Refined copper and copper alloys, unwrought; master alloys of copper

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to foreground data packages for refined copper, unwrought copper alloys, and copper master alloys leaving the producing facility in cathode, ingot, billet, cake, shot, or another declared unwrought form. It covers primary pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes, secondary copper refining, remelting and alloying, master-alloy production, product-form preparation, on-site emission control, and residue handling when those operations occur within the declared producer-gate boundary.

The PCR does not cover copper matte or cement copper, unrefined copper or anodes intended for electrolytic refining, copper ores and concentrates as final reference products, copper waste and scrap as final reference products, copper powders, or semi-finished and fabricated products such as rod, wire, sheet, strip, foil, tubes, fittings, cast components, or finished articles. A data package shall select one product grade, route, geography, technology period, and producer-gate form; it shall not use a generic average to conceal materially different pure-copper, alloy, master-alloy, primary, or secondary routes.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.refined-copper-and-copper-alloys-unwrought-master-alloys-of-copper
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41413, Refined copper and copper alloys, unwrought; master alloys of copper
covered_products	Refined copper, including cathode and other declared unwrought forms; unwrought copper alloys, including brass and bronze compositions; copper master alloys used to introduce alloying elements, including declared Cu-P, Cu-Ni, Cu-Zn-Pb, Cu-Be, or other compositions
excluded_products	Copper matte; cement copper; unrefined copper; copper anodes for electrolytic refining; ores and concentrates as final products; copper waste and scrap as final products; powders and flakes; semi-finished or fabricated copper products and finished articles
representative_product	Producer-gate refined copper or copper-alloy product in a declared unwrought form and grade
production_route	Route-specific: primary pyrometallurgical refining, primary hydrometallurgical recovery, secondary copper refining, copper-alloy remelting and composition adjustment, or copper master-alloy production
market_state	Unwrought refined metal, alloy, or master alloy at the producing facility gate, before downstream semi-fabrication or article manufacture

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Refined copper, unwrought copper alloy, or copper master alloy of the declared grade and producer-gate form
How much	1,000 kg net product mass; packaging is recorded separately and is not included in the 1,000 kg
How well	Conforms to the declared chemical composition, purity or alloy designation, physical form, acceptance specification, and moisture or surface-condition requirement
How long or cycle	One representative production period, normalized to producer-gate output; the data package shall state the period and production-weighting method
reference_flow_link	The reference flow is the net conforming product leaving product_forming_dispatch; internal return material and packaging are not part of the reference amount

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg
Reference product flow	Copper and copper alloys 39b46f9b-dec5-4c9a-9b23-9f38911fe7f7
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	product family: refined copper, copper alloy, or copper master alloy; chemical composition or grade; copper content or purity; unwrought form; primary, secondary, or mixed route; feed-origin and recycled-content basis; producer-gate location; technology route; production period; packaging inclusion statement

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_product_mass	Conforming reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Determine net product mass on calibrated scales and normalize all foreground amounts to 1,000 kg. Exclude packaging, pallets, internal return material, off-specification product, adhering process liquid, and unremoved dross from the reference mass.
dry_or_as_received_basis	Ores, concentrates, secondary feeds, fluxes, and residues	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	State whether each quantity is dry or as received. Record moisture measurements and convert to dry mass only where the chosen basis requires it; do not mix dry and wet bases in one balance.
metal_content_basis	Copper-bearing and alloying inputs, products, co-products, dusts, sludges, and slags	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg element and kg material	Record material mass and assayed copper or alloying-element fraction separately. Elemental mass shall be calculated from matched lot or period records and shall not replace total material mass.
energy_carrier_preservation	Electricity, fuels, steam, and recovered energy	Carrier-specific energy property	kWh or MJ	Preserve the metered carrier and unit. Convert only with a declared factor and heating-value basis; do not combine electricity, fuel mass, steam, and recovered heat into an undocumented energy total.
water_balance_basis	Withdrawn, recirculated, consumed, discharged, and transferred water	Volume or mass	m3 or kg	Keep withdrawal, recirculation, consumption, discharge, and water contained in products or residues as separate fields. State density when converting between volume and mass.

5. System Boundary

The foreground boundary begins at the declared starting condition for the selected route and ends with conforming unwrought product and separately recorded packaging at the producer gate. It includes route-relevant feed preparation, smelting or leaching and solvent extraction/electrowinning, converting, fire refining, electrorefining, remelting, alloying, master-alloy addition, casting or cathode finishing, internal material returns, on-site utilities where measured, air- and water-pollution control, recovery of saleable co-products, and management of process residues and wastes up to transfer or final on-site treatment. Upstream extraction, concentration, secondary-material preparation, electricity and fuel production, purchased reagent production, transport, and external waste treatment require compatible upstream datasets when they fall outside the declared foreground.

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Route-specific receipt or extraction point: ore for an integrated hydrometallurgical route; concentrate or copper-bearing intermediate for a pyrometallurgical route; prepared secondary copper-bearing material for a secondary route; or refined copper, segregated copper scrap, and alloying additions for an alloy or master-alloy route
starting_condition_role	First mass-accounted feed condition crossing the foreground boundary, with ownership, waste/product status, composition, moisture basis, origin, and preparation state declared
product_classification_scope	Refined copper, unwrought copper alloys, and copper master alloys only; intermediate matte, anode copper, residues, recovered metals, and downstream semi-fabricated forms retain their own flow identities
recursive_input_rule	A refined copper, unwrought copper-alloy, or copper master-alloy input used for remelting or composition adjustment is recorded as a distinct upstream product input with its own dataset and is not recursively expanded inside this foreground package
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geographically, technologically, and temporally representative datasets for every material, energy carrier, transport service, and external treatment outside the foreground; disclose proxy use and coverage gaps
disclosure	Declare route, facilities and unit processes included, integrated versus purchased feed stages, primary/secondary feed shares and basis, scrap waste/product status, recycled-content method, co-product treatment, cut-offs, internal loops, abatement, residue destinations, geography, technology, and reference period

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_route_declaration	selected foreground route	Include every on-site unit operation between the declared starting condition and producer-gate product, and identify any integrated mining, concentration, secondary-feed preparation, acid production, utilities, recovery, or residue-treatment operation separately.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018
boundary_relevant_flows	foreground inventory completeness	Account for all environmentally relevant product, waste, and elementary flows, including energy, water, process chemicals, direct air and water releases, slags, dusts, sludges, spent electrolyte, anode slime, dross, recovered metals, sulphuric acid, and other route-specific co-products.	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
boundary_no_silent_recursion	same-category product inputs	Stop recursion at a separately identified same-category input and link an upstream dataset; do not count its production both upstream and again within the consuming foreground process.	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1
boundary_packaging_separation	packaging	Include packaging production and treatment when within the study boundary, but report packaging mass separately from the 1,000 kg metal reference amount.	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
feed_preparation	Feed receipt, characterization, sorting, drying, crushing, blending, or pretreatment	required	Always include the route-specific operations that establish accepted feed and its mass/composition basis; zero-operation receipt still requires feed characterization records	Foreground feed definition and preparation	Mass and assayed composition of accepted feed transferred to the next production stage
copper_recovery_refining	Primary or secondary copper recovery and refining	conditional	Include when refined copper is produced from ore, concentrate, unrefined copper, anodes, or secondary copper-bearing material	Foreground recovery, smelting, leaching, converting, fire refining, electrorefining, or electrowinning	Mass of refined copper transferred to product finishing or alloy production
alloy_master_alloy_melting	Copper-alloy or copper master-alloy melting and composition adjustment	conditional	Include when the reference product is a copper alloy or master alloy, or when composition adjustment is a material step	Foreground melting, alloying, holding, sampling, and composition correction	Mass of conforming molten alloy transferred to casting
product_forming_dispatch	Cathode finishing, unwrought casting, inspection, packaging, and dispatch	required	Always include route-relevant product-form preparation and producer-gate acceptance	Foreground reference-product formation and dispatch	1,000 kg net conforming reference product
emission_residue_control	On-site emission control, water treatment, and residue management	required	Include all controls and residue transfers serving included foreground operations; declare true zero flows with evidence	Foreground abatement, recovery, and final transfer accounting	Controlled stream mass and measured residual release or transfer

Process: Feed receipt and preparation (feed_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Route-specific copper-bearing feed and alloying additions (metal_bearing_feed)

Record each accepted feed lot or period stream separately as ore, concentrate, unrefined copper or anode, prepared secondary material, refined copper, segregated copper or alloy scrap, master alloy, or elemental alloying addition. Preserve product/waste status and composition rather than merging unlike feeds.

• Selected flow: Route-specific copper-bearing feed or alloying material
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg material and kg declared element
• Amount rule: measured accepted mass and matched assay for each feed class
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_input_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Feed-preparation electricity, fuels, and heat (feed_preparation_energy)

Record metered electricity and each fuel or purchased heat carrier used for unloading, sorting, size reduction, drying, de-oiling, decoating, blending, or other declared preparation.

• Selected flow: Route-specific electricity, fuel, steam, or heat carrier
• Flow property / unit: Energy or mass / kWh, MJ, or kg as metered
• Amount rule: measured carrier use allocated to accepted prepared feed by documented meter or operating-hour records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Feed-preparation water and process aids (feed_preparation_auxiliaries)

Record water, fluxes, reductants, de-oiling media, and other aids only when consumed in a declared preparation operation; keep distinct chemical identities.

• Selected flow: Route-specific water and preparation aids
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured deliveries, tank changes, or meter readings minus documented returns
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_auxiliary_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared and characterized feed (prepared_feed)

Record the mass, moisture basis, copper and alloying-element composition, and destination of feed transferred to recovery, refining, or alloying.

• Selected flow: Prepared route-specific feed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg material and kg declared element
• Amount rule: transfer mass calculated from accepted feed, recorded removals, moisture change, and inventory change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per process output and reconciled to 1,000 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Removed non-feed material and preparation residues (feed_preparation_rejects)

Record sorted rejects, removed coatings, oils, dust, fines, moisture-bearing sludge, and other preparation residues by destination and waste/product status.

• Selected flow: Route-specific preparation reject or residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass by residue class and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_transfer_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Direct releases from feed preparation (feed_preparation_direct_releases)

Record measured dust, metals, combustion emissions, volatile organic compounds, and water releases from included preparation operations after control.

• Selected flow: Individually identified elementary release to air or water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured concentration multiplied by matched flow and operating time, or direct mass measurement
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_release_monitoring
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process: Copper recovery and refining (copper_recovery_refining)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared copper-bearing feed (recovery_prepared_feed)

Record the prepared feed crossing into the declared pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, or secondary refining route and reconcile it to prepared_feed.

• Selected flow: Prepared copper-bearing feed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg material and kg copper
• Amount rule: measured process feed with matched composition and inventory change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg refined copper output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018

Recovery and refining energy carriers (recovery_refining_energy)

Record electricity, fuels, oxygen, steam, and recovered energy separately for drying, smelting, converting, fire refining, electrorefining, leaching, solvent extraction, or electrowinning operations included in the route.

• Selected flow: Route-specific electricity, fuel, oxygen, steam, or recovered energy
• Flow property / unit: Energy, mass, or volume / kWh, MJ, kg, or Nm3
• Amount rule: measured use by carrier and included unit operation, net of separately metered exported energy
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg refined copper output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018

Recovery and refining water, fluxes, and reagents (recovery_refining_auxiliaries)

Record water and route-specific fluxes, reductants, sulphuric acid, extraction reagents, electrolyte additions, and other process chemicals by identity.

• Selected flow: Route-specific water, flux, reductant, or process reagent
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured consumption from meters, stock reconciliation, or issue records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg refined copper output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_auxiliary_material_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Refined copper transferred to finishing or alloying (refined_copper_output)

Record conforming refined copper mass and assay at the transfer point, including cathode, electrowon copper, or other accepted refined form; do not include anode copper or internal return material.

• Selected flow: Refined copper 176d7abf-4f6c-4584-a720-f9a518ce7d2d
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured conforming transfer mass and matched purity result
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per recovery and refining process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_acceptance_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018

Recovered co-products and exported energy (recovery_coproducts)

Record each saleable or transferred co-product separately, such as sulphuric acid, iron silicate, precious-metal-bearing anode slime, nickel or copper sulphate, recovered lead/tin material, zinc-rich dust, or exported steam.

• Selected flow: Individually identified recovered co-product or exported energy carrier
• Flow property / unit: Mass or energy / kg, kWh, or MJ
• Amount rule: measured dispatch or transfer amount adjusted for inventory change and specification acceptance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg refined copper output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_dispatch_records
• Sources: ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Recovery and refining residues and wastes (recovery_refining_residues)

Record slags, dusts, spent electrolyte, bleed treatment residues, sludges, hazardous waste, and unrecovered materials by composition, treatment status, and destination; separate internal returns from external waste transfers.

• Selected flow: Individually identified recovery or refining residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass by residue class and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg refined copper output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_transfer_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018

Elementary flows

Direct releases from recovery and refining (recovery_refining_direct_releases)

Record individually measured releases to air and water after control, including route-relevant dust, metals, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, greenhouse gases, acid mist, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved metals.

• Selected flow: Individually identified elementary release to air or water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured concentration multiplied by matched flow and operating time, or direct mass measurement
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg refined copper output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_release_monitoring
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process: Copper-alloy and master-alloy melting (alloy_master_alloy_melting)

Inputs

Product flows

Copper base, segregated scrap, and alloying additions (alloy_charge_materials)

Record refined copper, clean segregated internal or external scrap, master alloys, and elemental alloying additions separately by grade, mass, assay, and waste/product status.

• Selected flow: Refined copper, segregated copper-alloy scrap, master alloy, or alloying addition
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg material and kg declared element
• Amount rule: measured furnace charge mass with matched composition certificate or assay
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg conforming alloy or master-alloy melt
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_input_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Alloy-melting energy and process aids (alloy_melting_energy_aids)

Record electricity or fuel, fluxes, cover materials, deoxidants, sampling consumables, and mould or launder treatments by carrier or material identity.

• Selected flow: Route-specific energy carrier or alloy-melting process aid
• Flow property / unit: Energy or mass / kWh, MJ, or kg
• Amount rule: measured carrier use and material issue records for the declared melt campaign
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg conforming alloy or master-alloy melt
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_aid_campaign_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Conforming molten alloy or master alloy (conforming_alloy_melt)

Record the accepted melt mass and final composition after sampling and adjustment, before transfer to casting.

• Selected flow: Declared copper alloy or copper master alloy
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg material and kg declared element
• Amount rule: measured transferred melt mass and matched final composition result
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per alloying process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_acceptance_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Alloying dross, slag, dust, and off-specification material (alloying_residues)

Record dross, slag, captured dust, spills, and off-specification metal separately; identify internal remelt, external recovery, or waste treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Individually identified alloying residue or off-specification metal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured recovery or transfer mass by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg conforming alloy or master-alloy melt
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_transfer_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Direct releases from melting and alloying (alloying_direct_releases)

Record measured dust, metals, zinc oxide, phosphorus compounds, beryllium where relevant, combustion emissions, and other route-specific releases after control.

• Selected flow: Individually identified elementary release to air or water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured concentration multiplied by matched flow and operating time, or direct mass measurement
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg conforming alloy or master-alloy melt
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_release_monitoring
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process: Product forming and dispatch (product_forming_dispatch)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted refined copper or conforming alloy melt (forming_metal_input)

Record the accepted metal entering cathode stripping and finishing, ingot or billet casting, shot formation, or another declared unwrought-form operation.

• Selected flow: Accepted refined copper or conforming copper-alloy melt
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass reconciled with upstream process output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_balance_records
• Sources: epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Forming energy, water, mould treatments, and packaging (forming_dispatch_inputs)

Record electricity, fuel, cooling and washing water, release agents, strapping, pallets, wraps, and other packaging separately; packaging does not enter reference product mass.

• Selected flow: Route-specific energy, water, forming aid, or packaging material
• Flow property / unit: Energy, mass, or volume / kWh, MJ, kg, or m3
• Amount rule: measured use or stock reconciliation for accepted output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_forming_packaging_records
• Sources: epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Net conforming producer-gate product (reference_product_output)

Record exactly 1,000 kg net conforming refined copper, unwrought copper alloy, or copper master alloy with the required qualifiers and product acceptance evidence.

• Selected flow: Copper and copper alloys 39b46f9b-dec5-4c9a-9b23-9f38911fe7f7
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1,000 kg net conforming product at the producer gate
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: PCR reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
• Sources: epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018
• Range: Reference-flow identity
  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1000
  • Upper: 1000
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: net conforming producer-gate product
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018

Internal return metal (internal_return_metal)

Record cropped cathode, sprues, spills, off-specification metal, and other internal returns separately and link them to the receiving unit; they are neither reference product nor external recycled-content input.

• Selected flow: Internally returned copper or copper-alloy material
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured internal transfer mass by source, destination, and composition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_internal_return_records
• Sources: epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1

Waste flows

Forming and packaging wastes (forming_packaging_waste)

Record non-returned metal losses, spent mould treatments, damaged packaging, and other waste by material and destination.

• Selected flow: Individually identified forming or packaging waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass by waste class and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_transfer_records
• Sources: epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1

Elementary flows

Direct releases from forming and dispatch (forming_direct_releases)

Record measured combustion, casting, cooling, washing, and packaging-operation releases after control.

• Selected flow: Individually identified elementary release to air or water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured concentration multiplied by matched flow and operating time, or direct mass measurement
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_release_monitoring
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process: Emission and residue control (emission_residue_control)

Inputs

Product flows

Abatement energy and treatment reagents (abatement_inputs)

Record electricity, fuel, water, lime, flocculants, sorbents, filter media, and other treatment inputs by the control system served.

• Selected flow: Route-specific energy carrier or treatment reagent
• Flow property / unit: Energy, mass, or volume / kWh, MJ, kg, or m3
• Amount rule: measured use or stock reconciliation assigned to included foreground operations
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_abatement_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Off-gas dust, wastewater, bleed, slag, and residue streams received for control (streams_to_control)

Record each controlled stream at its origin and receiving control system without duplicating the same mass as a final release.

• Selected flow: Individually identified off-gas, wastewater, bleed, slag, dust, or residue stream
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg, Nm3, or m3
• Amount rule: measured transfer or matched flow record to the control system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_abatement_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Recovered materials and reusable treatment outputs (recovered_treatment_outputs)

Record recovered copper-bearing dust, zinc oxide, acid, metals, water, or heat as internal return or external co-product according to its actual destination and acceptance status.

• Selected flow: Individually identified recovered material, water, or energy carrier
• Flow property / unit: Mass, volume, or energy / kg, m3, kWh, or MJ
• Amount rule: measured recovered amount by destination and acceptance status
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_dispatch_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018

Waste flows

Final treatment residues and externally transferred wastes (final_treatment_residues)

Record filter dust, gypsum, water-treatment sludge, spent media, hazardous residues, and other final transfers by composition, classification, and destination.

• Selected flow: Individually identified final treatment residue or waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass by residue class and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_transfer_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Residual controlled releases to air and water (controlled_elementary_releases)

Record each measured release after treatment using the final discharge point, matched flow, operating period, and detection-limit treatment.

• Selected flow: Individually identified elementary release to air or water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured concentration multiplied by matched discharge flow and operating time, or direct mass measurement
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_release_monitoring
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoidance	shared foreground operations	First avoid allocation by subdividing unit operations or using separately metered material, energy, emission, and production records. Document the subdivision and retained shared services.	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018
allocation_internal_loops	internal copper, alloy, dust, acid, water, and energy returns	Keep internal returns inside the foreground mass and energy balances. Do not treat an internal loop as a co-product, recycled-content input, avoided burden, or duplicate upstream input.	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1
allocation_coproducts	saleable metals, acid, slag products, recovered compounds, and exported energy	Identify each co-product and its point of separation. When subdivision is not possible, use a documented physical causal relation; if none can be supported, use economic allocation with a declared representative price period and sensitivity check. Do not apply substitution credit silently.	ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018; epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1
allocation_scrap_status	secondary copper-bearing inputs and metal outputs sent for recycling	Declare whether each stream is waste or a product at the foreground boundary and the end-of-waste basis used. Unknown-origin scrapyard material is treated as waste for the EPD-PCR allocation convention; report alternative conventions separately rather than mixing them.	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1
allocation_route_transparency	primary, secondary, mixed, alloy, and master-alloy datasets	Report primary and secondary feed shares, copper-content basis, internal return share, co-product method, and allocated burdens by route. A mixed dataset shall be production-weighted from separately documented route inventories.	ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_input_records	feed_preparation; alloy_master_alloy_melting	Copper-bearing feed and alloy additions	Weighbridge, scale, receiving, batch, certificate, and assay records	material_id; supplier_or_source; product_or_waste_status; gross_mass; tare_mass; moisture; copper_fraction; alloying_element_fractions; lot_time; destination	Reconcile accepted net mass to inventory movement and match each lot with representative composition evidence	kg material; kg element; mass fraction	Per lot, aggregated monthly	At least 12 representative consecutive months or the full shorter campaign	Every included facility and route	Sum accepted dry or as-received mass consistently; calculate elemental mass only from matched mass and composition	Scale calibration; assay method; certificate traceability; stock reconciliation
cp_energy_records	feed_preparation; copper_recovery_refining	Electricity, fuel, oxygen, steam, and heat	Meter, invoice, tank, and operating-hour records	carrier_id; meter_start; meter_end; purchase; stock_change; export; lower_or_higher_heating_value; unit_operation; period	Prefer submetering; otherwise allocate by documented operating driver and reconcile to site totals	kWh; MJ; kg; Nm3	Continuous or per delivery, aggregated monthly	Same period as product output	Every included unit operation and shared utility	Net carrier use equals measured input plus stock decrease minus export and documented non-foreground use	Meter calibration; invoice reconciliation; heating-value source; allocation rationale
cp_auxiliary_material_records	feed_preparation; copper_recovery_refining	Water, fluxes, reductants, acids, extraction reagents, electrolyte additions, and other aids	Meter, issue, purchase, tank, and stock records	material_id; quantity; concentration; opening_stock; closing_stock; return; unit_operation; period	Reconcile deliveries and stock changes; record solution concentration and recovered returns separately	kg; m3; mass fraction	Per delivery or batch, aggregated monthly	Same period as product output	Every included unit operation	Consumption equals receipts plus opening stock minus closing stock minus documented returns or transfers	Meter calibration; inventory reconciliation; chemical specification
cp_material_balance_records	feed_preparation; copper_recovery_refining; product_forming_dispatch	Process transfers and metal balance	Transfer scales, inventories, assays, and production logs	stream_id; input_mass; output_mass; inventory_start; inventory_end; moisture; element_fraction; internal_return; period	Reconcile total material and copper or declared alloying elements over matched boundaries and periods	kg material; kg element	Per batch where available, reconciled monthly and annually	Same period as product output	Each included process and facility	Input plus inventory decrease equals output, transfer, release, and residue within documented uncertainty	Balance closure; scale calibration; matched assays; investigation log
cp_product_acceptance_records	copper_recovery_refining; alloy_master_alloy_melting; product_forming_dispatch	Refined copper, alloy melt, and producer-gate product	Scale, batch, laboratory, and release records	product_id; grade; form; net_mass; copper_fraction; alloying_element_fractions; impurity_results; release_status; timestamp	Match net mass with the released batch or period and the applicable composition or purity specification	kg; mass fraction	Per batch or dispatch	Full reference period	Every included production line and product grade	Sum only released conforming product; track off-specification and internal returns separately	Scale calibration; laboratory QA; product certificate; release authorization
cp_coproduct_dispatch_records	copper_recovery_refining; emission_residue_control	Co-products, recovered outputs, and exported energy	Scale, meter, inventory, sales, and transfer records	output_id; mass_or_energy; composition; acceptance_status; destination; revenue_basis_if_used; timestamp	Match physical dispatch or internal transfer to specification and destination	kg; kWh; MJ	Per dispatch, aggregated monthly	Same period as product output	Every included facility	Sum accepted dispatches and adjust for inventory change; keep internal returns separate	Scale or meter calibration; certificate; destination receipt; price-period evidence if allocated economically
cp_residue_transfer_records	all processes	Rejects, slag, dross, dust, sludge, spent media, wastewater residue, and waste	Scale, manifest, laboratory, and destination records	residue_id; mass; moisture; composition; hazard_status; internal_or_external; destination; treatment; timestamp	Measure transfer mass and retain classification and destination evidence	kg; mass fraction	Per transfer, aggregated monthly	Same period as product output	Every included facility	Sum by residue identity and destination; subtract documented internal returns from external transfers	Scale calibration; waste manifest; assay; treatment receipt
cp_direct_release_monitoring	all processes	Direct air and water releases	Continuous monitor, stack test, discharge sampling, flow meter, and operating records	release_id; compartment; concentration; flow; duration; detection_limit; oxygen_or_moisture_reference; control_status; period	Match concentration with representative flow and operating time; preserve below-detection treatment and reference conditions	kg; mg/Nm3; mg/L; Nm3; m3	Continuous where available and at permit or representative test frequency	Same period as product output	Every included discharge point	Calculate mass release per point and pollutant, then sum without duplicating controlled streams and final discharge	Calibration; accredited test; sampling plan; permit report; data-coverage statement
cp_energy_and_aid_campaign_records	alloy_master_alloy_melting	Campaign energy and process aids	Meter, furnace log, batch, issue, and stock records	campaign_id; product_grade; carrier_use; aid_mass; charge_mass; tap_mass; start_time; end_time	Reconcile campaign-specific use to accepted melt and record shared-load allocation	kWh; MJ; kg	Per melt campaign	Representative campaigns covering the reference period	Each alloy or master-alloy furnace and grade family	Production-weight accepted campaigns; disclose excluded or abnormal campaigns	Meter calibration; batch log; stock reconciliation; campaign coverage
cp_forming_packaging_records	product_forming_dispatch	Forming inputs and packaging	Meter, batch, packaging issue, and dispatch records	product_grade; accepted_mass; energy; water; mould_treatment; packaging_material; packaging_mass; pallet_mass; dispatch_id	Match forming and packaging inputs to accepted dispatched output	kWh; MJ; kg; m3	Per batch or dispatch, aggregated monthly	Same period as product output	Every included forming and dispatch line	Sum by product grade; keep packaging outside net metal reference mass	Dispatch reconciliation; packaging specification; meter calibration
cp_internal_return_records	product_forming_dispatch	Internal metal returns	Transfer scale, batch, source, and destination records	return_id; source_process; destination_process; mass; composition; timestamp	Record one transfer identity at source and destination	kg	Per transfer, aggregated monthly	Same period as product output	Entire included foreground	Count once in each process balance but eliminate as an external foreground input/output at system level	Transfer reconciliation; scale calibration; matched source and destination logs
cp_abatement_records	emission_residue_control	Controlled streams and treatment inputs	Control-system meter, operating, maintenance, reagent, and transfer records	control_id; source_stream; flow; operating_time; reagent; energy; captured_mass; discharge_point; downtime	Match control operation to source operation and final release or residue records	kg; m3; Nm3; kWh; h	Continuous or per batch, aggregated monthly	Same period as served production	Every included control system	Reconcile received stream, captured output, residual release, and inventory change	Monitor calibration; maintenance log; downtime record; reagent reconciliation

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	All foreground rows	normalized amount = period amount / net conforming period output × 1,000 kg	period flow amount; net conforming producer-gate product mass	Flow amount per 1,000 kg reference product	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018
calc_dry_mass	Moisture-bearing materials	dry mass = as-received mass × (1 - measured moisture mass fraction)	as-received mass; matched moisture fraction	Dry mass and retained as-received mass	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
calc_element_mass	Copper and alloying-element balances	element mass = material mass × matched element mass fraction	material mass; assay or certificate fraction	kg copper or declared alloying element	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
calc_material_balance	Each process and total foreground	closure difference = inputs + inventory decrease - products - co-products - wastes - elementary releases - inventory increase; report the difference and investigated causes	Matched material transfers, inventories, composition, releases, and residues	Material and element balance closure statement	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018
calc_recycled_content	Secondary or mixed-route products	external recycled content = eligible external secondary-material mass entering the foreground / net reference product mass; report both material-mass and copper-content bases and exclude internal returns	External secondary input mass and copper content; internal return mass; net product mass	Recycled-content fractions with stated basis	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1
calc_direct_release	Air and water releases	mass release = matched concentration × discharge flow × operating duration, with unit and reference-condition conversion documented	Concentration; flow; time; detection-limit rule; reference conditions	kg release per pollutant and discharge point	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	Reference product and all route outputs	Product family, grade, composition or purity, unwrought form, route, location, period, and acceptance specification shall be traceable to released product records.	Product certificates, laboratory results, batch release, and dispatch records
dq_temporal_representativeness	Foreground inventory	Use at least 12 consecutive representative months unless a shorter campaign is the full production cycle; disclose shutdowns, abnormal campaigns, missing periods, and production weighting.	Production calendar, meter coverage, campaign list, and completeness calculation
dq_route_separation	Primary, secondary, alloy, and master-alloy routes	Separate materially different routes, furnaces, feed classes, and product grades where metering or records permit; justify every aggregation.	Process map, meter map, batch records, and aggregation rationale
dq_measurement_control	Mass, composition, energy, water, and emissions	Use calibrated instruments and documented laboratory or monitoring methods; state detection-limit and missing-data treatment.	Calibration certificates, QA/QC records, accredited test reports, and substitution log
dq_balance_completeness	Material, copper, alloying-element, water, and energy balances	Reconcile included flows over matched periods and investigate material gaps; do not force closure by hiding discrepancies in an unspecified loss flow.	Balance workbook, inventory reconciliation, investigation record, and signed review
dq_upstream_compatibility	Upstream and external treatment datasets	Assess geography, technology, time, product identity, recycled-content convention, and boundary compatibility; disclose proxies and excluded stages.	Dataset metadata, source review, proxy register, and coverage statement
dq_allocation_transparency	Shared operations and co-products	Retain subdivision, causal, physical, economic, and sensitivity evidence sufficient to reproduce allocated amounts.	Metering map, allocation workbook, price-period evidence, and sensitivity results

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	Reference flow	Fail if the product is not a refined copper, unwrought copper alloy, or copper master alloy, or if grade/composition, unwrought form, route, producer gate, and reference period are missing.	unsd-cpc-3-0; epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1
validate_reference_mass	Reference amount	Fail unless the net conforming reference product is exactly 1,000 kg on the Mass property and packaging and internal returns are excluded from that mass.	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018
validate_route_processes	Process map	Fail if a route-relevant recovery, refining, alloying, master-alloy, product-forming, abatement, or residue-management operation is omitted without an upstream dataset or explicit exclusion rationale.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018
validate_feed_status	Primary and secondary feed	Fail if feed identity, mass basis, composition, product/waste status, origin, or internal-return treatment is missing or inconsistent across receipt and process transfer records.	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validate_balance	Material and element balances	Fail if material and copper or declared alloying-element balances are absent, use unmatched periods, or contain an unexplained closure difference hidden as an unspecified loss.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validate_direct_releases	Air and water inventory	Fail if controlled streams are counted both before and after treatment, or if a calculated release lacks matched concentration, flow, duration, units, and detection-limit treatment.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validate_coproduct_allocation	Co-products and shared operations	Fail if a co-product is omitted, an internal return is credited as a co-product, or an allocation/substitution method lacks a separation point, rationale, representative period, and reproducible calculation.	ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018; epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1
validate_data_coverage	Foreground period	Fail if temporal, facility, route, or product-grade coverage is not reported, or if missing data and proxies are not disclosed.	epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Producer-gate foreground inventory for one declared refined copper, unwrought copper-alloy, or copper master-alloy product and route
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after methodology review, quality review, and publication controls
allowed_use	Upstream supply modelling for downstream semi-fabrication and product systems when product identity, geography, technology, time, recycled-content convention, allocation, and producer-gate boundary are compatible
excluded_use	Direct comparison of unlike grades, pure copper versus alloys or master alloys, primary versus secondary routes, or different recycled-content and co-product conventions without harmonization; use as a semi-finished or finished-product dataset; use as a generic copper proxy when required qualifiers are unknown
required_metadata	PCR id and version when published; product family; grade and composition; purity or copper content; unwrought form; primary/secondary/mixed route and feed shares; recycled-content basis; facilities and included unit operations; geography; technology; reference period; net reference mass; packaging; upstream datasets; co-products; allocation and cut-off methods; data coverage
required_quality_disclosure	Meter and assay coverage; calibration and laboratory methods; material and element balance closure; temporal and site coverage; route aggregation; direct-emission monitoring coverage; missing-data and detection-limit treatment; proxy datasets; allocation sensitivity; unresolved limitations
update_trigger	Change in grade or product form, route or furnace technology, feed origin or primary/secondary share, recycled-content convention, co-product treatment, system boundary, abatement, facility mix, allocation method, upstream electricity or major material dataset, or evidence that materially changes normalized results

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-3-0	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division. Central Product Classification, Version 3.0, structure and classification resources. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/CPC (retrieved 2026-08-09).	Product-category scope and CPC 41413 identity
epd-pcr-2023-01-v2-0-1	standard	EPD International. PCR 2023:01, Fabricated metal products, except construction products, version 2.0.1, publication date 2026-02-25, valid until 2029-07-29. https://www.environdec.com/pcr-library/pcr_164859f7-28a7-42a3-3bec-08d9945ab091 (retrieved 2026-08-09).	CPC 414 applicability, 1 tonne producer-gate declared unit, packaging separation, life-cycle boundary, process-flow disclosure, scrap status, allocation, and data-quality framework
eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017	official_guidance	European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries. EUR 28648 EN, 2017. DOI: 10.2760/8224. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c0bc6046-651c-11e7-b2f2-01aa75ed71a1 (retrieved 2026-08-09).	Primary and secondary copper routes, electrorefining, hydrometallurgy, copper-alloy ingots, master-alloy production, inputs, residues, emissions, and abatement process decomposition
ica-copper-environmental-profile-2018	dataset	International Copper Association. Copper Environmental Profile: Copper Cathode Life Cycle Assessment, 2018. https://copperalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/ICA-EnvironmentalProfileHESD-201803-FINAL-LOWRES-1.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-09).	Copper cathode route coverage, cradle-to-gate boundary, 1,000 kg functional unit, primary and secondary data collection, co-product identities, and co-product treatment alternatives