Copper mattes; cement copper

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers two copper-bearing intermediate products at the producer gate: copper matte made by smelting copper concentrate, and cement copper (precipitated copper) made by iron cementation of a copper-bearing pregnant leach solution. A data package shall select and declare exactly one reference-product branch. If one facility produces both products, each product shall have its own normalized foreground result or a disclosed, evidence-backed allocation.

The foreground boundary starts at receipt of copper concentrate and flux for the matte branch, or at receipt of pregnant leach solution and cementing iron for the cement-copper branch. It ends when the selected intermediate product has been measured, sampled, and released at the producer gate. Upstream mining, beneficiation, concentrate production, and leaching before the received pregnant solution are represented by linked upstream datasets. Downstream matte converting, blister-copper production, anode refining, electrorefining, and manufacture of refined copper products are excluded.

The PCR does not cover copper ore, copper concentrate as the reference product, blister or anode copper, refined copper, copper alloys, copper powder, or copper scrap. Site infrastructure and capital goods are excluded unless the study goal explicitly includes them and reports them separately.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.copper-mattes-cement-copper
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41411, Copper mattes; cement copper
covered_products	Copper matte; cement copper (precipitated copper)
excluded_products	Copper ore and concentrate as reference products; blister copper; anode copper; refined copper; copper alloys; copper powder; copper scrap
representative_product	Copper matte
production_route	Copper-concentrate smelting to matte, or iron cementation of a copper-bearing pregnant leach solution to cement copper
market_state	Copper matte as molten, cast, crushed, or granulated intermediate; cement copper as separated wet cake or dried powder, with declared dry-mass basis, moisture, copper grade, impurities, and producer-gate condition

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Production of a declared copper-bearing intermediate product covered by this PCR
How much	1,000 kg dry mass of the declared product
How well	Product identified as copper matte or cement copper, with route, copper grade, moisture, physical state, impurity profile, and release specification declared
How long or cycle	One production batch or reporting-period share completed to the producer gate; no service lifetime applies
reference_flow_link	reference_product_copper_matte

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg dry product
Reference product flow	Copper matte
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	selected product branch; production technology; producer geography; reporting period; product physical state; dry-mass determination; moisture; copper grade; sulfur and iron content for matte; residual iron and insoluble impurities for cement copper; co-product recovery; recycled internal streams; pollution-control boundary

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package. The Tiangong UUID for the reference copper-matte product remains unresolved; do not substitute the ore-classified exact-name candidate or a downstream copper product.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_dry_mass	Reference product and all mass-normalized exchanges	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Normalize to 1,000 kg dry product. Measure as-received mass and moisture on a representative sample, and retain the dry-mass calculation.
gas_reference_conditions	Natural gas and industrial oxygen	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200b9a66	m3	Report gas volume at the metering reference temperature and pressure; record those conditions and any conversion from operating volume.
electricity_energy_basis	Purchased electricity	Energy	kWh	Use metered active electricity. Keep voltage level, grid geography, supplier, and on-site generation boundary as foreground qualifiers; do not use a net-calorific-value proxy.
solution_mass_conversion	Pregnant and spent leach solutions	Mass	kg	If collected as volume, convert with contemporaneous density and record copper, total iron, acidity, sulfate, suspended solids, and temperature for the sampled reporting period.
direct_emission_basis	Direct air emissions	Mass	kg	Report post-control releases to the receiving air compartment. Reconcile stack measurements or calculations to the same reporting period and 1,000 kg dry-product basis.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Matte branch: copper concentrate and separately purchased flux received at the smelter gate. Cement branch: copper-bearing pregnant leach solution and cementing steel scrap received at the cementation operation.
starting_condition_role	Foreground production input gate; upstream extraction, beneficiation, concentrate production, or leaching is represented by linked upstream datasets rather than re-created inside this PCR.
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 subclass 41411, while canonical PCR meaning is limited to the two declared copper-bearing intermediate products and their production routes.
recursive_input_rule	If copper matte or cement copper is used internally as an input, record the measured internal transfer and do not recursively apply this PCR to that transfer; use a separate upstream dataset only when it crosses the declared foreground boundary.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link supply datasets for copper concentrate, quartz stone, natural gas, industrial oxygen, electricity, pregnant leach solution, and steel scrap when those inputs cross the foreground boundary.
disclosure	Declare selected branch, start material state and assays, technology, pollution controls, internal recycle, co-product recovery, producer geography, reporting period, cut-offs, and every deviation from the default gate-to-gate boundary.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_branch_selection	Foreground model	Select copper matte or cement copper as the reference product. Include the corresponding process branch and exclude the other branch unless the facility actually operates both and the data are subdivided.	unsd-cpc-3-0-structure-2025, us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995, us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965
boundary_matte_operations	Copper matte branch	Include concentrate and flux receipt, drying or roasting when used, smelting, matte tapping and conditioning, slag handling, direct energy, oxygen, post-control emissions, and on-site off-gas treatment that is operationally integrated with matte production.	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995
boundary_cement_operations	Cement copper branch	Include solution transfer, iron cementation, agitation or pumping, separation of the precipitate, product conditioning, spent-solution handling, and direct releases from the cementation operation.	us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965
boundary_upstream_and_downstream	Both branches	Represent upstream supplied inputs with linked datasets. Exclude downstream converting and refining from the reference-product foreground result, and do not credit future recycling or downstream metal recovery unless the study applies and discloses a separate consequential scenario.	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995, eu-commission-pef-method-2021
boundary_completeness	Both branches	Include every environmentally relevant material, energy, waste, and direct elementary exchange inside the declared boundary. Add any site-specific species or material as a separate atomic flow row rather than aggregating it under a generic collection label.	eu-commission-pef-method-2021

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
p_matte_smelting	Copper concentrate smelting to copper matte	conditional	Include when the declared reference product is copper matte.	foreground production	dry mass of copper matte released at the producer gate
p_cement_copper_production	Iron cementation to cement copper	conditional	Include when the declared reference product is cement copper.	foreground production	dry mass of cement copper released at the producer gate

Process: Copper concentrate smelting to copper matte (p_matte_smelting)

Inputs

Product flows

Copper concentrate feed (matte_copper_concentrate)

Copper concentrate crosses the smelter foreground boundary as the principal copper- and sulfur-bearing feed. Record dry mass, moisture, copper, sulfur, iron, gangue, and relevant trace-element assays by batch or reconciled campaign.

• Selected flow: Copper concentrate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate dry concentrate consumed from reconciled receipt, stock-change, return, and moisture records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_material_inputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Quartz stone used as siliceous flux (matte_quartz_stone_flux)

Quartz stone is recorded only when it is the separately supplied siliceous flux. If another specific flux crosses the boundary, add that material as its own atomic product-flow row rather than relabelling this row.

• Selected flow: Quartz stone e3cb4771-a491-487e-a16b-8482d3ebf6ff
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate dry quartz stone charged from weighbridge, bin, and stock-change records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_material_inputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Gaseous natural gas (matte_natural_gas)

Natural gas is recorded when it crosses the foreground boundary for furnace, dryer, roaster, holding, or auxiliary combustion. Exclude upstream supply emissions from direct emissions and link them through the natural-gas supply dataset.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: meter purchased natural gas and convert it to the declared reference temperature and pressure
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: m3 per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_energy_and_gases
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Industrial oxygen (matte_industrial_oxygen)

Purchased industrial oxygen is recorded when used for oxygen enrichment or oxygen-blown smelting. When oxygen is produced on site, include its production inputs inside the foreground boundary and keep this purchased-flow row not applicable.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: meter supplied oxygen at declared reference conditions and record oxygen purity
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: m3 per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_energy_and_gases
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Medium-voltage electricity (matte_electricity)

Record active electricity imported for electric smelting and all in-boundary drives, fans, pumps, gas cleaning, and product handling. Separately meter exported or on-site generated electricity.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: reconcile imported active electricity, on-site generation, exports, and stock-independent submeter totals for the reporting period
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: kWh per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_energy_and_gases
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995, eu-commission-pef-method-2021

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Reference copper matte product (reference_product_copper_matte)

Copper matte is the reference output for the matte branch. Record tapped and released product mass on a dry basis and retain moisture, copper, sulfur, iron, physical state, and impurity assay data.

• Selected flow: Copper matte
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate dry copper matte released from measured product mass and representative moisture determination
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_outputs_and_emissions
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-0-structure-2025, us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Recovered sulfuric acid (matte_sulfuric_acid)

Sulfuric acid is recorded as a separate co-product only when sulfur dioxide is converted to acid inside the declared foreground boundary and the acid leaves the process as a usable product. Record concentration and commercial disposition.

• Selected flow: Sulfuric acid 7ee2e3c3-bee7-4520-92b7-3e23afbfcd6f
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate acid product mass at measured concentration from product dispatch and inventory-change records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: kg sulfuric acid at declared concentration per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_outputs_and_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Waste flows

Copper slag (matte_copper_slag)

Record the copper-bearing slag leaving smelting or slag cleaning as a waste flow until it demonstrably meets the site's declared co-product criteria. Internal slag recycle is an internal transfer and is not counted again as an external input or output.

• Selected flow: Copper slag 3b318911-2500-490f-8f56-fea047c8fbea
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate dry external slag from dispatch, weighing, moisture, and stock-change records after subtracting internal recycle
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: kg dry copper slag per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_outputs_and_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Elementary flows

Sulfur dioxide released to air (matte_sulfur_dioxide_air)

Record sulfur dioxide released after the declared gas collection and abatement system. Do not record sulfur routed into recovered sulfuric acid as an emission.

• Selected flow: sulfur dioxide to air, unspecified
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate post-control release from validated continuous monitoring, stack tests, or a reconciled sulfur balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: kg sulfur dioxide per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_outputs_and_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Total particulate matter released to air (matte_particulate_air)

Record total particulate matter released after control to the declared air compartment. Add measured size fractions or metal species as separate elementary flows when available; do not treat a PM2.5 UUID as total particulate matter.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, total, to air, unspecified
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate post-control total particulate release from validated stack tests or continuous measurements and operating hours
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: kg total particulate matter per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_outputs_and_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Fossil carbon dioxide released to air (matte_fossil_co2_air)

Record only direct fossil carbon dioxide from in-boundary fuel combustion and carbon-bearing reductants. Upstream electricity and fuel-supply emissions remain in linked supply datasets.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate direct fossil carbon dioxide from metered fuel, declared carbon content, oxidation, and any measured stack reconciliation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: kg fossil carbon dioxide per 1,000 kg dry copper matte output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_matte_outputs_and_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Process: Iron cementation to cement copper (p_cement_copper_production)

Inputs

Product flows

Copper-bearing pregnant leach solution (cement_pregnant_leach_solution)

Record the aqueous pregnant solution that crosses into cementation. Retain solution volume or mass, density, copper concentration, total iron, acidity, sulfate, suspended solids, temperature, source process, and recycle status.

• Selected flow: Copper sulfate pregnant leach solution
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate solution mass from reconciled flow measurement and density for the cementation reporting period
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: kg pregnant leach solution per 1,000 kg dry cement copper output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cement_inputs_and_energy
• Sources: us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965

Steel scrap used as cementing iron (cement_scrap_steel)

Record steel scrap added as the iron cementing material. Retain grade, coating, contamination, total iron, unreacted return, and whether any burden from a prior product system is assigned.

• Selected flow: Scrap Steel 6cb5e364-ba39-4009-8b40-a76fdc88bc42
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate net steel scrap consumed from charged, recovered unreacted, and stock-change masses
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: kg steel scrap consumed per 1,000 kg dry cement copper output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cement_inputs_and_energy
• Sources: us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965

Medium-voltage electricity (cement_electricity)

Record active electricity imported for solution transfer, agitation, precipitation equipment, separation, ventilation, and product handling inside the cementation boundary.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: reconcile imported active electricity, on-site generation, exports, and applicable submeters for the reporting period
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: kWh per 1,000 kg dry cement copper output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cement_inputs_and_energy
• Sources: us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965, eu-commission-pef-method-2021

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Cement copper product (cement_copper_product)

Record the separated cement copper product on a dry basis. Retain as-received mass, moisture, copper grade, residual iron, insoluble material, physical state, and release specification.

• Selected flow: Cement copper
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate dry cement copper released from measured product mass and representative moisture determination
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1,000 kg dry cement copper output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cement_outputs_and_releases
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-0-structure-2025, us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965

Waste flows

Iron-sulfate-bearing spent leach solution (cement_spent_leach_solution)

Record the liquid stream leaving cementation after copper precipitation when it crosses to recycle, treatment, discharge, or another process. Record the external transfer only once and disclose its destination.

• Selected flow: Iron-sulfate-bearing spent copper leach solution
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate external spent-solution mass from measured volume, density, recycle, purge, and stock-change records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: kg spent solution per 1,000 kg dry cement copper output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cement_outputs_and_releases
• Sources: us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965

Elementary flows

Hydrogen released to air (cement_hydrogen_air)

Record hydrogen released by reaction of excess acidity with iron when the release occurs and crosses the foreground boundary. Do not infer a non-zero quantity without measured or reconciled reaction data.

• Selected flow: hydrogen 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-949c-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculate or measure direct hydrogen release from reconciled iron consumption, solution acidity, copper precipitation, and vent data
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: kg hydrogen per 1,000 kg dry cement copper output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cement_outputs_and_releases
• Sources: us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivide_branches	Facilities producing copper matte and cement copper	First subdivide process trains, meters, batches, and stock changes so each declared reference product receives directly attributable foreground inputs and outputs.	eu-commission-pef-method-2021
allocation_shared_services	Shared utilities and treatment	Allocate only genuinely shared services that cannot be subdivided. Use a documented physical driver that represents causation, such as metered energy, treated gas volume, solution volume, or dry mass throughput; do not allocate by total product mass merely for convenience.	eu-commission-pef-method-2021
allocation_sulfuric_acid	Recovered sulfuric acid	Keep recovered sulfuric acid as a separate product output. Prefer subdivision or system expansion; if neither is feasible, use and justify a relevant physical relationship before considering an economic relationship. Report acid concentration and allocation sensitivity.	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995, eu-commission-pef-method-2021
allocation_slag_and_recycle	Copper slag and internal recycle	Treat internal slag return as an internal transfer with no second upstream burden. Keep externally transferred slag as waste unless documented product status applies; disclose any treatment, recovery credit, or burden partitioning separately.	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995, eu-commission-pef-method-2021

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_matte_material_inputs	p_matte_smelting	copper concentrate and quartz stone inputs	weighbridge, batch, assay, moisture, and inventory records	received mass; returned mass; opening and closing stock; moisture; copper; sulfur; iron; gangue; trace elements; quartz composition	reconcile calibrated weighing and representative laboratory samples to each batch or campaign	kg and mass fraction	each receipt and batch; monthly reconciliation	at least one representative operating year or the full campaign if shorter	all foreground smelting units supplying the declared product	net dry input equals receipts plus opening stock minus returns and closing stock, normalized to dry matte output	scale calibration; sample plan; laboratory method; chain of custody; reconciliation residual
cp_matte_energy_and_gases	p_matte_smelting	natural gas, industrial oxygen, and electricity	fiscal meter, submeter, invoice, and operating log	gas volume; temperature; pressure; oxygen volume and purity; electricity import; generation; export; downtime; production allocation driver	time-align calibrated meters and invoices with the smelting reporting period	m3 and kWh	continuous or each delivery; monthly reconciliation	same period as product output, covering seasonal and campaign variability	all in-boundary furnaces, gas cleaning, and auxiliaries	net imported quantity minus exports, apportioned only by documented physical drivers, normalized to dry matte output	meter calibration; invoice reconciliation; missing-data log; reference-condition conversion
cp_matte_outputs_and_emissions	p_matte_smelting	copper matte, sulfuric acid, copper slag, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and fossil carbon dioxide	product dispatch, stock, assay, stack-monitoring, stack-test, fuel, and residue records	product and slag mass; moisture; copper; sulfur; iron; acid mass and concentration; stack flow; pollutant concentration; operating hours; fuel carbon; internal recycle	reconcile product and residue balances with validated emissions monitoring after controls	kg, mass fraction, concentration, and gas volume	each batch or dispatch; continuous monitoring where installed; stack tests per permit	same representative year or full campaign as inputs	all product tapping, gas treatment, residue handling, and release points inside the boundary	calculate dry outputs and post-control releases, subtract internal recycle, and normalize to dry matte output	weighing and laboratory QA; CEMS QA; stack-test report; sulfur and carbon balance closure; inventory reconciliation
cp_cement_inputs_and_energy	p_cement_copper_production	pregnant solution, steel scrap, and electricity	flowmeter, tank, assay, weighbridge, stock, meter, and invoice records	solution volume and density; copper; iron; acidity; sulfate; suspended solids; temperature; scrap charge and return; scrap iron content and coating; electricity import, generation, and export	time-align calibrated solution, mass, assay, and electricity records with cementation batches	kg, m3, mass concentration, mass fraction, and kWh	each batch or continuous flow; monthly reconciliation	at least one representative operating year or full campaign if shorter	all cementation, separation, ventilation, and product-handling units inside the boundary	calculate net solution, scrap, and electricity inputs and normalize to dry cement copper output	meter and scale calibration; sampling plan; laboratory QA; invoice reconciliation; reaction-balance residual
cp_cement_outputs_and_releases	p_cement_copper_production	cement copper, spent solution, and hydrogen	product mass, moisture, assay, solution-flow, tank, vent, and reaction-balance records	product mass; moisture; copper; iron; insolubles; spent-solution volume and density; copper; ferrous and ferric iron; acidity; sulfate; recycle and purge; hydrogen measurement or calculation inputs	reconcile dry product, solution, copper, iron, and vent balances for each batch or reporting period	kg, m3, mass concentration, and mass fraction	each batch or continuous flow; monthly reconciliation	same period as cementation inputs	all separation, recycle, purge, product-conditioning, and vent points inside the boundary	calculate external outputs after subtracting internal recycle and normalize to dry cement copper output	scale and flowmeter calibration; representative moisture sample; laboratory QA; copper and iron balance closure; vent method documentation

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_dry_product_mass	Copper matte and cement copper	dry product mass = as-received product mass × (1 − moisture mass fraction)	as-received mass; representative moisture mass fraction	kg dry product	eu-commission-pef-method-2021
calc_reference_normalization	Every inventory row	normalized amount = reporting-period net exchange × 1,000 / reporting-period dry reference-product mass	net exchange; dry reference-product mass	row unit per 1,000 kg dry product	eu-commission-pef-method-2021
calc_gas_reference_volume	Natural gas and industrial oxygen	Convert operating volume to the declared metering reference temperature and pressure using the documented meter or gas-law correction; do not mix incompatible reference conditions.	operating volume; temperature; pressure; meter correction; gas compressibility when material	m3 at declared reference conditions	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995
calc_matte_sulfur_balance	Matte branch	Reconcile sulfur in concentrate and other inputs with sulfur in matte, slag, recovered acid, direct sulfur emissions, and other measured sulfur outputs; investigate and disclose the residual.	dry masses; sulfur assays; acid concentration; monitored emissions	sulfur-balance closure and normalized sulfur-bearing outputs	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995
calc_cementation_balance	Cement copper branch	Reconcile copper and iron across pregnant solution, steel scrap, cement copper, unreacted steel, spent solution, residues, and releases using the reaction Fe + CuSO4 → Cu + FeSO4 as a stoichiometric QA relationship, not as a substitute for foreground measurements.	solution flows and assays; scrap and product masses and assays; spent-solution composition	copper-balance closure; iron-balance closure; QA residual	us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965
calc_stack_release	Direct stack emissions	pollutant mass = validated post-control pollutant concentration × compatible dry or wet gas volume, with moisture, oxygen-reference, temperature, and pressure corrections documented as applicable	concentration; stack gas flow; operating time; correction parameters	kg pollutant released	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	Reference product	Declare branch, physical state, moisture basis, copper grade, relevant impurities, release specification, and sampling method; do not use a refined- or ore-state UUID as a proxy.	product specification; dispatch record; laboratory certificate; sampling plan
dq_temporal_alignment	All foreground exchanges	Use the same reporting period for inputs, outputs, stock changes, and emissions. Cover a representative operating year or explain why a shorter campaign is representative.	dated source records; production calendar; downtime and abnormal-operation log
dq_measurement_control	Meters, scales, and assays	Retain calibration status, sample representativeness, laboratory method, detection limits, substitutions, and uncertainty for every material exchange.	calibration certificates; QA/QC charts; laboratory reports; missing-data register
dq_balance_closure	Both branches	Report mass-balance residuals and branch-specific copper balance; also report sulfur balance for matte and iron balance for cementation. Investigate material residuals rather than forcing closure through an unmeasured flow.	signed reconciliation workbook; assay records; explanation of residuals
dq_atomic_completeness	Inventory	Add each site-specific material, waste, and emitted species as a separate atomic exchange with its own identity, property, unit, amount rule, and destination.	flow register; permit pollutant list; waste manifest; completeness review
dq_primary_manufacturing_data	Foreground manufacturing	Use company-specific data for the foreground production processes and disclose any secondary-data substitution and its effect.	meter, batch, invoice, assay, dispatch, and monitoring records; substitution log; sensitivity result

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_identity_and_branch	Dataset identity	Confirm CPC 41411 scope, declare exactly one reference-product branch, and reject copper ore, concentrate, blister copper, anode copper, refined copper, copper alloys, powder, or scrap as the reference product.	unsd-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
validate_reference_mass	Reference flow	Confirm that the reference output equals 1,000 kg dry product after the documented moisture conversion and that every inventory amount uses the same denominator.	eu-commission-pef-method-2021
validate_process_completeness	Process inventory	For the selected branch, verify all relevant process steps, material and energy inputs, product and co-product outputs, wastes, and post-control elementary releases; skipped rows require a documented not-applicable basis.	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995, us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965, eu-commission-pef-method-2021
validate_no_double_counting	Upstream and internal flows	Confirm upstream supply burdens appear only in linked datasets, internal recycle is not counted as a second external exchange, and sulfur routed to acid is not also recorded as sulfur-dioxide emission.	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995
validate_balances	Mass, copper, sulfur, and iron	Check total mass and copper closure for both branches, sulfur closure for matte, and iron closure for cementation. Report residuals, thresholds, investigations, and corrections without inventing balancing flows.	us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995, us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965
validate_allocation	Multi-output operations	Confirm subdivision was attempted first, every remaining shared burden has a causal driver, recovered sulfuric acid is a separate output, and any physical, system-expansion, or economic allocation is fully disclosed with sensitivity.	eu-commission-pef-method-2021
validate_uuid_status	Tiangong flow identities	Use only directly verified state-100 UUIDs. Keep the nine declared unresolved rows UUID-empty until an exact public identity with compatible flow type, classification, product state, property, and unit group is verified.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Gate-to-gate foreground production dataset for copper matte or cement copper
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after review of representativeness, completeness, allocation, and unresolved identities
allowed_use	Product-footprint and life-cycle models needing a declared copper-matte or cement-copper producer-gate input with compatible technology, geography, grade, and boundary
excluded_use	Direct representation of ore mining, concentrate production, pregnant-solution leaching, blister or anode production, refining, finished copper products, or an undeclared average of the two covered branches
required_metadata	selected branch; geography; technology; reporting period; dry-mass method; product grade and physical state; input assays; energy supply; oxygen and gas reference conditions; pollution controls; co-products; internal recycle; allocation; upstream links; unresolved UUIDs
required_quality_disclosure	primary-data share; temporal and geographic representativeness; meter and assay QA; missing-data treatment; mass, copper, sulfur, and iron balance residuals as applicable; emission measurement basis; allocation sensitivity; deviations and cut-offs
update_trigger	Material change in feed grade, furnace or cementation technology, energy or oxygen supply, pollution control, acid recovery, solution recycle, product specification, allocation, site geography, or availability of an exact Tiangong UUID or two-source range evidence

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Official CPC 41411 identity and English title
china-product-specific-origin-rules	official_guidance	附件五 产品特定原产地规则. https://www.dg.gov.cn/attachment/cmsfile/304093920/0202/201504/daofile/doc233067.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Professional Chinese heading terminology 铜锍；沉积铜（泥铜）
us-epa-ap42-primary-copper-smelting-1995	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, AP-42, Section 12.3, Primary Copper Smelting, October 1986, reformatted January 1995. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-11/documents/c12s03.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Copper matte process decomposition, material and energy inputs, slag, off-gas, emissions, and sulfuric-acid recovery
us-bureau-mines-copper-materials-survey-1965	handbook	U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Copper: A Materials Survey, Information Circular 8225, 1965. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/206386/cdc_206386_DS1.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Cement copper definition, iron cementation reaction, pregnant solution, cementing iron, spent solution, and direct hydrogen pathway
eu-commission-pef-method-2021	official_guidance	European Commission, Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279, Annexes 1 to 2, Product Environmental Footprint Method, 2021. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-12/Annexes%201%20to%202.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Company-specific manufacturing data, completeness, transparency, normalization, data quality, and multi-functionality hierarchy