricity (fr_electricity)

Record metered electricity for furnace drives, gas handling, pumps, fans, controls, and refining auxiliaries.

• Selected flow: alternating current 8bfc48b1-c262-4156-a817-b2c8a1b21598
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: metered or submetered electricity converted from kWh to MJ
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_electricity
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Fire-refined unrefined copper output (fr_unrefined_copper_output)

Record fire-refined unrefined copper sold at this gate or transferred internally to casting. No exact Tiangong UUID is confirmed for the generic non-anode state.

• Selected flow: Fire-refined unrefined copper
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured net fire-refined copper mass after subtracting residues and furnace returns
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_outputs
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986

Waste flows

Copper-bearing anode-furnace slag (fr_anode_furnace_slag)

Record slag removed during oxidation and declare internal return, external recovery, or treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Copper-containing slag 199d719c-1505-4223-886f-cfef1f9c6392
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured slag mass leaving refining before external treatment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_outputs
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986

Captured copper-bearing filter dust (fr_filter_dust)

Record dry particulate collected from anode-furnace gas controls separately from residual air emissions. No exact Tiangong UUID is confirmed.

• Selected flow: Captured copper-bearing anode-furnace filter dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured collected filter-dust mass leaving the control unit or returned internally
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_outputs
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide to air (fr_fossil_co2)

Record only direct fossil carbon dioxide from foreground fuel combustion, reduction or poling, and afterburning.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured direct emission or verified site carbon-balance result
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_air_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Direct sulfur dioxide to air (fr_sulfur_dioxide)

Record sulfur dioxide measured from the anode-furnace stack and attributable fugitive sources. No exact Tiangong UUID is confirmed for unspecified outdoor air.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured sulfur-dioxide mass after foreground controls
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_air_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986

Residual particulate matter to air (fr_particulate)

Record particle-size-unspecified residual particulate after controls when no measured size split is available; exclude collected filter dust.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, particle size unspecified 0ce3dedb-caca-407b-a856-a90470eb8ec0
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured stack plus attributable fugitive particulate mass after controls
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming declared product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_air_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986

Process: Anode casting and cooling (anode_casting)

Inputs

Product flows

Internal fire-refined copper transfer (ac_fire_refined_copper_input)

Record the measured internal transfer from fire refining to casting. It requires a facility-specific intermediate identity.

• Selected flow: Fire-refined copper for anode casting
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured molten or solid fire-refined copper mass entering casting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming anode copper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_casting_mass
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Cooling water (ac_cooling_water)

Record make-up or once-through cooling water crossing the boundary; exclude gross internal recirculation.

• Selected flow: Cooling water df413bba-3c03-412b-a80a-c6082b6b9b33
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: metered make-up plus once-through cooling-water mass attributable to casting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming anode copper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_casting_water
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Alternating-current electricity (ac_electricity)

Record electricity for caster drives, pumps, cooling, inspection, and directly attributable auxiliaries.

• Selected flow: alternating current 8bfc48b1-c262-4156-a817-b2c8a1b21598
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: metered or submetered electricity converted from kWh to MJ
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming anode copper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_electricity
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Conforming copper anodes (ac_anode_copper)

Record only anodes accepted for transfer to electrolytic refining as reference output.

• Selected flow: Anode copper 23b431ee-f7a0-4788-b2e2-7361cd48d4ad
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured net conforming anode mass leaving casting
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1,000 kg net conforming anode copper
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_casting_mass
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986

Off-spec copper anodes returned internally (ac_offspec_anode_copper)

Record rejected anodes as a distinct internal intermediate; do not count them as reference output.

• Selected flow: Off-spec copper anodes
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured rejected-anode mass returned internally
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming anode copper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_casting_mass
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Direct-cooling wastewater (ac_wastewater)

Record wastewater when cooling water leaves casting for treatment or discharge; declare copper, suspended solids, temperature, and treatment status.

• Selected flow: Wastewater d4117728-768b-4cbe-8a3b-45b2ad87f2ab
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered wastewater volume sent to treatment or discharge; zero and not applicable for a closed loop without purge
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming anode copper
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_casting_water
• Sources: ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision	independently measurable operations	Avoid allocation by separately metering fire refining, off-gas treatment, and casting and assigning direct exchanges to the process that causes them.
allocation_internal_recycling	slag, dust, fire-refined copper, and off-spec anodes returned within the site	Treat internal returns as internal transfers without upstream burden credit, avoided-product credit, or double counting; retain mass in the process balance.	ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986
allocation_external_recovery	residues leaving for external recovery	Model the residue transfer explicitly. Apply no substitution credit unless the governing study method requires one; disclose later system expansion outside this inventory.
allocation_multiple_products	unavoidable joint production of marketed products	First use a documented physical causal relation. If none can be demonstrated, use net revenue at the gate and disclose prices, currency, period, and sensitivity; never allocate internal transfers as products.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_copper_feed_mass	fire_refining	blister copper and copper scrap	weighbridge, charge, assay, and inventory records	timestamp; batch; source; flow identity; net mass; copper assay; impurity profile; moisture basis; inventory	Reconcile deliveries and stock movement to charge records	kg and mass fraction	each delivery and charge	full reporting period	all refining units	Sum each atomic feed, adjust inventory change, normalize to net product	calibration; assay; tickets; charge log; reconciliation
cp_fuel_and_reductant	fire_refining	natural gas and propane	meter, tank, and invoice records	timestamp; fuel identity; meter; mass or volume; reference conditions; allocation tag	Read dedicated meters or reconcile shared meters	m3 or kg	batch or daily	full reporting period	furnace and afterburner	Sum by concrete fuel and normalize; do not aggregate fuels	calibration; invoices; fuel specification
cp_process_gases	fire_refining	compressed air and industrial oxygen	flowmeter and operating records	timestamp; gas; volume; pressure; temperature; humidity; purity; stage	Read flowmeters and retain condition conversion	m3	batch or continuous	full reporting period	furnace and gas system	Sum each gas separately and normalize	calibration; gas certificate; operating log
cp_electricity	fire_refining	electricity	meter records	timestamp; meter; process; kWh; voltage; geography; shared-load allocation	Read submeters; document shared-load allocation	kWh source and MJ reported	hourly, batch, or monthly	full reporting period	each process	Sum kWh by process, multiply by 3.6, normalize	calibration; invoice; allocation worksheet
cp_refining_outputs	fire_refining	unrefined copper, slag, and dust	scales, batch, residue, assay, and inventory records	batch; identity; mass; assay; destination; return flag; inventory	Weigh outputs or reconcile calibrated vessel and inventory	kg	each tap or transfer	full reporting period	furnace and gas controls	Sum each output; retain internal returns; normalize	calibration; assay; transfer ticket; manifest
cp_direct_air_emissions	fire_refining	carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate	stack test, continuous monitor, fugitive estimate, emissions report	source; pollutant; concentration; flow; duration; moisture; oxygen correction; conditions; control; uncertainty	Use approved measurement or verified mass balance; trace stack and fugitive parts	kg	continuous or campaign	representative campaigns and full-period operations	all attributable sources	Integrate by source, exclude overlap, normalize	calibration; method report; detection limit; uncertainty
cp_casting_mass	anode_casting	transfer, conforming anodes, and off-spec anodes	transfer scale, batch, inspection, and rejection records	batch; transferred mass; count; mass; acceptance; rejection; destination; inventory	Reconcile transferred copper with conforming, rejected, and inventory mass	kg	each batch	full reporting period	all casting lines	Sum conforming and rejected separately; normalize	calibration; specification; reconciliation
cp_casting_water	anode_casting	cooling water and wastewater	make-up, circulation, purge, and discharge meters	meter; amount; source; temperature; recirculation; purge; evaporation; destination; quality	Meter boundary-crossing make-up and discharge; exclude recirculation	kg input and m3 output	daily or continuous	full reporting period	casting cooling system	Sum input and output separately and normalize	calibration; water balance; discharge record; laboratory results

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalization	all inventory rows	reported amount = period exchange / period net conforming product mass × 1,000 kg	exchange; net product mass	amount per 1,000 kg reference product
calc_electricity_conversion	fr_electricity; ac_electricity	electricity MJ = metered kWh × 3.6	metered kWh	MJ
calc_casting_output	ac_anode_copper	net conforming mass = gross cast mass - off-spec mass - closing work-in-process increase + opening work-in-process decrease	gross cast; rejected mass; inventory change	net conforming anode mass
calc_copper_reconciliation	both processes	input copper = output copper + copper in residues + inventory change + quantified unaccounted difference	masses; assays; inventory	closure and unaccounted difference	ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
calc_water_balance	casting cooling	boundary input = wastewater + evaporation + carry-out + inventory change + quantified unaccounted difference	make-up; discharge; evaporation; carry-out; inventory	water-balance closure

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	copper-bearing flows	Declare physical state, assay, impurities, source or destination, return status, and exact identity; do not use the conforming-anode UUID for blister copper or off-spec anodes.	assays; master data; batch and transfer records
dq_completeness	foreground inventory	Cover at least 95% of operating days and reconcile all exchange records for the full period; disclose exclusions.	coverage matrix; missing-data log; reconciliations
dq_measurement	measured amounts	Use calibrated meters or scales and retain calibration, detection limits, and reference conditions.	certificates; instrument register; laboratory QA
dq_temporal	all records	Use one reporting period, normally 12 consecutive months or a justified representative campaign including material start-up and shutdown effects.	calendar; campaign justification; operating log
dq_geography_technology	external inputs and background links	Match geography, voltage, fuel state, oxygen boundary, water source, furnace, and controls or disclose limitations.	supplier data; technology description; dataset metadata
dq_uncertainty	calculated and allocated amounts	Document raw-data and allocation uncertainty and mass-balance closure; do not replace foreground data with unresolved external ranges.	uncertainty worksheet; sensitivity; review sign-off

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_reference_identity	reference flow	Require 1,000 kg net conforming product and use the Anode copper UUID only for conforming anodes; keep non-anode output explicitly unresolved.	un-cpc-3-0-2025
validation_process_condition	process map	Require fire_refining; require anode_casting for anode product and a documented non-applicability reason for non-anode product.	ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validation_atomic_flows	inventory	Reject combined fuel, utility, residue, wastewater, or emission labels; each row must be one exchange with its own amount, property, unit, and applicability.
validation_mass_balance	copper-bearing flows	Require physical-mass and contained-copper reconciliation for each process; investigate and disclose unaccounted differences rather than forcing closure.	ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validation_no_double_count	residues and emissions	Confirm internal returns carry no duplicated burden, captured dust is not also emitted particulate, and upstream electricity or fuel emissions are not direct foreground emissions.	ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986
validation_records	data package	Require protocol linkage, temporal coverage, calibration, source and destination metadata, and disclosure for estimated, allocated, missing, or not-applicable values.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Gate-to-gate secondary dataset for fire-refined unrefined copper or copper-anode production
downstream_use	Background input to electrolytic-refining, copper-product, or lifecycle models when product state, geography, technology, period, and allocation are compatible
allowed_use	Attributional modelling within the declared boundary; aggregation with compatible upstream datasets; scenario analysis with disclosed route shares
excluded_use	Ore-to-cathode representation without compatible linked datasets; use as cathode copper; unverified sulfur-dioxide or internal-intermediate UUIDs; undisclosed recovery credit
required_metadata	PCR id and version; product form; reference UUID applicability; site; geography; period; feed shares and assays; furnace and casting technology; reduction agent; oxygen enrichment; energy, water, and controls; allocation; upstream datasets; unresolved identities
required_quality_disclosure	Coverage; missing data; calibration; assay methods; mass, copper, and water balances; emission methods; reference conditions; allocation and sensitivity; representativeness; uncertainty; recycling treatment
update_trigger	Material change in feed route or assay, furnace or casting technology, product specification, energy or oxygen supply, controls, allocation, geography, or more than three years since the representative period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-2025	Official guidance (official_guidance)	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Official CPC 41412 identity
ec-jrc-nfm-bref-2017	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries, JRC107041, 2017. https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-01/JRC107041_NFM_bref2017.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Fire-refining boundary, inputs, slag, anode casting and cooling, internal recycling, off-gas and dust controls
us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1986	Official guidance (official_guidance)	United States Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42 Section 12.3, Primary Copper Smelting, October 1986, reformatted January 1995. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-11/documents/c12s03.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Independent primary-route process decomposition, fuel, air, slag, particulate, and sulfur-dioxide exchanges