Ferro-manganese

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers foreground production of solid ferro-manganese alloy at the producing plant gate, including high-, medium-, and low-carbon grades. The boundary begins with receipt of manganese-bearing and other purchased inputs and includes conditional ore-fines agglomeration or sintering, reduction smelting, grade-dependent refining, casting, solidification, crushing, screening, internal material returns, and on-site emission control. It applies to lump or sized ferro-manganese sold by net mass.

Silico-manganese, manganese metal, spiegeleisen, manganese ore or sinter sold as products, downstream steelmaking, customer use, and transport beyond the plant gate are excluded. Silico-manganese may appear only as an input to a declared silicothermic refining route. Each dataset shall declare carbon grade, manganese content, product size, smelting and refining routes, furnace enclosure, gas and dust treatment, slag destination, geography, technology, and reporting period.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.ferro-manganese
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41112, Ferro-manganese
covered_products	Solid ferro-manganese alloy in lump or sized form, including high-, medium-, and low-carbon grades
excluded_products	Silico-manganese; manganese metal; spiegeleisen; manganese ore or sinter sold as such; downstream steel products
representative_product	Solid lump ferro-manganese at the producing plant gate
production_route	Carbothermic manganese-ore reduction for high-carbon alloy; conditional oxygen decarburisation or silicothermic refining for medium- or low-carbon alloy
market_state	Solid, unpackaged bulk lump or customer-specified sized fraction; net mass excluding transport packaging

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Ferro-manganese alloy supplied as an alloying and deoxidising material for iron and steel production
How much	1 kg net mass of saleable ferro-manganese at the producing plant gate
How well	Meets the declared carbon grade, manganese content, impurity limits, and particle-size specification
How long or cycle	One production reporting period ending when the accepted solid product is ready for dispatch
reference_flow_link	Exactly 1 kg of the declared reference product flow represents the functional unit

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Ferromanganese 2f5d9ece-fe82-4e6d-a12d-47366582ec48
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	carbon grade; manganese content; impurity specification; particle-size range; product state; smelting route; refining route or none; furnace enclosure; production site and geography; reporting period; slag destination; recovered-gas destination

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	saleable ferro-manganese	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Normalize every inventory amount to 1 kg net mass of accepted saleable ferro-manganese; exclude transport packaging and separately reported off-spec returns.
mass_balance_basis	material inputs and outputs	Mass	kg	Record wet or as-received mass and composition where relevant, then use one consistent reporting basis in the mass balance; disclose any dry-mass conversion.
energy_conversion	electricity and fuels	Energy or mass, as metered	kWh, MJ, Nm3, or kg	Preserve measured units and conversion factors; report electricity separately from each fuel and do not combine energy carriers.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Purchased manganese-bearing feed, iron-bearing feed, reductants, fluxes, electricity, water, oxygen, and route-specific alloying inputs at the producing plant gate
starting_condition_role	Upstream product inputs whose production burdens are supplied by external datasets; on-site preparation and all subsequent foreground operations are collected here
product_classification_scope	Solid ferro-manganese alloy across high-, medium-, and low-carbon grades; silico-manganese remains a separate product category even when used as an input
recursive_input_rule	Purchased ferro-manganese or internally returned alloy is recorded as an explicit product input; only internal returns generated inside the same reporting boundary may carry zero upstream burden, with the loop quantity disclosed
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geographically and technologically representative upstream datasets for every purchased material, fuel, electricity, water, oxygen, and treatment service
disclosure	Declare included preparation, furnace type and enclosure, carbon grade, refining route, abatement configuration, internal recycles, recovered-gas use or flare, slag use or disposal, cut-offs, and excluded on-site operations

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_gate_to_gate	foreground production	Include all on-site preparation, smelting, tapping, grade-dependent refining, casting, crushing, screening, gas treatment, dust handling, and internal returns needed to make the saleable reference product.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production
boundary_route_conditions	conditional operations	Include sintering only when fine ore is agglomerated on site and include refining only when the declared carbon grade requires oxygen decarburisation or silicothermic reduction.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
boundary_upstream_inputs	purchased inputs	Link every purchased input to an upstream dataset and disclose supplier-specific substitutions; do not absorb upstream burdens into an unspecified aggregate input.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
raw_material_preparation	Raw-material preparation and manganese-ore sintering	conditional	Include when manganese ore fines are agglomerated, pelletised, or sintered on site	foreground conditioning	mass of manganese sinter transferred to smelting
ferromanganese_smelting	Ferro-manganese reduction smelting and tapping	required	Always include the declared primary smelting route	foreground production	mass of crude alloy tapped
ferromanganese_refining	Carbon-grade refining	conditional	Include for medium- or low-carbon alloy and identify oxygen decarburisation or silicothermic reduction	foreground refining	mass of refined alloy transferred to finishing
casting_and_sizing	Casting, solidification, crushing, and screening	required	Include through acceptance of the solid saleable product	foreground finishing	1 kg accepted ferro-manganese

Process: Raw-material preparation and manganese-ore sintering (raw_material_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Metallurgical manganese ore fines (prep_ore_fines)

Record manganese-bearing ore fines entering on-site agglomeration or sintering, with moisture and manganese grade retained in the raw record.

• Selected flow: Metallurgical manganese ore fines
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured as-received mass entering preparation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_preparation_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Coke breeze for sintering (prep_coke_breeze)

Include coke breeze only when it is consumed as sinter fuel.

• Selected flow: Coke breeze
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_preparation_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Limestone for sintering (prep_limestone)

Include limestone charged as a preparation-stage flux separately from smelting flux.

• Selected flow: Limestone
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_preparation_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Natural gas for sinter ignition (prep_natural_gas)

Include natural gas only when used by the on-site sinter ignition burners.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3, Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: metered gas volume at the supplier's declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_preparation_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Preparation electricity (prep_electricity)

Record electricity metered to crushing, screening, conveying, mixing, and sintering equipment.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered electricity or allocated equipment-meter electricity
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_preparation_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Manganese sinter transferred to smelting (prep_sinter)

Track the mass of prepared manganese sinter as an internal intermediate and do not double count its internally transferred burden.

• Selected flow: Manganese sinter
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass after screening
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_preparation_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Preparation particulate matter to air (prep_pm_air)

Record measured particulate matter released after preparation-stage controls; declare the size fraction and compartment.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: stack measurement or approved monitored emission calculation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_preparation_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Process: Ferro-manganese reduction smelting and tapping (ferromanganese_smelting)

Inputs

Product flows

Metallurgical manganese ore (smelt_manganese_ore)

Record the manganese-bearing ore or purchased sinter charged to the furnace, with state, moisture, and manganese grade as qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Metallurgical manganese ore
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Iron ore (smelt_iron_ore)

Record iron-bearing ore added to the furnace burden.

• Selected flow: Iron ore
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Metallurgical coke reductant (smelt_coke)

Record metallurgical coke charged as a carbonaceous reducing agent.

• Selected flow: Metallurgical coke
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Low-volatile coal reductant (smelt_coal)

Include low-volatile coal when it is charged as a separate reducing agent.

• Selected flow: Low-volatile coal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Limestone smelting flux (smelt_limestone)

Record limestone charged directly to the smelting furnace.

• Selected flow: Limestone
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Dolomite smelting flux (smelt_dolomite)

Record dolomite charged directly to the smelting furnace.

• Selected flow: Dolomite
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Smelting electricity (smelt_electricity)

Record electricity delivered to the submerged electric arc furnace and its directly associated auxiliaries.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: furnace and auxiliary meter reading
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Soderberg electrode paste (smelt_electrode_paste)

Record carbonaceous paste consumed in self-baking furnace electrodes.

• Selected flow: Soderberg electrode paste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: stock-balance consumption
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Smelting cooling-water makeup (smelt_makeup_water)

Record only freshwater or purchased water added to the furnace cooling circuit, excluding recirculated water.

• Selected flow: Cooling-water makeup
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered makeup-water volume
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Crude high-carbon ferro-manganese (smelt_crude_femn)

Measure crude alloy tapped from the reduction furnace before any grade-specific refining.

• Selected flow: Crude high-carbon ferro-manganese
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured tapped alloy mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Manganese-rich smelting slag (smelt_rich_slag)

Record slag leaving the smelting process and declare whether it is sold, transferred to silico-manganese production, recycled, or disposed.

• Selected flow: Manganese-rich ferro-manganese slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured slag mass leaving the process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Recovered carbon-monoxide-rich furnace gas (smelt_co_rich_gas)

Include cleaned CO-rich gas as a co-product only when exported from the process for energy recovery or another industrial use; disclose composition and destination.

• Selected flow: Carbon-monoxide-rich ferro-manganese furnace gas
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: metered exported gas volume multiplied by measured net calorific value
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Waste flows

Captured ferro-manganese furnace dust (smelt_captured_dust)

Record captured dust only at the point it leaves internal recycling; keep internally returned dust in the mass balance without an external waste output.

• Selected flow: Captured ferro-manganese furnace dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured mass sent to off-site recovery or disposal
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Elementary flows

Carbon monoxide emitted to air (smelt_co_air)

Record residual carbon monoxide released after combustion, recovery, or flaring, excluding gas transferred as a co-product.

• Selected flow: carbon monoxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-924e-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg, Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: monitored stack amount or engineering calculation from measured gas flow and concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Smelting particulate matter to air (smelt_pm_air)

Record controlled stack and quantified fugitive particulate matter separately in raw records, then aggregate only within the same declared size fraction.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: monitored or permitted-calculation particulate release after controls
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Process: Carbon-grade refining (ferromanganese_refining)

Inputs

Product flows

Crude high-carbon ferro-manganese for refining (refine_crude_femn)

Record the internal crude alloy entering refining; include this row only when the declared product requires refining.

• Selected flow: Crude high-carbon ferro-manganese
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Oxygen for decarburisation (refine_oxygen)

Include gaseous oxygen only for an oxygen-blown decarburisation route.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3, Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: metered oxygen volume at declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Silico-manganese reductant (refine_silicomanganese)

Include silico-manganese only for a declared silicothermic medium- or low-carbon refining route.

• Selected flow: Silico-manganese
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Refining electricity (refine_electricity)

Record electricity consumed by the refining furnace, converter auxiliaries, and directly associated capture equipment.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered electricity
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Refined ferro-manganese alloy (refine_alloy)

Measure medium- or low-carbon alloy transferred from refining to finishing and retain the laboratory carbon analysis.

• Selected flow: Refined ferro-manganese alloy
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Ferro-manganese refining slag (refine_slag)

Record refining slag leaving the route and disclose recycle, sale, recovery, or disposal.

• Selected flow: Ferro-manganese refining slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured mass leaving the refining process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Captured ferro-manganese refining dust (refine_captured_dust)

Record captured refining dust only when it leaves internal recycle for off-site recovery or disposal.

• Selected flow: Captured ferro-manganese refining dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured outgoing mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Refining carbon dioxide to air (refine_co2_air)

Record carbon dioxide released by oxygen decarburisation or refining-energy combustion and declare the carbon origin.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg, Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: monitored amount or carbon-balance calculation from collected inputs and outputs
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Refining particulate matter to air (refine_pm_air)

Record particulate matter released after the refining fume-control system and declare the size fraction.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: monitored stack amount or approved calculation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Process: Casting, solidification, crushing, and screening (casting_and_sizing)

Inputs

Product flows

Ferro-manganese alloy entering finishing (finish_alloy_feed)

Record crude high-carbon alloy or refined alloy entering casting and sizing as one declared internal state for the dataset.

• Selected flow: Ferro-manganese alloy entering finishing
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Finishing electricity (finish_electricity)

Record electricity metered to casting-machine auxiliaries, crushing, screening, and product handling.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered electricity or equipment-meter allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Saleable ferro-manganese reference product (reference_ferromanganese)

This is the accepted solid product matching the declared grade and sizing specification.

• Selected flow: Ferromanganese 2f5d9ece-fe82-4e6d-a12d-47366582ec48
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg, Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: exactly 1 kg net accepted product
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Generic (generic)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)
• Sources:

Undersize ferro-manganese returned internally (finish_undersize_return)

Track undersize product returned to remelting or reprocessing as an internal loop; do not count it as saleable output.

• Selected flow: Undersize ferro-manganese
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured internal return mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Waste flows

Captured ferro-manganese crushing dust (finish_captured_dust)

Record captured finishing dust only when it leaves internal recycle for recovery or disposal.

• Selected flow: Captured ferro-manganese crushing dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured outgoing mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

Elementary flows

Finishing particulate matter to air (finish_pm_air)

Record particulate matter released after controls from casting, crushing, screening, and product handling; declare the size fraction.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: monitored or approved-calculation release after controls
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	multi-output foreground operations	Use separately metered process subdivision for sintering, smelting, refining, gas treatment, slag handling, and finishing before applying allocation.
allocation_internal_returns	internal sinter, alloy, dust, and undersize returns	Carry internal returns without a second upstream burden and disclose gross and net quantities so the loop can be audited.
allocation_exported_coproducts	manganese-rich slag and recovered CO-rich gas	Record each exported co-product as a separate output. If allocation cannot be avoided, state and justify the chosen physical or economic relation, report unallocated results where practicable, and test sensitivity.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production
allocation_waste_treatment	residues sent to treatment	Assign treatment burdens and credits consistently with the declared waste ownership and recovery boundary; do not treat disposal and product sale as the same destination.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_preparation_records	raw_material_preparation	preparation inputs and sinter output	weighbridge, batch sheet, fuel meter, electricity meter	material id; as-received mass; moisture; Mn grade; fuel quantity; calorific value; electricity; sinter output	reconcile batch records to inventory movements and meters	kg, MJ, kWh	each batch and monthly close	same reporting period as reference product	all on-site preparation lines	sum quantities and normalize to accepted product mass	calibrated scales and meters; batch reconciliation; laboratory grade results
cp_preparation_emissions	raw_material_preparation	preparation particulate release	stack test or continuous/periodic monitor	gas flow; concentration; operating hours; size fraction; control downtime	calculate pollutant mass from measured flow and concentration	kg	monitoring interval and monthly close	representative operating period within reporting year	every preparation emission point	sum point and quantified fugitive releases by size fraction	calibration certificates; test reports; operating logs
cp_smelting_records	ferromanganese_smelting	furnace burden, energy, water, alloy, slag, gas, and dust	charge log, tap record, meters, stock balance	material id; mass; grade; electricity; water; gas flow; calorific value; tapped alloy; slag; dust destination	reconcile furnace campaign inputs and outputs	kg, kWh, m3, MJ	each charge or tap and monthly close	complete reporting period	all furnaces producing declared product	mass- and energy-balance aggregation by furnace campaign	calibrated meters; stock reconciliation; laboratory analyses
cp_smelting_emissions	ferromanganese_smelting	CO and particulate releases	stack and fugitive monitoring	gas flow; CO concentration; particulate concentration; size fraction; operating time; capture status	calculate releases from measured flow, concentration, and time	kg	monitoring interval and monthly close	representative operating states including tapping	all furnace, tapping, and handling emission points	sum only consistent pollutants and compartments	monitoring QA records; control-device and flare logs
cp_refining_records	ferromanganese_refining	route inputs, alloy, slag, and captured dust	heat sheet, oxygen meter, electricity meter, weigh records	route; input alloy; oxygen; silico-manganese; electricity; output alloy; carbon analysis; slag; dust destination	reconcile each refining heat	kg, Nm3, kWh	each heat and monthly close	all refining campaigns in reporting period	all refining vessels for declared product	aggregate by refining route before product-weighting	calibrated meters; heat sheets; laboratory carbon results
cp_refining_emissions	ferromanganese_refining	refining CO2 and particulate releases	stack monitoring and carbon balance	gas flow; concentration; operating time; carbon in alloy inputs and outputs; size fraction	monitored release or documented carbon-balance calculation	kg	each campaign or monitoring interval	representative refining period	all refining emission points	aggregate by route and control configuration	stack-test report; carbon analyses; calculation audit trail
cp_finishing_records	casting_and_sizing	finishing inputs, product, returns, dust, and electricity	casting log, scale tickets, screen records, meter	alloy feed; accepted product; particle size; undersize return; dust destination; electricity	reconcile finishing mass balance	kg, kWh	each batch and monthly close	complete reporting period	all casting and sizing lines	sum accepted output and normalize all rows to its net mass	calibrated scales; sieve or size test; inventory reconciliation
cp_finishing_emissions	casting_and_sizing	finishing particulate release	stack or workplace extraction monitoring	gas flow; concentration; operating time; size fraction; capture status	calculate release after control	kg	monitoring interval and monthly close	representative casting and sizing period	all finishing emission points	sum releases by consistent size fraction and compartment	monitoring QA records; control-device logs

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalize_reference_mass	every inventory row	normalized amount = reporting-period row quantity / reporting-period accepted reference-product mass	collected row quantity; accepted saleable mass	amount per 1 kg saleable ferro-manganese
calc_net_internal_returns	internal sinter, alloy, dust, and undersize loops	disclose gross production and return; count only the net boundary crossing as an external input or output	gross transfer; internal return; external transfer	net boundary-crossing quantity
calc_gas_energy	recovered CO-rich gas	exported energy = metered standard-volume gas × measured net calorific value	gas volume; pressure/temperature correction; net calorific value	MJ exported gas	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
calc_stack_release	monitored air emissions	release mass = corrected dry gas flow × pollutant concentration × operating time, with consistent reference conditions	gas flow; concentration; time; moisture and reference conditions	kg pollutant released
calc_mass_balance	each process and reporting period	mass-balance gap = total measured mass inputs - total measured mass outputs and quantified releases	all measured material rows	disclosed absolute and percentage gap

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product	Retain grade certificate showing carbon grade, manganese content, impurity limits, and particle-size result for every aggregated product campaign.	laboratory certificates and product specification
dq_route_separation	process inventory	Keep high-carbon direct output, oxygen-decarburised, and silicothermic refining campaigns separable before aggregation.	campaign and heat identifiers
dq_completeness	foreground boundary	Reconcile purchases, stocks, internal returns, products, slag, dust, gas, and reported releases; explain excluded or estimated rows.	signed mass- and energy-balance review
dq_temporal	all records	Use one consistent reporting period and document shutdowns, abnormal campaigns, and control-device bypass.	production calendar and operating logs
dq_upstream	purchased inputs	Record supplier, geography, product state, composition or grade, and matched upstream dataset version.	purchase specification and dataset mapping record
dq_emissions	air releases	Identify stack versus fugitive release, receiving compartment, particulate size fraction, measurement method, and control configuration.	monitoring report and abatement log

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_amount	reference flow	The accepted reference-product output shall equal exactly 1 kg after normalization and shall use the confirmed Ferromanganese flow UUID and mass support references.
validate_identity_qualifiers	dataset metadata	Carbon grade, manganese content, product state, size, smelting route, refining route, furnace enclosure, geography, reporting period, slag destination, and recovered-gas destination shall be present.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; gbt-3795-2014
validate_process_conditions	process map	Sintering rows shall appear only when preparation occurs on site; refining rows shall appear only for the declared refining route; all required smelting and finishing rows shall be assessed.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validate_atomic_flows	inventory	Electricity, each fuel, each material, each residue, each co-product, and each elementary emission shall remain separate atomic rows.
validate_mass_balance	process and reporting period	Report the mass-balance gap for each included process and explain material discrepancies before publication.
validate_no_unverified_defaults	UUIDs and ranges	Do not publish a provisional UUID or an externally inferred range until direct public-state identity evidence or two independent boundary-compatible original sources, respectively, have been verified.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	secondary_dataset; eligible for background_dataset only after independent methodology, identity, and data-quality review
downstream_use	Product-flow, process, and lifecycle-model construction for ferro-manganese supply to iron and steel systems
allowed_use	Declared plant, technology, carbon grade, product state, geography, and reporting period represented by the collected foreground package
excluded_use	Silico-manganese or manganese-metal production; downstream steelmaking; a different carbon grade or refining route without documented representativeness
required_metadata	PCR id and version; product UUID; grade and composition; size; site and geography; reporting period; furnace and refining route; abatement; slag and gas destinations; allocation; upstream dataset versions
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data share; meter and scale coverage; mass-balance gap; laboratory methods; temporal coverage; estimated rows; control downtime; UUID and range-evidence status
update_trigger	Change in ore blend or grade, carbon grade, furnace or refining technology, electricity mix, reductant, control system, slag or gas destination, allocation, product specification, or reporting period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
cpc-3-0-official-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Official classification identity for CPC 41112
eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries, 2017, https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-01/JRC107041_NFM_bref2017.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Ferro-manganese grades, raw materials, preparation, smelting, refining, casting, slag, gas, dust, and control process decomposition
us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-production	official_guidance	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42 Section 12.4 Ferroalloy Production, October 1986 (reformatted January 1995), https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-11/documents/c12s04.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Independent process and emissions-pathway evidence for submerged-arc production, tapping, sizing, slag, CO, and particulate matter
gbt-3795-2014	standard	GB/T 3795-2014, 锰铁 / Ferromanganese, National Standard Information Public Service Platform, https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/std/newGbInfo?hcno=3A0EAAB85AC5FB0A324B83A300694EEA (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Professional Chinese product name and standard product identity