Tubes, pipes and tube or pipe fittings, of copper

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to factory-gate production of semi-finished copper or copper-alloy tubes and pipes, in straight lengths or coils, and copper tube or pipe fittings. It covers seamless routes based on billet extrusion or hot piercing followed by rolling and/or drawing, welded-tube routes based on copper strip, fitting fabrication from copper tube or declared copper stock, and conditional heat treatment, degreasing, pickling, rinsing, and on-site effluent treatment.

The foreground boundary starts with received, specification-qualified copper billet, copper strip, or copper tubing and ends with net saleable product at the manufacturing gate. Copper mining, concentration, smelting, refining, production of purchased feedstock, capital goods, distribution, installation, use, maintenance, and end-of-life are outside the foreground boundary. Upstream datasets remain mandatory for all purchased inputs. Finished assemblies, installed pipe systems, valves, taps, flexible hoses, products of aluminium, nickel, iron or steel, and unrelated copper sheet, foil, wire, bar, or powder are excluded.

Each dataset shall represent one declared product form and route. Route-dependent cards below are conditional; they are not a requirement to model every route or multiply product variants by every process option.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.tubes-pipes-and-tube-or-pipe-fittings-of-copper
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41516, exact classification context
covered_products	Semi-finished copper or copper-alloy tubes and pipes in straight lengths or coils; copper tube or pipe fittings
excluded_products	Unwrought copper; copper sheet, foil, wire, bars, powders; installed piping systems; valves and taps; hoses; tubes, pipes, or fittings of other metals
representative_product	Copper tubing in a declared alloy grade, dimension, wall thickness, temper, surface condition, and saleable factory-gate state
production_route	Declare exactly the applicable route: extrusion and drawing; extrusion, breakdown rolling and drawing; hot piercing, breakdown rolling and drawing; strip welding; or fitting fabrication; also declare any annealing and surface-treatment steps
market_state	Net saleable product at the manufacturing gate; product form, straight length or coil, alloy grade, dimensions, temper, finish, inspection status, geography, and packaging boundary declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provide one declared specification-qualified copper or copper-alloy tube, pipe, or tube/pipe fitting at the manufacturing gate
How much	1,000 kg net saleable product, excluding offcuts, rejects, reusable carriers, and distribution packaging unless the study explicitly extends the gate
How well	Conforms to the declared purchase specification for alloy grade, geometry, dimensional tolerances, temper, surface condition, and inspection status
How long or cycle	Production-based reference; service life and use cycles are outside this factory-gate PCR
reference_flow_link	ref_copper_tubing

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg
Reference product flow	Copper tubing 0d80f4b8-8f26-4eee-8b81-df499c4c9dff
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	product form: tube, pipe, or fitting; alloy designation and composition basis; seamless, welded, or fitting route; outside diameter or nominal size; wall thickness or fitting geometry; straight length or coil; temper; surface condition and coating; net product mass basis; manufacturing geography; reference period; factory-gate and packaging boundary

The Tiangong reference identity is the CPC 41516 mass-based Copper tubing flow. For a fitting dataset, retain this PCR normalization but do not mislabel the product as tubing: disclose that the exact fitting UUID remains unresolved and create or select a reviewed exact fitting flow before publication of a fitting-specific dataset.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product and all copper-bearing material balances	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report dry or as-delivered mass consistently, state the basis, and normalize net accepted product to 1,000 kg. Exclude offcuts, rejects, and packaging from reference-product mass.
gas_volume_conditions	Natural gas, nitrogen gas, and any later verified hydrogen-gas row	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Record metered volume and disclose pressure, temperature, and standard/base conditions; convert all gas records to one declared reference condition before aggregation.
electricity_energy	Electricity inputs	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	MJ	Preserve metered kWh in raw records and convert to MJ with the disclosed exact conversion; do not add upstream generation emissions as direct foreground emissions.
water_mass	Process-water inputs	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	If water is metered by volume, convert with a documented density and temperature basis; report only fresh makeup crossing the site boundary, not internal recirculation.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Received copper billet for seamless forming, received copper strip for welded tube, or received copper tubing for fitting fabrication; each input has declared alloy grade, mass, supplier geography, and upstream dataset
starting_condition_role	Gate-to-gate foreground entry condition for semi-finished copper-product fabrication
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 group 4151 and exact product context 41516; the classification ref does not replace the declared physical product form
recursive_input_rule	When CPC 41516 copper tubing enters fitting fabrication, record it once as input_copper_tubing_for_fittings, attach an upstream dataset, and stop recursive application of this PCR at that input
upstream_dataset_requirement	Every purchased billet, strip, tubing, chemical, gas, fuel, electricity, water, and off-site treatment service requires a geographically and technologically representative upstream dataset or an explicit data gap
disclosure	Declare route, starting material, recycled-content claim and method, included unit operations, internal recycling loops, treatment boundary, product mass basis, packaging boundary, geography, reference period, and all exclusions

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_route_operations	foreground fabrication	Include only unit operations actually used for the declared product: preheating, extrusion or piercing, breakdown rolling, drawing, welding, fitting forming or machining, annealing, degreasing, pickling, rinsing, drying, inspection, and on-site waste treatment as applicable.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
boundary_upstream_inputs	purchased inputs	Stop foreground tracing at the declared received material state and link each purchased input to an upstream dataset; do not silently absorb copper production, electricity generation, fuel supply, or chemical production into foreground exchanges.
boundary_internal_recycling	internal copper and liquid loops	Do not report internally recirculated copper, water, pickling solution, or emulsion as repeated external inputs or outputs. Report only net boundary crossings and disclose the loop.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
forming_and_fabrication	Tube, pipe, or fitting forming and fabrication	required	Always include; activate only the material and output cards that correspond to the declared seamless, welded, or fitting route.	Foreground conversion of received copper feedstock to saleable geometry	Net accepted copper tube, pipe, or fitting mass
annealing_and_surface_treatment	Annealing, degreasing, pickling, rinsing, and treatment	conditional	Include each operation only when performed within the reporting organization for the declared product; record only the corresponding atomic exchanges.	Foreground heat treatment, surface finishing, and on-site effluent treatment	Mass of net product treated

Process: Tube, pipe, or fitting forming and fabrication (forming_and_fabrication)

Inputs

Product flows

Copper billet for seamless forming (input_copper_billet)

Record specification-qualified copper billet only for extrusion or hot-piercing routes. Alloy designation, billet dimensions, supplier, recycled-content claim, and received mass are required.

• Selected flow: Copper billet
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured received billet mass consumed by the declared seamless route, net of unchanged returned stock
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted copper tube or pipe output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Copper strip for welded tube (input_copper_strip)

Record uncoated copper strip only when a welded-tube route is used. Declare alloy grade, strip dimensions, edge preparation, supplier, and received mass.

• Selected flow: Copper strip
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured copper-strip mass consumed by the declared welded-tube route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted welded copper tube or pipe output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Copper tubing input for fitting fabrication (input_copper_tubing_for_fittings)

Record copper tubing only when it is transformed into a fitting. Apply the same-category recursive-input rule and attach the upstream tubing dataset once.

• Selected flow: Copper tubing 0d80f4b8-8f26-4eee-8b81-df499c4c9dff
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured copper-tubing mass consumed in fitting fabrication
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted copper fitting output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_material_records
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-2025

Electricity for forming equipment (forming_electricity)

Record purchased electricity delivered to extrusion, piercing, rolling, drawing, welding, forming, machining, and directly attributable auxiliaries used by the declared route.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: route-attributed metered electricity, with documented allocation where a meter is shared
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted product output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_electricity_meter
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Natural gas for billet or tool heating (forming_natural_gas)

Record gaseous natural gas only when gas-fired preheating or directly attributable thermal equipment is used in forming.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered or invoice-reconciled natural-gas volume attributed to the declared forming route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted product output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_gas_meter
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process-water makeup for forming (forming_process_water)

Record fresh process-water makeup crossing the site boundary for tool cooling, rolling-emulsion preparation, or forming-line use. Exclude internally recirculated water.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured fresh makeup water attributed to forming after subtracting documented returned or recirculated volumes
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted product output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_water_meter
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Drawing lubricant (drawing_lubricant)

Record the specific purchased drawing lubricant only when drawing is used. Declare product name, formulation class, supplier, and whether lubricant leaves with the product or treatment stream.

• Selected flow: Copper-tube drawing lubricant
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net lubricant consumption, equal to purchases plus opening stock minus closing stock and verified returns
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted drawn product output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Breakdown-rolling emulsion (rolling_emulsion)

Record the specific emulsion concentrate or prepared emulsion crossing the process boundary only when breakdown rolling is used. Exclude internally recirculated solution and disclose water accounting.

• Selected flow: Copper-tube breakdown-rolling emulsion
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net fresh emulsion makeup after inventory change and verified recovery
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted rolled product output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Saleable copper tube or pipe (product_copper_tubing)

Record this output only for a tube or pipe dataset. Product form, alloy grade, dimensions, temper, surface condition, inspection status, and net mass shall match the reference-flow qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Copper tubing 0d80f4b8-8f26-4eee-8b81-df499c4c9dff
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: net accepted saleable tube or pipe mass after rejection and rework, normalized to the reference amount
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1,000 kg net accepted reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_output_records
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-2025

Saleable copper fitting (product_copper_fitting)

Record this output only for a fitting dataset. Keep the UUID blank until an exact fitting flow is reviewed; do not substitute the copper-tubing UUID.

• Selected flow: Copper tube fitting
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: net accepted saleable fitting mass after rejection and rework, normalized to the reference amount
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1,000 kg net accepted reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_output_records
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-2025

Waste flows

Segregated copper offcuts and rejects (copper_scrap)

Record net copper offcuts, sawn ends, drawing rejects, and fitting rejects that leave the foreground boundary as segregated copper scrap. Material returned internally to forming is not an output.

• Selected flow: Copper Scrap 4fbbb5f1-560a-4052-ba0c-652c5dfc282e
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed segregated copper scrap exported from the site, net of internal remelt or direct reuse
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted product output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_waste_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from forming fuel (forming_fossil_co2)

Record only direct fossil carbon dioxide from on-site forming fuel combustion. Exclude upstream fuel-supply and electricity-generation emissions.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate from measured forming natural gas and a documented site-specific carbon balance or verified combustion factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net accepted product output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_gas_meter
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process: Annealing, degreasing, pickling, rinsing, and treatment (annealing_and_surface_treatment)

Inputs

Product flows

Electricity for finishing equipment (finishing_electricity)

Record electricity for annealing auxiliaries, degreasing, pickling, rinsing, drying, pumping, extraction, and on-site treatment only when these operations are in scope.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: metered electricity attributed to included finishing operations
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_electricity_meter
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Natural gas for annealing (finishing_natural_gas)

Record gaseous natural gas only when an included annealing, drying, or treatment unit burns natural gas on site.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered or invoice-reconciled natural-gas volume attributed to included finishing operations
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_gas_meter
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Hydrogen protection gas (protective_hydrogen)

Record industrial hydrogen gas only when it is purchased and used in an annealing protection-gas mixture. Keep the UUID blank until an exact public flow is reviewed.

• Selected flow: Industrial hydrogen gas
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: measured net hydrogen volume consumed, corrected to the declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product annealed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Nitrogen protection gas (protective_nitrogen)

Record gaseous nitrogen only when it is purchased and used in an annealing protection-gas mixture.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen gas 96ba4c16-fd7c-424e-b318-d87484d3d7c0
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: measured net nitrogen volume consumed, corrected to the declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product annealed
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Sulfuric acid for pickling (sulfuric_acid)

Record fresh sulfuric acid only when sulfuric-acid pickling is used. Declare concentration, grade, solution preparation, reuse loop, and supplier.

• Selected flow: Sulfuric acid 7ee2e3c3-bee7-4520-92b7-3e23afbfcd6f
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: net fresh sulfuric-acid mass added after inventory change, recovered acid, and returned solution
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product pickled
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Sodium hydroxide for neutralization (sodium_hydroxide)

Record sodium hydroxide only when purchased and consumed in on-site neutralization. Declare solution concentration and whether consumption is reported as solution or pure NaOH mass.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: net purchased sodium-hydroxide mass consumed in treatment, on the declared concentration basis
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process-water makeup for rinsing and treatment (finishing_process_water)

Record fresh process-water makeup for degreasing, rinsing, solution preparation, and treatment. Exclude water internally cascaded or recirculated.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured fresh makeup water crossing the site boundary, net of documented return and recirculation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_water_meter
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Acidic copper-bearing rinse wastewater (acidic_copper_wastewater)

Record the net liquid wastewater exported to off-site treatment only when acidic copper-bearing rinse water leaves the foreground boundary. Disclose pH, dissolved copper, suspended solids, destination, and whether neutralization occurred on site.

• Selected flow: Acidic copper-bearing rinse wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net wastewater mass exported after internal cascade reuse, evaporation, recovery, and on-site treatment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_waste_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Copper-bearing pickling-treatment sludge (copper_pickling_sludge)

Record dewatered copper-bearing sludge exported from pickling-solution or rinse-water treatment. Do not substitute electrorefining anode sludge.

• Selected flow: Copper-bearing pickling-treatment sludge
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed wet or dry sludge exported, with moisture basis and destination declared
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_waste_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from finishing fuel (finishing_fossil_co2)

Record only direct fossil carbon dioxide from on-site natural-gas combustion in annealing, drying, or treatment. Exclude upstream fuel-supply and electricity-generation emissions.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate from measured finishing natural gas and a documented site-specific carbon balance or verified combustion factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net product treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_gas_meter
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivide_first	shared forming and finishing equipment	Prefer subdivision, route-specific meters, production orders, and operating-time or engineering-causality records before allocation.
allocation_internal_scrap	copper returned internally	Treat copper returned to the same foreground system as an internal loop: neither co-product nor exported waste; carry only documented reprocessing burdens.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
allocation_exported_scrap	copper scrap leaving the site	Record exported copper scrap as a separate waste output. If avoided-burden or recycled-content modelling is applied downstream, disclose the method and keep it outside the unallocated foreground inventory.
allocation_shared_residual	unavoidable shared burdens	If causal subdivision is impossible, allocate by measured mass throughput for operations whose burden follows mass; use another parameter only with a documented causal justification and sensitivity check.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_forming_material_records	forming_and_fabrication	billet, strip, tubing, lubricant, emulsion	receiving, issue, return, and stock records	product identity; supplier; batch; alloy/formulation; opening stock; purchases; issues; returns; closing stock; mass	reconcile calibrated scales, warehouse records, and invoices by product and route	kg	per batch, reconciled monthly	representative continuous 12-month period or all batches in a shorter campaign	all foreground forming lines included in the dataset	purchases + opening stock - closing stock - verified returns, attributed to declared route	scale calibration, invoices, stock reconciliation, product specifications
cp_forming_electricity_meter	forming_and_fabrication	electricity	interval meter and production-order records	meter id; opening/closing reading; kWh; line; route; operating time; product mass	read dedicated meter or allocate a verified shared meter using causal operating records	kWh	interval or shift, aggregated monthly	same reference period as production	all included forming equipment and auxiliaries	sum attributable kWh, convert to MJ, divide by net accepted product mass, multiply by 1,000 kg	meter calibration, bills, allocation reconciliation
cp_forming_gas_meter	forming_and_fabrication	natural gas and direct fossil CO2	gas meter, invoice, fuel quality, and emissions calculation records	volume; pressure; temperature; base conditions; carbon content or factor identity; oxidation basis; equipment; route	reconcile submeter readings with invoices and retain the verified direct-emission calculation	m3 and kg CO2	shift or monthly	same reference period as production	all included forming combustion units	normalize gas volume; attribute by causal operation; calculate direct CO2 without upstream emissions	meter calibration, invoice reconciliation, factor or carbon-balance record
cp_forming_water_meter	forming_and_fabrication	process-water makeup	water meter and loop-balance records	fresh intake; returns; recirculation; purge; density basis; line; route	read boundary makeup meter and reconcile internal loop balances	kg or m3	shift or monthly	same reference period as production	all included forming water systems	report fresh boundary makeup only; convert to kg and normalize by net product	meter calibration, water balance, density basis
cp_forming_output_records	forming_and_fabrication	accepted product	scale, inspection, and production-order records	product form; alloy; dimensions; temper; finish; gross output; rejects; rework; net accepted mass	reconcile certified scales with final inspection release and production orders	kg	per batch	same reference period as inputs	every product line represented	sum net accepted mass by declared product and normalize to 1,000 kg	scale calibration, inspection release, mass reconciliation
cp_forming_waste_records	forming_and_fabrication	segregated copper scrap	waste scale tickets and internal-return records	mass; alloy; contamination; source line; internal return; destination	reconcile scrap scales with internal remelt or reuse logs and shipment tickets	kg	per shipment, reconciled monthly	same reference period as production	all included forming lines	exported scrap = generated segregated scrap - verified internal return	scale calibration, shipment tickets, material balance
cp_finishing_material_records	annealing_and_surface_treatment	hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide	delivery, tank, cylinder, stock, concentration, and issue records	identity; supplier; concentration/purity; opening stock; receipts; closing stock; returns; reference conditions	reconcile calibrated tank/cylinder/scale readings with purchase and issue records	kg or m3	per delivery and batch, reconciled monthly	same reference period as treated product	all included finishing lines	net consumption = receipts + opening stock - closing stock - verified returns or recovery	calibration, supplier specification, stock and concentration reconciliation
cp_finishing_electricity_meter	annealing_and_surface_treatment	electricity	interval meter and production records	meter id; kWh; equipment; operation; treated product mass	read dedicated meter or allocate shared meter using causal operating records	kWh	interval or shift, aggregated monthly	same reference period as treated product	all included finishing and treatment equipment	sum attributable kWh, convert to MJ, normalize by treated product mass	meter calibration, bills, allocation reconciliation
cp_finishing_gas_meter	annealing_and_surface_treatment	natural gas and direct fossil CO2	gas meter, invoice, fuel quality, and emissions calculation records	volume; pressure; temperature; base conditions; factor identity or carbon content; equipment	reconcile submeter readings with invoices and retain verified direct-emission calculation	m3 and kg CO2	shift or monthly	same reference period as treated product	all included finishing combustion units	normalize gas volume; attribute by causal operation; calculate direct CO2 without upstream emissions	meter calibration, invoice reconciliation, factor or carbon-balance record
cp_finishing_water_meter	annealing_and_surface_treatment	fresh process-water makeup	intake meter and cascade/recirculation balance	fresh intake; cascade reuse; recirculation; purge; evaporation; density basis	read site-boundary makeup and reconcile the finishing-water balance	kg or m3	shift or monthly	same reference period as treated product	all included surface-treatment and treatment lines	report fresh boundary makeup only and normalize by treated product mass	meter calibration, water balance, density basis
cp_finishing_waste_records	annealing_and_surface_treatment	wastewater and sludge	effluent meter, laboratory, dewatering, and shipment records	wastewater volume/mass; pH; dissolved copper; suspended solids; sludge mass; moisture; destination	combine calibrated flow/scale records with representative laboratory results and shipment manifests	kg	per discharge or shipment, reconciled monthly	same reference period as treated product	all included pickling and treatment lines	report net boundary exports after internal reuse, recovery, evaporation, and on-site treatment	instrument calibration, laboratory QA, manifests, treatment balance

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	all inventory rows	normalized amount = period amount / net accepted mass for the same product and route × 1,000 kg	aligned period exchange amount; net accepted product mass	exchange amount per 1,000 kg reference product
calc_stock_consumption	lubricants, emulsion, acids, alkali, and protection gases	net consumption = opening stock + receipts - closing stock - verified returns or recovered quantity; use consistent concentration and reference-condition bases	stock, receipt, return, recovery, concentration, and gas-condition records	net consumed mass or volume
calc_direct_fossil_co2	forming_fossil_co2; finishing_fossil_co2	calculate direct fossil CO2 from normalized measured fuel and a documented site-specific carbon balance or verified combustion factor; identify factor source, oxidation basis, and units; never include upstream emissions	normalized natural-gas record; documented carbon content or verified factor; oxidation basis	kg direct fossil CO2 per 1,000 kg product
calc_copper_mass_balance	forming route	input copper mass = net accepted copper product + exported copper scrap + measured copper-bearing losses + inventory change; investigate rather than force-close unexplained difference	billet/strip/tubing mass; accepted product; scrap; copper-bearing waste; work-in-process change	disclosed copper mass-balance closure	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product and copper inputs	Retain product form, alloy designation, composition basis, dimensions, wall thickness or fitting geometry, temper, surface condition, route, supplier, and lot linkage.	purchase specification, certificate, production order, inspection release
dq_temporal_alignment	all foreground exchanges	Use one representative continuous 12-month period where available; for shorter campaigns include all batches and disclose duration, seasonality, downtime, startup, shutdown, and representativeness.	meter timestamps, production calendar, batch register
dq_completeness	process map and inventory	Reconcile every included line and operation to the declared route; explain missing meters, estimated allocations, excluded operations, zero records, and data gaps.	line map, meter map, reconciliation log, gap register
dq_measurement	mass, energy, gas, water, wastewater, and sludge	Use calibrated instruments or reconciled invoices; retain original units, conversion factors, gas reference conditions, water density basis, chemical concentration, and sludge moisture basis.	calibration records, bills, laboratory QA, conversion worksheet
dq_upstream_linkage	purchased inputs and off-site treatment	Link each boundary-crossing input and treatment output to a dataset matched for identity, geography, technology, and reference period, or disclose an explicit unresolved data gap.	dataset mapping table and representativeness review

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_flow	reference flow	Confirm exactly 1,000 kg net accepted product, Mass property, kg unit, and all required qualifiers; reject gross output or packaging-inclusive mass presented as the reference product.
validate_route_logic	process map and inventory	Confirm one declared product form and route; route-inapplicable cards must be absent rather than populated with zero or another route's exchange.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validate_atomic_flows	inventory	Confirm every selected flow is one physical, chemical, waste, or energy exchange with the stated direction, flow type, property, and unit; reject collection labels or combined alternatives.
validate_uuid_identity	UUID-bearing rows	Recheck public state 100, English and Chinese baseNames, flow type, classification, property, unit group, and reference unit; an exact fitting UUID remains required before publishing a fitting-specific dataset.
validate_copper_balance	forming	Check the disclosed copper mass balance and investigate unexplained differences; do not close the balance by changing measured product or scrap.
validate_energy_emissions	natural gas and fossil CO2	Confirm direct fossil CO2 uses only on-site fuel combustion, cites the retained factor or carbon-balance record, and excludes upstream electricity and fuel-supply emissions.
validate_internal_loops	water, emulsion, acid, and copper recirculation	Confirm internal recirculation is not duplicated as external input or output and only net boundary crossings are normalized.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validate_bilingual_alignment	bilingual PCR rendering	Confirm ordered process ids, row ids, UUIDs, controlled tokens, rule ids, amounts, range status, and source ids are identical in English and Chinese.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground factory-gate production dataset for one declared copper tube, pipe, or fitting product and route
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after review of representativeness and unresolved identities
allowed_use	Product-footprint, process, and lifecyclemodel studies needing mass-normalized factory-gate copper tube, pipe, or fitting production, provided product and route qualifiers match
excluded_use	Copper mining or refining; generic unwrought copper; installed piping systems; use-stage service; end-of-life; other metals; fitting-specific publication while the fitting UUID is unresolved
required_metadata	PCR id and version; product form; alloy; dimensions; temper; finish; route; starting material; recycled-content method; site geography; reference period; technology; included operations; internal loops; allocation; upstream datasets; packaging boundary
required_quality_disclosure	Meter and scale coverage; calibration; batch and temporal coverage; mass-balance closure; shared-meter allocation; gas reference conditions; chemical concentration; sludge moisture; representativeness; unresolved UUID and range evidence
update_trigger	Material change in product form, alloy, feedstock, route, furnace, drawing or rolling technology, surface treatment, treatment boundary, energy supply, site geography, allocation, reference period, exact flow identity, or source-backed evidence

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-06-23)	CPC 41516 identity and hierarchy
eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries, 2017, https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-01/JRC107041_NFM_bref2017.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Copper-tube process decomposition, forming and annealing inputs, pickling, internal recycling, and treatment outputs
un-cpc-1-1-chinese	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 1.1 Chinese edition, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/cpc_v1_1_complete%28pdf%29_chinese.zip (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Professional Chinese product terminology for code 41516