Ferro-chromium

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to foreground production of solid, marketable ferro-chromium at the producing facility gate. It covers high-carbon, medium-carbon, and low-carbon ferro-chromium, provided the dataset declares grade, chromium and carbon contents, production route, furnace configuration, and physical form. It includes on-site burden preparation when used, smelting or metallothermic/refining operations, tapping, casting, crushing and screening, on-site off-gas and dust control, water-loop losses, and on-site slag/metal recovery.

The PCR excludes chromium metal, silico-chromium sold as the declared product, stainless steel and other downstream alloy production, other ferro-alloys, mining and beneficiation of chromite, production of purchased reductants and fluxes, inbound and outbound transport, capital equipment, and product use or end-of-life. These excluded upstream product systems shall be represented by compatible background datasets when they cross the foreground boundary. Ferro-chromium made primarily from secondary chromium-bearing residues requires a separately reviewed extension because its feed identity and avoided-burden claims differ materially.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.ferro-chromium
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41113, Ferro-chromium
covered_products	Solid marketable high-carbon, medium-carbon, and low-carbon ferro-chromium, including charge chrome when sold as ferro-chromium
excluded_products	Chromium metal; silico-chromium as the declared product; stainless steel; other ferro-alloys; chromium-bearing wastes; products primarily recovered from secondary residues without an approved extension
representative_product	Solid crushed or lump ferro-chromium alloy meeting a declared commercial grade
production_route	Direct carbothermic submerged-arc smelting for high-carbon ferro-chromium; silicothermic or oxygen-decarburisation refining when medium- or low-carbon grades are produced
market_state	Dry solid alloy at the producing facility gate, in declared lump, crushed, screened, or other saleable form

The identity boundary is narrower than the broad ferro-alloy industry: the declared reference product must be ferro-chromium, not chromium metal, ferro-silico-chromium, recovered mixed metal, or an unspecified ferro-alloy. samr-gbt-5683-2024 verifies the professional Chinese name 铬铁 and the English correspondence Ferrochromium. eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017 distinguishes commercial ferro-chromium grades by carbon content and production route.

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Supply ferro-chromium as an alloying material with declared chromium and carbon contents
How much	1,000 kg net dry mass of marketable ferro-chromium
How well	Meets the declared commercial specification for chemical composition, size distribution, and physical form
How long or cycle	One production campaign or reporting period yielding the declared reference amount at the facility gate; no use duration is assigned
reference_flow_link	output_ferrochromium

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg net dry mass
Reference product flow	Ferro-chromium
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	chromium mass fraction; carbon mass fraction and grade; silicon mass fraction where relevant; production route; furnace type and closure; physical form and size class; moisture basis; recycled-metal content; facility geography; reporting period

The output_ferrochromium inventory row is the unresolved reference-product row. No UUID is assigned because no Tiangong candidate could be hybrid-searched and directly read in the available environment.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_dry_mass	reference product and all mass-normalized exchanges	Mass	kg	Determine net product mass after excluding transport packaging and free water; state the moisture test method and convert wet records to the declared dry basis before normalization.
composition_basis	product and intermediate alloy assays	Mass fraction	% by mass	Report chromium, carbon, silicon, and other specification-relevant constituents on the same declared analytical basis; do not substitute nominal grade names for measured or certified composition.
energy_preservation	electricity and fuels	Energy or fuel mass/volume	kWh, MJ, kg, or m3	Preserve metered native units and conversion factors; report purchased electricity separately by process and do not merge it with recovered furnace-gas energy.
water_makeup_basis	cooling, scrubbing, and granulation water	Volume or mass	m3 or kg	Record fresh make-up water crossing the system boundary, separately from internal recirculation; disclose purge and wastewater quantities.
internal_transfer_consistency	agglomerated burden, molten alloy, recovered metal, slag, dust, and furnace gas	Mass or energy	kg, MJ, or m3	Reconcile each internal output with its receiving process input and count only net exchanges crossing the foreground boundary in the aggregated dataset.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Purchased chromite ore or concentrate, reductants, fluxes, electrode materials, gases, electricity, water, and any purchased alloy intermediate at the ferro-chromium facility gate
starting_condition_role	Upstream product inputs whose production is represented by separate background datasets
product_classification_scope	Production of marketable ferro-chromium only; route-specific internal intermediates remain within the foreground system
recursive_input_rule	A purchased ferro-chromium intermediate in the same category is recorded once as an input with supplier dataset identity, grade, state, and mass; its upstream production is not recreated inside the receiving process unless the site actually produces it
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use composition-, state-, geography-, technology-, and time-representative datasets for chromite, coke or other reductants, fluxes, electricity, oxygen, fuels, water, and purchased alloy intermediates
disclosure	Declare ore form, preparation route, furnace and closure type, reductant, refining route, off-gas use or flare, dust control, water recirculation, slag treatment, product grade, recovery loops, and any excluded on-site operation

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_facility_gate	foreground_system	Include all on-site operations from receipt of production inputs through solid marketable ferro-chromium at the facility gate, including abatement and on-site residue handling attributable to the product.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986
boundary_route_condition	route_selection	Include burden preparation, carbothermic smelting, and medium/low-carbon refining only when performed for the declared product; disclose purchased intermediates and do not model an absent route.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986
boundary_release_accounting	emissions_and_residues	Record captured dust, slag, wastewater, recovered furnace gas, and released carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter as distinct exchanges; do not treat collection as elimination.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986
boundary_upstream_separation	upstream_inputs	Exclude upstream extraction and production from the foreground process while requiring linked background datasets for each purchased input.	cpc-3-0-official-2025

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
charge_preparation	Chromite burden preparation and agglomeration	conditional	Include when chromite fines or concentrate are dried, ground, pelletised, briquetted, sintered, or preheated on site	Foreground preparation	Prepared burden delivered to the ferro-chromium furnace
carbothermic_smelting	High-carbon ferro-chromium smelting	conditional	Include when high-carbon ferro-chromium or charge chrome is produced on site by carbon reduction	Foreground alloy production	Molten high-carbon ferro-chromium tapped from the furnace
medium_low_carbon_refining	Medium- or low-carbon ferro-chromium production	conditional	Include when the declared grade is produced by silicothermic reduction or oxygen decarburisation on site	Foreground refining	Molten refined ferro-chromium leaving the refining vessel
finishing_and_recovery	Tapping, casting, sizing, slag handling, and metal recovery	required	Include for every marketable ferro-chromium dataset; mark slag granulation and metal recovery rows not applicable only when demonstrably absent	Foreground finishing	Net dry marketable ferro-chromium at facility gate

At least one alloy-production route (carbothermic_smelting or medium_low_carbon_refining) shall be present. A low-carbon route that uses a purchased high-carbon or ferro-silico-chromium intermediate shall record that purchase and shall not invent upstream on-site smelting.

Process: Chromite burden preparation and agglomeration (charge_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Chromite concentrate feed (input_chromite_fines)

Record dry chromite concentrate entering on-site agglomeration.

• Selected flow: Chromite concentrate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry feed consumed during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of prepared burden output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_charge_preparation
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Bentonite pellet binder (input_pellet_binder)

Record bentonite only when it is physically charged as the pellet binder.

• Selected flow: Bentonite e01d9941-db32-46cb-b577-ebc584597a2d
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed binder charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of prepared burden output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_charge_preparation
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Coke breeze for sintering (input_coke_breeze)

Record coke breeze when it is charged to the agglomeration or sintering step.

• Selected flow: Coke Breeze 2934bd2d-a22f-4936-9bd3-20ff707605f4
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed coke breeze charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of prepared burden output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_charge_preparation
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Electricity for preparation equipment (input_prep_electricity)

Record metered electricity used by grinding, mixing, agglomeration, conveying, and associated controls.

• Selected flow: Alternating current e773703a-f0ce-4a1e-b795-cb09dc7f2749
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered alternating-current electricity attributable to this process, converted from kWh to MJ with the disclosed exact conversion
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of prepared burden output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_charge_preparation
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Natural gas for drying or sintering (input_prep_natural_gas)

Record delivered natural gas only when combusted in on-site burden drying or sintering.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: Metered or invoice-reconciled delivered gas volume at disclosed reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of prepared burden output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_charge_preparation
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process water for preparation (input_prep_water)

Record fresh make-up water used for pelletising or preparation gas cleaning.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered fresh make-up water crossing the facility boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of prepared burden output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_charge_preparation
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Agglomerated chromite burden (output_agglomerated_chromite)

Record the dry prepared burden transferred to smelting as an internal product flow.

• Selected flow: Agglomerated chromite burden
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry prepared burden output
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_charge_preparation
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Collected chromite-bearing dust (output_prep_collected_dust)

Record dust removed from preparation gas cleaning, net of documented internal recycle.

• Selected flow: Collected chromite-bearing dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed collected dust leaving this process or returned internally
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of prepared burden output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_charge_preparation
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Released particulate matter from preparation (output_prep_particulate_air)

Record particulate matter released to air after control from material handling and agglomeration.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, particle size unspecified 0ce3dedb-caca-407b-a856-a90470eb8ec0
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Stack or fugitive release measurement for this process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of prepared burden output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_charge_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Process: High-carbon ferro-chromium smelting (carbothermic_smelting)

Inputs

Product flows

Chromite ore burden (input_chromite_burden)

Record dry chromite ore, pellet, or agglomerate charged to the furnace; describe the specific physical state without combining separate flows.

• Selected flow: Chromite 2cd03bf2-5ea3-46e4-9d3e-f13b6b22ea7d
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry chromite burden charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Metallurgical coke reductant (input_metallurgical_coke)

Record metallurgical coke consumed as the carbon reductant.

• Selected flow: metallurgical coke a94c42b1-7fa9-42f3-a9d1-1e7353e8490d
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry coke charged, net of returned unused material
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Quartzite flux (input_quartzite)

Record quartzite charged as a specific flux or burden adjustment.

• Selected flow: Quartzite
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry quartzite charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Lime flux for smelting (input_smelting_lime)

Record lime only when charged to the smelting burden.

• Selected flow: Lime c431c0c3-3f5e-4b7b-af99-2ebbdcaf5f99
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry lime charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Søderberg electrode paste (input_electrode_paste)

Record electrode paste consumed by the submerged-arc furnace.

• Selected flow: Søderberg electrode paste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Inventory change plus purchases minus transfers for the furnace campaign
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Electricity for smelting furnace (input_smelting_electricity)

Record gross metered furnace and directly associated off-gas-control electricity.

• Selected flow: Alternating current e773703a-f0ce-4a1e-b795-cb09dc7f2749
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered alternating-current electricity attributable to furnace operation and direct controls, converted from kWh to MJ with the disclosed exact conversion
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Smelting cooling-water make-up (input_smelting_cooling_water)

Record fresh water added to the furnace cooling loop, excluding recirculated water.

• Selected flow: Cooling water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered make-up water crossing the facility boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Molten high-carbon ferro-chromium (output_molten_hc_ferrochromium)

Record molten high-carbon ferro-chromium tapped before refining or finishing.

• Selected flow: Molten high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Tapped metal mass reconciled to ladle weights and production records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Cleaned carbon-monoxide-rich furnace gas (output_cleaned_co_gas)

Record cleaned furnace gas exported or used as a measured internal energy carrier; do not merge it with direct air emissions.

• Selected flow: Carbon-monoxide-rich furnace gas
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered dry gas volume multiplied by measured lower heating value
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Waste flows

Ferro-chromium furnace slag (output_smelting_slag)

Record slag tapped from the smelting furnace before on-site recovery or off-site management.

• Selected flow: Ferro-chromium furnace slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or volume-and-density-determined slag mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Collected ferro-chromium furnace dust (output_smelting_dust)

Record dust captured from furnace, tapping, and primary gas cleaning, net of documented internal recycle.

• Selected flow: Collected ferro-chromium furnace dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed collected dust by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Elementary flows

Direct carbon dioxide from smelting (emission_smelting_carbon_dioxide)

Record carbon dioxide released to air from reduction gas oxidation, flaring, and on-site combustion attributable to smelting.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Site-monitored or carbon-balance-derived fossil direct release, with method and carbon origin disclosed; any non-fossil carbon dioxide must be recorded separately
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Direct carbon monoxide from smelting (emission_smelting_carbon_monoxide)

Record carbon monoxide released to air after recovery, combustion, flaring, and control.

• Selected flow: carbon monoxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-924e-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Site-monitored stack and disclosed fugitive fossil carbon-monoxide release; any non-fossil carbon monoxide must be recorded separately
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Released particulate matter from smelting (emission_smelting_particulate)

Record particulate matter released to air after furnace and tapping controls.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, particle size unspecified 0ce3dedb-caca-407b-a856-a90470eb8ec0
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Stack measurement plus quantified fugitive releases
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of tapped high-carbon ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_smelting_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Process: Medium- or low-carbon ferro-chromium production (medium_low_carbon_refining)

Inputs

Product flows

High-carbon ferro-chromium intermediate (input_refining_hc_ferrochromium)

Record high-carbon ferro-chromium charged for decarburisation or route-specific refining.

• Selected flow: High-carbon ferro-chromium
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed charged alloy by certified composition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of refined ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Ferro-silico-chromium reducing agent (input_ferro_silico_chromium)

Record ferro-silico-chromium when physically charged for silicothermic reduction.

• Selected flow: Silicon Chromium Alloy d8f78abf-5c6a-45c6-909a-161ada78f835
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed charged mass by certified composition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of refined ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Chromite ore for refining (input_refining_chromite)

Record chromite ore charged to a silicothermic refining route.

• Selected flow: Chromite 2cd03bf2-5ea3-46e4-9d3e-f13b6b22ea7d
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry chromite charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of refined ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Lime for refining (input_refining_lime)

Record lime charged to form the refining slag.

• Selected flow: Lime c431c0c3-3f5e-4b7b-af99-2ebbdcaf5f99
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry lime charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of refined ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Oxygen for decarburisation (input_refining_oxygen)

Record oxygen only for an oxygen-blown medium-carbon route.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: Metered industrial oxygen volume delivered to the converter at disclosed reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of refined ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Electricity for refining (input_refining_electricity)

Record metered electricity for arc furnaces, converters, ladles, and refining controls.

• Selected flow: Alternating current e773703a-f0ce-4a1e-b795-cb09dc7f2749
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered alternating-current electricity attributable to the refining route, converted from kWh to MJ with the disclosed exact conversion
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of refined ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_inputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Molten refined ferro-chromium (output_refined_ferrochromium)

Record the molten medium- or low-carbon ferro-chromium transferred to finishing.

• Selected flow: Molten refined ferro-chromium
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Tapped or ladle-weighed alloy mass by measured composition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Waste flows

Ferro-chromium refining slag (output_refining_slag)

Record slag separated from refining before recovery, recycle, or off-site management.

• Selected flow: Ferro-chromium refining slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or volume-and-density-determined slag mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of refined ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Collected refining dust (output_refining_dust)

Record dust captured from refining vessels and reaction ladles, net of documented recycle.

• Selected flow: Collected ferro-chromium refining dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed collected dust by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of refined ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Elementary flows

Released particulate matter from refining (emission_refining_particulate)

Record particulate matter released to air after refining-vessel and ladle controls.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, particle size unspecified 0ce3dedb-caca-407b-a856-a90470eb8ec0
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Stack measurement plus quantified fugitive releases
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of refined ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Process: Tapping, casting, sizing, slag handling, and metal recovery (finishing_and_recovery)

Inputs

Product flows

Molten ferro-chromium for finishing (input_molten_ferrochromium)

Record the molten alloy entering casting or granulation and reconcile it with the supplying process.

• Selected flow: Molten ferro-chromium
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Ladle-weighed or tapped mass entering finishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of marketable ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Electricity for crushing and screening (input_finishing_electricity)

Record metered electricity for casting auxiliaries, crushing, screening, conveyors, and finishing controls.

• Selected flow: Alternating current e773703a-f0ce-4a1e-b795-cb09dc7f2749
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered alternating-current electricity attributable to finishing, converted from kWh to MJ with the disclosed exact conversion
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of marketable ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Water for slag granulation (input_slag_granulation_water)

Record fresh make-up water when slag is granulated on site; exclude recirculated water.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered fresh make-up water to the granulation loop
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of marketable ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Marketable ferro-chromium reference product (output_ferrochromium)

This row is the declared reference product. Record dry net saleable ferro-chromium after sizing and quality acceptance.

• Selected flow: Ferro-chromium
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured net dry accepted product mass, normalized to 1,000 kg
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1,000 kg net dry marketable ferro-chromium
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: cpc-3-0-official-2025; samr-gbt-5683-2024

Recovered ferro-chromium metal (output_recovered_ferrochromium)

Record metal recovered from slag treatment or sizing residues as a separate internal or exported product flow.

• Selected flow: Recovered ferro-chromium
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed recovered metal by destination and measured grade
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of marketable ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Ferro-chromium slag sent off site (output_ferrochromium_slag)

Record treated or untreated ferro-chromium slag leaving the facility as waste; disclose destination and metal recovery status.

• Selected flow: Ferro-chromium slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed slag leaving the facility, net of internal recycle
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of marketable ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Collected crushing and screening dust (output_finishing_dust)

Record dust captured from casting, crushing, screening, and product handling, net of recycle.

• Selected flow: Collected ferro-chromium product dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed collected dust by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of marketable ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Slag-granulation wastewater (output_finishing_wastewater)

Record wastewater purged or discharged from slag granulation after internal recirculation.

• Selected flow: Slag-granulation wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered purge or discharge volume crossing the facility boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of marketable ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Elementary flows

Released particulate matter from finishing (emission_finishing_particulate)

Record particulate matter released to air after casting, crushing, screening, and handling controls.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, particle size unspecified 0ce3dedb-caca-407b-a856-a90470eb8ec0
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Stack measurement plus quantified fugitive releases
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per mass of marketable ferro-chromium output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	multi_process_facility	Prefer physical subdivision and direct metering for burden preparation, smelting, refining, finishing, gas use, dust control, and slag recovery before allocating shared burdens.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
allocation_internal_recycle	internal_recycle	Recycled dust, recovered metal, slag returns, and furnace gas used within the assessed foreground system carry their measured internal transfer and shall not create an additional external product credit or duplicate burden.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
allocation_exported_coproduct	exported_coproducts	For exported recovered metal or cleaned furnace gas, first expand the system when a documented displaced function is supportable; otherwise use a documented physical relationship such as energy content for furnace gas or metal mass for recovered alloy. Do not apply an undisclosed economic allocation.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
allocation_waste_status	slag_and_dust	Treat slag and dust as waste unless the dataset documents product status, destination, and function. Waste treatment burdens remain assigned to ferro-chromium production through the point where the waste-management system accepts the flow.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_charge_preparation	charge_preparation	material, water, fuel, electricity, and prepared burden	scales, meters, invoices, stock records	opening stock; receipts; closing stock; dry matter; meter readings; prepared burden mass	Reconcile calibrated scales and meters to batch and monthly production logs	kg, m3, kWh, MJ	batch or daily, aggregated monthly	at least one representative reporting year or complete campaign	all on-site preparation lines serving the product	Sum net consumed input and output by line, then normalize to prepared burden and reference product	calibration records; moisture tests; stock reconciliation; meter coverage
cp_charge_emissions	charge_preparation	released particulate matter	stack tests, continuous monitors, fugitive survey	concentration; dry gas flow; operating time; capture state; fugitive estimate	Apply site-approved monitoring method to controlled and quantified fugitive releases	kg, mg/Nm3, Nm3	monitoring-plan frequency and after material change	same period as production records	all relevant preparation release points	Integrate concentration and flow over operating time and reconcile capture status	sampling report; detection limits; operating log; control-device status
cp_smelting_inputs	carbothermic_smelting	furnace materials, electricity, and cooling-water make-up	scales, charge sheets, meters, stock records	dry charged mass by material; composition; electricity; make-up water; furnace hours	Reconcile charge sheets, calibrated meters, and inventory movements to each furnace campaign	kg, kWh, m3	batch or shift, aggregated monthly	complete campaign and reporting period	every furnace producing the declared alloy	Sum by furnace and route; exclude internal recirculation; normalize to tapped alloy and reference product	scale calibration; meter coverage; assays; stock reconciliation
cp_smelting_outputs	carbothermic_smelting	tapped alloy, slag, captured dust, and recovered furnace gas	ladle scales, residue scales, gas meters, gas analysis	tapped metal; slag; dust by destination; dry gas volume; gas composition; heating value	Reconcile tapped mass and residue destinations; calculate gas energy from measured volume and heating value	kg, Nm3, MJ	tap or shift, aggregated monthly	same period as furnace inputs	furnace, gas cleaning, and residue handling serving the product	Sum outputs; reconcile internal transfers and mass-balance differences	scale calibration; laboratory assays; gas-meter calibration; destination records
cp_smelting_emissions	carbothermic_smelting	direct CO2, CO, and particulate releases	stack and fugitive monitoring plus carbon-balance records	concentration; gas flow; operating time; carbon inputs; exported gas; flare use; capture state	Quantify monitored releases; where CO2 uses a carbon balance, retain every carbon input and output term	kg, kg C, mg/Nm3, Nm3	monitoring-plan frequency, aggregated monthly	same period as furnace inputs and outputs	all primary and secondary smelting release points	Integrate measured releases and reconcile carbon balance without double counting recovered gas	monitoring reports; calibration; carbon assays; flare and control logs
cp_refining_inputs	medium_low_carbon_refining	alloy, ore, reductant, lime, oxygen, and electricity	scales, charge sheets, gas meters, electricity meters	charged mass and composition; oxygen; electricity; vessel identity	Reconcile each heat or ladle to refining production records	kg, Nm3, kWh	heat or batch, aggregated monthly	complete refining campaign	all vessels producing the declared grade	Sum route-specific inputs and normalize to accepted refined alloy	scale and meter calibration; certificates and assays; heat logs
cp_refining_outputs	medium_low_carbon_refining	refined alloy, slag, and collected dust	ladle scales, residue scales, laboratory assays	alloy mass and composition; slag; dust by destination	Reconcile each heat output and residue with input charge and destination records	kg	heat or batch, aggregated monthly	same period as refining inputs	all vessels and controls serving the grade	Sum outputs and reconcile mass-balance differences	scale calibration; assays; destination records
cp_refining_emissions	medium_low_carbon_refining	released particulate matter	stack tests, continuous monitors, fugitive survey	concentration; gas flow; operating time; hood state	Apply site-approved monitoring method to controlled and quantified fugitive releases	kg, mg/Nm3, Nm3	monitoring-plan frequency	same period as refining records	all refining release points	Integrate concentration and flow over operating time	sampling report; detection limits; control-device status
cp_finishing_records	finishing_and_recovery	molten input, electricity, water, accepted product, recovered metal, slag, dust, and wastewater	scales, product dispatch, meters, laboratory and destination records	molten mass; electricity; water; accepted dry product; grade; size; recovered metal; slag; dust; wastewater	Reconcile production, quality acceptance, inventory, and dispatch records; apply dry-mass correction	kg, kWh, m3	batch or daily, aggregated monthly	complete reporting period	all finishing and recovery lines serving the product	Sum accepted dry product and all residues; normalize the full foreground system to 1,000 kg	scale and meter calibration; moisture and assay reports; dispatch and destination records
cp_finishing_emissions	finishing_and_recovery	released particulate matter	stack tests and fugitive survey	concentration; gas flow; operating time; capture state	Quantify controlled and fugitive releases for casting, crushing, screening, and handling	kg, mg/Nm3, Nm3	monitoring-plan frequency	same period as finishing records	all finishing release points	Integrate measured releases and reconcile operating coverage	monitoring reports; calibration; control-device and production logs

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	all foreground exchanges	normalized exchange = reporting-period exchange × 1,000 kg / accepted dry marketable ferro-chromium	exchange amount; accepted product mass; product moisture	exchange per 1,000 kg net dry product
calc_dry_product_mass	reference product	dry product mass = net accepted product mass × (1 − measured free-moisture mass fraction)	net product mass; moisture fraction	kg dry marketable ferro-chromium	samr-gbt-5683-2024
calc_internal_transfer	internal intermediates	Pair supplying-process output and receiving-process input; aggregated boundary amount is zero for the matched internal transfer, while losses remain explicit	paired transfer masses; inventory change; loss records	reconciled internal transfer and unexplained difference	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
calc_furnace_gas_energy	cleaned furnace gas	recovered-gas energy = measured dry gas volume × measured lower heating value	dry gas volume; lower heating value	MJ recovered furnace gas	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
calc_monitored_release	monitored air emission	released mass = time-integral of pollutant concentration × dry gas flow, with unit and reference-condition conversion	concentration; gas flow; time; reference conditions	kg pollutant released	us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product	Retain product specification, lot or campaign, chromium and carbon assays, physical form, size class, and dry-mass basis.	certificate of analysis; sampling and moisture method; dispatch record
dq_route_identity	all processes	Declare which preparation, furnace, refining, off-gas, water, and slag-recovery configurations operated; explain every conditional process marked not applicable.	process flow diagram; equipment list; campaign log
dq_temporal_alignment	all exchanges	Use input, output, emission, and production records from the same reporting period; justify any proxy period.	dated records; meter extracts; monitoring schedule
dq_completeness	foreground system	Reconcile all production lines and release points serving the product; quantify missing meter coverage and unexplained mass-balance differences.	coverage matrix; mass balance; exception log
dq_background_match	purchased inputs	Select background datasets matching product state, composition, geography, technology, and time; disclose proxies.	dataset identifiers; supplier specifications; proxy rationale
dq_uuid_status	all inventory rows	Treat all blank Tiangong UUIDs as unresolved identities; no UUID may be added until hybrid discovery and a public state_code=100 direct read confirm semantic, property, unit, state, geography, and technology suitability.	UUID audit record
dq_range_status	important flows	Use foreground records without an external numeric QA range until two independent, original-text, boundary-compatible sources support synthesis; retain the manifest evidence need.	source review and range synthesis record

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_identity	reference_product	Reject a package that omits ferro-chromium grade, chromium and carbon contents, production route, physical form, dry-mass basis, or the link to output_ferrochromium.	cpc-3-0-official-2025; samr-gbt-5683-2024
validation_route	process_map	Require at least one alloy-production route and every applicable preparation, refining, abatement, and finishing process; reject invented operations and unexplained conditional exclusions.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986
validation_atomic_inventory	process_inventory	Require each row to represent one atomic exchange and keep electricity, fuels, water, raw materials, wastes, recovered gas, and each elementary emission separate.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validation_internal_balance	internal_transfers	Flag unmatched internal transfers of prepared burden, molten alloy, recovered metal, slag, dust, or furnace gas and require an explanation for material-balance differences.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validation_release_control	emissions_and_residues	Require captured dust and slag to remain explicit and require released CO2, CO, and particulate matter after control to be reported separately when applicable.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017; us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986
validation_allocation	coproducts_and_waste	Reject duplicate credits for internal recycle and reject undisclosed allocation for exported gas or recovered metal; require waste/product status and destination for slag and dust.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validation_uuid_and_range_gaps	review_readiness	Keep the PCR in review-required status while UUIDs and independent range evidence remain unresolved; absence of those references does not authorize a proxy UUID or invented range.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset that may become a secondary_dataset or background_dataset only after review and publication
downstream_use	Cradle-to-gate product systems requiring ferro-chromium alloy input, including stainless and alloy-steel production when grade and geography are compatible
allowed_use	Use for the declared ferro-chromium grade, route, facility geography, technology, product state, and reporting period; aggregation across sites requires transparent weighting
excluded_use	Chromium metal, silico-chromium as product, other ferro-alloys, secondary-residue recovery without an approved extension, or a grade/route/geography materially different from the dataset
required_metadata	canonical PCR id; CPC context; product grade and composition; route and equipment; furnace closure; off-gas fate; water and slag management; reference-product state; facility geography; period; allocation; background dataset identifiers; unresolved UUID and range status
required_quality_disclosure	meter and scale coverage; moisture and assay methods; monitoring coverage and detection limits; mass-balance difference; internal recycle; conditional-process exclusions; proxy datasets; allocation rationale; review limitations
update_trigger	Change in ore type, reductant, grade, furnace or refining route, furnace closure, off-gas fate, abatement, water loop, slag recovery, allocation, product form, geography, or representative reporting period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
cpc-3-0-official-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division. CPC Version 3.0 structure, 30 June 2025. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-03).	Official CPC 41113 product classification identity.
eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries, JRC107041, 2017. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC107041/kjna28648enn.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-03).	Ferro-chromium grades, raw materials, preparation, high-carbon smelting, medium/low-carbon routes, gas, slag, dust, water, energy, and finishing process decomposition. No numeric range from this source is adopted.
us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy-1986	official_guidance	United States Environmental Protection Agency. AP-42 Section 12.4, Ferroalloy Production, October 1986. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-11/documents/b12s04.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-03).	Independent description of electric-furnace and exothermic routes, tapping, slag separation, casting, crushing, screening, and air-emission sources. No emission factor or numeric range is adopted.
samr-gbt-5683-2024	standard	State Administration for Market Regulation and Standardization Administration of China. GB/T 5683-2024, 铬铁 (Ferrochromium). https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/std/newGbInfo?hcno=EA0B1B2339CA6704E035C52D7AD92A3A (retrieved 2026-09-03).	Professional Chinese product name, English correspondence, and product-specification identity. No conformance limit is used as an empirical range.