Pineapple juice

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to unfermented but fermentable pineapple juice made from the edible part of sound, appropriately mature pineapple (Ananas comosus) and delivered as a finished product at the manufacturing plant gate. It covers directly expressed juice and juice reconstituted from pineapple juice concentrate, whether clear or cloudy, provided the route, soluble-solids basis, preservation technology, and packaging format are declared.

The PCR excludes pineapple nectar, mixed-fruit juice, fruit drinks, fermented pineapple beverages, concentrated pineapple juice sold as the reference product, pineapple purée, and syrup from canned-fruit manufacture unless the material independently meets the declared pineapple-juice identity. It also excludes downstream distribution, retail refrigeration, consumer use, and packaging end-of-life from the default plant-gate dataset; those stages may be added only as separately declared scenarios.

The default product system is cradle-to-final-manufacturing-gate. Foreground production begins at fruit or concentrate receipt and covers route-specific preparation, extraction or reconstitution, product treatment, filling, packaging, cleaning, wastewater, residues, rejects, and on-site utilities. Upstream datasets are required for pineapple cultivation, concentrate production when applicable, incoming transport, energy carriers, water supply, packaging materials, treatment chemicals, and off-site waste or wastewater treatment.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.meat-fish-fruits-vegetables-oils-and-fats.pineapple-juice
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 21433, Pineapple juice (exact mapping context)
covered_products	Directly expressed or reconstituted single-fruit pineapple juice; clear or cloudy; ambient, chilled, hot-filled, aseptically filled, or otherwise preserved when the route is declared
excluded_products	Pineapple nectar; mixed juice; fruit drinks; fermented beverages; pineapple concentrate as the sold reference product; purée; syrup; products whose added water or sweetener changes the identity from juice to another beverage category
representative_product	Market-ready, single-fruit pineapple juice, net of packaging, at the final manufacturing plant gate
production_route	Direct route: receive, sort, wash, prepare, extract, finish, treat, preserve, and fill; from-concentrate route: receive concentrate, reconstitute with potable water, restore permitted same-fruit components where used, treat, preserve, and fill
market_state	Finished manufactured juice at plant gate; preservation state and storage-temperature requirement declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Market-ready, single-fruit pineapple juice that preserves the declared compositional and sensory identity of pineapple juice
How much	1 kg net pineapple juice, excluding primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging
How well	Unfermented but fermentable; direct juice retains the soluble-solids level of the extracted juice except permitted same-species blending; reconstituted juice targets at least 12.8 degrees Brix at 20 degrees C unless a documented applicable authenticity provision permits another value
How long or cycle	One released production lot at the final manufacturing plant gate after the declared preservation and filling steps; no use duration is assigned
reference_flow_link	Final product output row pineapple_juice_output

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg net product
Reference product flow	Pineapple juice 3d2b95ad-8673-4718-a728-e1e7d17b4271
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	production route: direct or from concentrate; pineapple species or commercial variety when known; juice form: clear or cloudy; measured degrees Brix and measurement temperature; preservation technology; packaging format and net fill; storage-temperature requirement; production geography; production period; allocation treatment for pineapple residues and other co-products

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_net_mass	final pineapple juice	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Measure conforming net juice after final treatment and filling. Exclude all packaging mass from the 1 kg reference amount and inventory packaging separately.
brix_measurement	direct and reconstituted juice	Soluble solids	degrees Brix	Record the instrument, calibration record, sample temperature, temperature correction, and lot result. Report values on a 20 degrees C basis when comparing with the 12.8 degrees Brix reconstitution reference.
reconstitution_mass	from-concentrate route	Mass	kg	Record concentrate, incorporated water, restored pulp or aroma, permitted ingredients, samples, spills, and product output by lot. Do not infer incorporated water only from a generic recipe when metered or batch records exist.
water_by_use	washing, incorporated water, cooling, and cleaning	Mass or volume	kg or m3	Keep incorporated water separate from process water and wastewater. Convert volume to mass only with a declared density and measurement temperature.
energy_by_carrier	electricity, steam, heat, refrigeration, and fuel	Energy plus original purchase unit	kWh, MJ, and supplier unit	Preserve metered or invoiced carrier quantities and the conversion factor used. Do not combine electricity and thermal energy into one unqualified amount.
packaging_by_material	primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging	Mass	kg	Record each packaging material and component separately per net kg of juice; identify reusable packaging and the reuse assumption.
transport_service	incoming pineapple, concentrate, packaging, chemicals, and wastes	Transport service	tkm	Calculate transported mass in tonnes multiplied by one-way loaded distance in kilometres; declare mode, capacity or load factor, and empty-return treatment.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Sound mature pineapples received at the processing plant for the direct route, or pineapple juice concentrate and potable reconstitution water received for the from-concentrate route
starting_condition_role	Foreground collection gate; upstream burdens remain connected through supplier-specific or representative datasets
product_classification_scope	Single-fruit pineapple juice independent of external classification-tree ownership; CPC 3.0 code 21433 is mapping context only
recursive_input_rule	Pineapple juice used as an input to another pineapple-juice dataset is represented by a separately identified upstream dataset and is not recursively expanded inside the current foreground package
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link pineapple cultivation or concentrate manufacture, incoming transport, electricity and fuels, water supply, packaging production, treatment chemicals, and off-site treatment; disclose geography, technology, time period, and any proxy
disclosure	Declare route, starting material condition, excluded downstream stages, packaging boundary, internal recycling, waste or co-product status, allocation method, data gaps, and every provisional reasoned_estimate used for screening

Normative Boundary Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_cradle_to_gate	all datasets	Include upstream production and transport of the route-defining pineapple or concentrate and all material foreground processing through conforming packaged product at the final manufacturing gate.	iso-14044-2006; del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca; environdec-pcr-2019-10
boundary_route_specific	direct and from-concentrate routes	Do not combine direct extraction and from-concentrate reconstitution into an undeclared generic recipe. Report route shares when a production mix is modelled.	codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12
boundary_foreground_operations	processing plant	Include receipt and sorting, washing and preparation, extraction and finishing when applicable, reconstitution or blending when applicable, preservation, filling, packaging, cleaning, wastewater, rejects, residues, and on-site utilities.	fao-fruit-processing-1995; fao-fruit-juice-processing-2001; walker-et-al-2018
boundary_downstream_exclusion	default plant-gate dataset	Exclude distribution, retail, consumer storage or use, and packaging end-of-life unless the study explicitly adds and labels those scenarios.	iso-14044-2006; environdec-pcr-2019-10

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
fruit_or_concentrate_receipt	Fruit or concentrate receipt and preparation	required	Always; record the route-specific starting material and reject handling	Foreground receipt, sorting, washing, and preparation	per mass accepted for processing and per 1 kg final juice
juice_extraction	Pineapple preparation, juice extraction, and finishing	conditional	Required for the direct route or whenever fruit solids are mechanically processed on site	Foreground extraction and solid-liquid separation	per mass of raw juice leaving finishing
reconstitution_and_blending	Reconstitution, blending, and standardization	conditional	Required for from-concentrate juice and whenever permitted ingredients or same-fruit components are blended on site	Foreground formulation and batch standardization	per mass of standardized juice
preservation_and_packaging	Product preservation, filling, cooling, and packaging	required	Always; technology-specific steps may be zero only with documented evidence	Foreground final processing and reference-product production	1 kg net conforming pineapple juice
cleaning_and_residuals	Cleaning, wastewater, residues, rejects, and on-site treatment	required	Always; record zero only when verified for the reporting period	Foreground support and residual-flow management	allocated per process or per 1 kg final juice

Process: Fruit or concentrate receipt and preparation (fruit_or_concentrate_receipt)

Inputs

Product flows

Route-defining pineapple material (route_starting_material)

Record fresh pineapple accepted for the direct route or pineapple juice concentrate accepted for the from-concentrate route. Keep the two route identities and quantities separate.

• Selected flow: Fresh pineapple or pineapple juice concentrate; Tiangong UUID unresolved for this non-reference row
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weigh accepted starting material by lot and subtract documented receiving rejects from gross receipt
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12; fao-fruit-processing-1995
• Range: Provisional starting-material screening estimate, not a default recipe
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.1
  • Upper: 4.0
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice; lower values represent concentrated input and upper values low-yield fruit processing
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Incoming transport service (incoming_transport)

Record transport from the supplier dispatch point to the processing plant for starting material and other major supplies.

• Selected flow: Freight transport service; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Transport service / tkm
• Amount rule: transported mass in tonnes multiplied by route distance in kilometres
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Transport service (transport_service)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_transport_records
• Sources: del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca
• Range: Provisional transport screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: tkm
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Transport service (transport_service)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Receipt and washing water (receipt_washing_water)

Record potable or otherwise specification-compliant water supplied for fruit washing and receiving-area operations; this row is zero for a concentrate route without fruit washing.

• Selected flow: Process water; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered withdrawal minus separately metered recirculated water
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_records
• Sources: fao-fruit-processing-1995; walker-et-al-2018
• Range: Provisional washing-water screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted prepared material (accepted_material)

Record the mass transferred to extraction or reconstitution after receiving losses and rejects.

• Selected flow: Accepted pineapple material; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass by lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per receiving-process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: fao-fruit-processing-1995

Waste flows

Receiving rejects (receiving_rejects)

Record damaged, immature, contaminated, or otherwise nonconforming material by its actual fate.

• Selected flow: Rejected pineapple material; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed rejects by destination and treatment route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residual_records
• Sources: fao-fruit-processing-1995
• Range: Provisional reject-fraction screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.5
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per kg gross starting material received
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Pineapple preparation, juice extraction, and finishing (juice_extraction)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted pineapple for extraction (pineapple_to_extraction)

Transfer the accepted direct-route fruit mass without adding another upstream burden.

• Selected flow: Accepted pineapple material; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer from accepted_material
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per extraction-process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: fao-fruit-processing-1995; fao-fruit-juice-processing-2001

Extraction electricity (extraction_electricity)

Record electricity for conveyors, peeling or preparation, crushers, extractors, finishers, pumps, and associated controls.

• Selected flow: Electricity; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered electricity or allocated facility meter data for the extraction process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: walker-et-al-2018; del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca
• Range: Provisional extraction-electricity screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Raw finished juice (raw_finished_juice)

Record juice leaving mechanical extraction and finishing before final formulation or preservation.

• Selected flow: Raw pineapple juice intermediate; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured tank transfer or mass-balance calculation from calibrated vessel levels and density
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per extraction-process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: fao-fruit-processing-1995; codex-cxs-247-2005

Waste flows

Pineapple crowns, peels, cores, pulp, and press residue (pineapple_residues)

Measure each separable residue stream and declare whether it is waste, a co-product, animal-feed material, an energy feedstock, or internally recycled material.

• Selected flow: Pineapple processing residue; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed wet mass by residue type and destination; record dry matter when used for allocation or sale
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residual_records
• Sources: fao-fruit-processing-1995; iso-14044-2006
• Range: Provisional residue screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 3
  • Unit: kg wet mass
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Reconstitution, blending, and standardization (reconstitution_and_blending)

Inputs

Product flows

Route-specific juice base (juice_base_input)

Record raw finished juice for the direct route or pineapple juice concentrate for the from-concentrate route; never merge the two without route-share metadata.

• Selected flow: Raw pineapple juice intermediate or pineapple juice concentrate; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured batch addition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per batch and per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_batch_formulation
• Sources: codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12

Incorporated reconstitution water (reconstitution_water)

Record potable water incorporated into from-concentrate juice. Set this row to zero for directly expressed juice unless water addition is legally permitted and does not change product identity.

• Selected flow: Potable water; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered or batch-weighed water actually incorporated
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_batch_formulation
• Sources: codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12
• Range: Provisional reconstitution-water screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.95
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Permitted same-fruit components and formulation aids (permitted_formulation_inputs)

Record restored pineapple aroma, pulp or cells and every permitted ingredient or processing aid separately; do not use this row to conceal sweetener or water addition that changes the product category.

• Selected flow: Route-specific formulation input; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: batch-weighed amount by named material
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_batch_formulation
• Sources: codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12

Outputs

Product flows

Standardized pineapple juice (standardized_juice)

Record the released batch transferred to preservation after formulation and Brix verification.

• Selected flow: Standardized pineapple juice intermediate; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured batch output after samples, spills, and hold-up losses
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per blending-process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_batch_formulation
• Sources: codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12

Process: Product preservation, filling, cooling, and packaging (preservation_and_packaging)

Inputs

Product flows

Electricity for preservation and packaging (preservation_electricity)

Record electricity for pumps, heat exchangers, chillers, aseptic equipment, fillers, conveyors, and packaging equipment.

• Selected flow: Electricity; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered electricity or documented allocation of facility meter data
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: walker-et-al-2018; fao-fruit-juice-processing-2001
• Range: Provisional preservation-and-packaging electricity screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.001
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: kWh
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Thermal energy and fuel (preservation_thermal_energy)

Record steam, hot water, direct fuel, or other thermal supply for pasteurization, sterilization, hot filling, and container preparation.

• Selected flow: Route-specific thermal energy carrier; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ, with original carrier unit retained
• Amount rule: metered thermal energy or fuel quantity converted with a declared factor
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: fao-fruit-juice-processing-2001; walker-et-al-2018
• Range: Provisional thermal-energy screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 15
  • Unit: MJ
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Packaging materials (packaging_materials)

Record primary container, closure, label, secondary carton or film, pallet share, and other packaging components separately by material.

• Selected flow: Packaging material by component; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: purchased or issued packaging less documented unused returns, divided by conforming net juice output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: environdec-pcr-2019-10; del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca
• Range: Provisional packaging-mass screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg net pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Conforming pineapple juice at plant gate (pineapple_juice_output)

This is the reference product after declared preservation and filling. Packaging is inventoried separately and excluded from the reference mass.

• Selected flow: Pineapple juice 3d2b95ad-8673-4718-a728-e1e7d17b4271
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg conforming net juice after normalization from collected production records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_final_product_release
• Sources: codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12; iso-14044-2006
• Range: Reference-flow identity
  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: exactly one PCR reference flow after normalization
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
  • Sources: iso-14044-2006

Waste flows

Packaging rejects and product losses (packaging_and_product_losses)

Record damaged containers, start-up and changeover losses, off-specification filled product, spills, and recovered product by actual fate.

• Selected flow: Packaging waste and off-specification juice; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed or mass-balanced quantity by material and treatment destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residual_records
• Sources: walker-et-al-2018
• Range: Provisional final-process loss screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.5
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Cleaning, wastewater, residues, rejects, and on-site treatment (cleaning_and_residuals)

Inputs

Product flows

Cleaning and sanitation water (cleaning_water)

Record clean-in-place, clean-out-of-place, floor, container, and equipment-rinse water net of measured internal reuse.

• Selected flow: Process water; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered water by cleaning circuit or allocated from facility records using documented cleaning schedules
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_records
• Sources: walker-et-al-2018; fao-fruit-juice-processing-2001
• Range: Provisional cleaning-water screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 15
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Cleaning and sanitation chemicals (cleaning_chemicals)

Record each detergent, disinfectant, acid, alkali, or sanitation agent by active formulation and concentration.

• Selected flow: Cleaning chemical by formulation; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: issued quantity corrected for inventory change and unused returns
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cleaning_records
• Sources: walker-et-al-2018
• Range: Provisional cleaning-chemical screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.1
  • Unit: kg formulated product
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Waste flows

Process wastewater to treatment (process_wastewater)

Record wastewater from washing, extraction, formulation, cooling, cleaning, and spills by treatment destination; do not equate withdrawal with discharge when water is incorporated or evaporated.

• Selected flow: Wastewater to treatment; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: metered discharge or water balance, with measured concentration or load data retained separately
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: walker-et-al-2018; del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca
• Range: Provisional wastewater screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 25
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Treatment sludge and separated solids (treatment_residuals)

Record sludge, screenings, and separated solids by wet mass, dry matter when available, and final treatment route.

• Selected flow: Wastewater-treatment residual; Tiangong UUID unresolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: weighed removal or calculated from measured volume and solids concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca
• Range: Provisional treatment-residual screening estimate
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.5
  • Unit: kg wet mass
  • Basis: per 1 kg final pineapple juice
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid	shared processes and utilities	First avoid allocation through process subdivision, separate metering, batch records, and route-specific mass and energy balances.	iso-14044-2006; walker-et-al-2018
allocation_internal_recycling	internally reused juice, water, or residues	Keep internal recycling within the foreground system. Record any additional treatment, pumping, and losses, but do not create a second saleable output or avoided burden.	iso-14044-2006; walker-et-al-2018
allocation_residue_status	crowns, peels, cores, pulp, rejects, and sludge	Declare each stream as waste, co-product, or internally recycled material using its actual legal and commercial status and treatment route. Do not assign co-product credit to an unmarketed waste stream.	iso-14044-2006; del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca
allocation_physical_then_economic	unavoidable multi-output processes	When subdivision cannot resolve shared burdens, use a documented physical causal relation where one exists. If no defensible physical relation exists, use a documented economic relation based on a representative reporting-period average and report a sensitivity case.	iso-14044-2006
allocation_route_mix	production-mix datasets	Calculate direct-route and from-concentrate-route inventories separately, then combine them using measured conforming output shares for the declared period.	codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_mass_balance	fruit_or_concentrate_receipt; juice_extraction	starting material, accepted material, intermediates, and residues	weighbridge, calibrated scale, tank, and batch records	lot id; route; material name; gross mass; reject mass; transfer mass; density and temperature if volume-derived	direct weighing or calibrated tank measurement	kg	each lot or batch	full declared production period	every included site and route	sum by material and route; reconcile opening and closing inventories	calibration records; batch tickets; inventory reconciliation
cp_transport_records	fruit_or_concentrate_receipt	incoming transport	supplier dispatch and freight records	material; shipped mass; origin; destination; distance; mode; vehicle; load factor; empty return	document review and route calculation	kg, km, tkm	each shipment or representative route with coverage stated	full declared production period	all material incoming routes	mass-weighted tkm by material and mode	invoices; delivery notes; route evidence
cp_water_records	fruit_or_concentrate_receipt; cleaning_and_residuals	washing, cleaning, cooling, and incorporated water	meters, tank records, and utility bills	meter id; opening and closing readings; reuse; purpose; downtime; production output	calibrated meter preferred; documented balance otherwise	kg or m3	continuous or each shift; monthly reconciliation	full declared production period	each site and major water circuit	withdrawal minus measured reuse, normalized to conforming output	meter calibration; bill reconciliation; water balance
cp_energy_records	juice_extraction; preservation_and_packaging	electricity, fuel, steam, heat, and refrigeration	submeters, main meters, fuel invoices, and equipment logs	carrier; quantity; unit; meter; process; operating time; conversion factor; losses	submetering preferred; documented allocation if shared	kWh, MJ, and supplier unit	continuous or each shift; monthly reconciliation	full declared production period	each site and route	sum by carrier and process; normalize to conforming output	meter calibration; invoices; conversion-factor source
cp_batch_formulation	reconstitution_and_blending	juice base, water, permitted inputs, samples, and output	formulation sheet and batch tank records	batch id; route; ingredient identity; input mass; Brix; temperature; output mass; samples; spills; hold-up	batch weighing and quality-control measurement	kg and degrees Brix	every batch	full declared production period	all formulation tanks and routes	reconcile batch inputs, output, losses, and inventory	signed batch sheet; refractometer calibration; release result
cp_packaging_records	preservation_and_packaging	packaging components	issue, purchase, return, and production records	component; material; unit mass; issued count; returned count; rejected count; net product mass	component weighing plus inventory reconciliation	kg and count	each packaging run; monthly reconciliation	full declared production period	every packaging format and site	net component mass divided by conforming net juice	supplier specification; scale calibration; stock reconciliation
cp_final_product_release	preservation_and_packaging	conforming final juice	filler, checkweigher, tank, and release records	lot; package count; net fill; bulk mass; nonconforming mass; route; Brix; preservation; storage requirement	calibrated mass measurement and quality release	kg	each lot	full declared production period	every included line, route, and format	sum only conforming net juice; exclude packaging	checkweigher and scale calibration; signed release record
cp_cleaning_records	cleaning_and_residuals	cleaning chemicals and cycles	chemical issue, concentration, and cleaning schedule records	chemical; formulation; concentration; issued quantity; return; cycle; equipment; date	inventory difference and dosing records	kg	each cleaning cycle; monthly reconciliation	full declared production period	all included cleaning circuits	sum net chemical use by process; normalize to conforming output	stock reconciliation; dosing calibration; sanitation log
cp_wastewater_records	cleaning_and_residuals	wastewater and treatment residuals	discharge meter, laboratory analysis, hauler, and treatment records	volume or mass; source; destination; COD or other measured load; sludge mass; dry matter; treatment	direct meter and laboratory measurement preferred; documented water balance otherwise	kg, m3, and concentration unit	continuous or each discharge; periodic analysis	full declared production period	each outfall and treatment route	sum by destination; retain concentration and load separately	meter calibration; laboratory report; treatment or hauler receipt
cp_residual_records	all foreground processes	rejects, residues, spills, and packaging waste	scales, bins, stock movement, sale, and waste transfer records	stream; source process; wet mass; dry matter; destination; legal status; revenue if co-product	direct weighing and destination documentation	kg	each removal or shift; monthly reconciliation	full declared production period	all included sites and residual routes	sum by stream and destination; prevent double counting	scale calibration; transfer note; sale or treatment receipt

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalize_reference	every foreground inventory amount	normalized amount = reporting-period amount / reporting-period conforming net pineapple juice mass	collected amount; conforming net juice mass	amount per 1 kg reference flow	iso-14044-2006
calc_transport_tkm	incoming and outgoing transport	tkm = transported mass in tonnes x loaded one-way distance in kilometres, plus separately modelled empty return when applicable	shipment mass; distance; mode; return assumption	tkm per 1 kg reference flow	del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca
calc_route_mix	production-mix dataset	mixed inventory = sum of route-specific normalized inventories x measured route share of conforming output	direct-route output; from-concentrate output; route inventories	declared production-mix inventory	codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12
calc_batch_mass_balance	extraction and formulation	input mass + opening inventory = output mass + closing inventory + measured residues + rejects + samples + spills + other losses	batch and inventory records	closure ratio and unexplained loss	walker-et-al-2018
calc_water_balance	plant water	withdrawal + water in inputs = incorporated water + wastewater + evaporation + water in products and residues + inventory change; report unresolved difference	water meters; formulation; wastewater; evaporation estimate; output mass	water balance per period and normalized water rows	walker-et-al-2018
calc_shared_utility_allocation	shared energy and water	allocate only after subdivision and metering have been attempted; use a measured causal driver such as operating time, throughput, or thermal duty and disclose the driver	facility total; submeter data; operating driver; route output	process- and route-specific utility amount	iso-14044-2006; walker-et-al-2018

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	every released lot	Retain product name, pineapple identity, direct or from-concentrate route, juice form, preservation technology, packaging format, measured Brix, and storage requirement.	release specification; batch record; label or product description
dq_temporal	foreground inventory	Cover a representative continuous production period or complete seasonal campaign and disclose shutdowns, start-ups, abnormal batches, and any extrapolation.	dated meter, production, purchase, and waste records
dq_geography	upstream and foreground data	Identify plant location, pineapple or concentrate origin, transport routes, electricity market, water source, and treatment destinations.	supplier record; route evidence; utility contract; treatment receipt
dq_technology	process and utilities	Identify extraction, finishing, preservation, filling, cooling, refrigeration, water-reuse, and wastewater-treatment technologies that materially affect flows.	equipment list; process diagram; operating records
dq_completeness	required process map	Provide records for every required process and every applicable conditional process; explain verified zeros and all gaps.	process-to-record coverage matrix
dq_mass_balance	fruit, concentrate, juice, residues, and packaging	Reconcile inputs, outputs, inventories, samples, spills, rejects, and residues. Treat any screening tolerance as provisional until reviewed against site measurement uncertainty.	signed mass-balance worksheet; calibration evidence
dq_source_traceability	secondary and proxy data	Record dataset identity, geography, technology, time, version, mapping rationale, and substitution limits.	dataset metadata and source register
dq_reasoned_estimates	all provisional ranges	Use reasoned_estimate ranges only for screening. Do not silently replace foreground records, and list each estimate remaining in a shared or published dataset.	validation report and unresolved-evidence register

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	reference flow	Require the exact pineapple-juice product UUID, Mass flow-property UUID, Units-of-mass UUID, 1 kg net reference amount, and all required qualifiers.	codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12
validate_route_declaration	all datasets	Require exactly one declared route or a measured route mix with separately calculated direct and from-concentrate inventories.	codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12
validate_brix	released product	Require lot-level Brix result, measurement temperature or correction, instrument calibration, and comparison with the applicable product specification. For reconstituted juice use 12.8 degrees Brix at 20 degrees C unless a documented applicable authenticity provision applies.	codex-cxs-247-2005; eu-directive-2012-12
validate_process_coverage	process map	Require all required processes and every applicable conditional process; a zero flow needs a record-backed explanation.	fao-fruit-processing-1995; walker-et-al-2018
validate_mass_and_water_balance	foreground package	Require route-specific material and water balances with all inventory changes, residues, samples, spills, incorporated water, wastewater, and unexplained differences disclosed.	walker-et-al-2018
validate_energy_separation	utilities	Require electricity and thermal carriers to remain separate, with original units, conversion factors, meter coverage, and allocation drivers disclosed.	walker-et-al-2018
validate_packaging	packaged product	Require packaging by component and material while excluding packaging from the 1 kg net reference mass.	environdec-pcr-2019-10; del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca
validate_residual_fate	rejects, pineapple residues, wastewater, and sludge	Require mass, destination, treatment, internal recycling, and waste or co-product status; prohibit simultaneous waste treatment and co-product credit for the same quantity.	iso-14044-2006; del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca
validate_allocation	shared or multi-output processes	Require evidence that subdivision or direct measurement was attempted, the chosen relation and reporting period, route-share basis, and a sensitivity case when economic allocation is used.	iso-14044-2006; walker-et-al-2018
validate_evidence_status	quantitative guidance	Reject an unlabeled inferred range. Preserve reasoned_estimate as provisional screening guidance and list unresolved identity or range-evidence gaps.	iso-14044-2006

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground product-system data package for pineapple juice production at the final manufacturing plant gate
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after methodology and data-quality review
allowed_use	Route-specific or measured production-mix cradle-to-gate LCI; supply-chain hotspot analysis; verified environmental declarations when the applicable programme rules and downstream stages are also satisfied
excluded_use	Pineapple nectar, mixed juice, fruit drinks, fermented beverages, concentrate as the sold product, or a consumer/distribution claim without explicit downstream modelling
required_metadata	Reference UUIDs; route and route share; variety or source identity; Brix and measurement basis; preservation and packaging technology; net fill; storage requirement; geography; period; upstream dataset identities; allocation; waste and co-product fates
required_quality_disclosure	Meter and record coverage; calibration; mass and water balance; shared-utility allocation; proxy datasets; data gaps; verified zeros; every remaining reasoned_estimate; review status
update_trigger	Material change in fruit or concentrate sourcing, route share, formulation, extraction yield, preservation or filling technology, energy or water system, packaging, waste or co-product fate, allocation basis, product specification, or governing source

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
codex-cxs-247-2005	standard	FAO and WHO, Codex Alimentarius Commission. General Standard for Fruit Juices and Nectars, CXS 247-2005, adopted 2005 and amended through 2025. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd9081en (retrieved 2026-08-11)	Pineapple-juice identity; direct and reconstituted routes; permitted processing and components; authenticity and quality verification; 12.8 degrees Brix pineapple reference
eu-directive-2012-12	standard	Directive 2012/12/EU amending Directive 2001/112/EC relating to fruit juices and certain similar products. CELEX 32012L0012. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2012/12/oj/eng (retrieved 2026-08-11)	Legal juice and from-concentrate definitions; permitted ingredients and treatments; direct-juice Brix rule; 12.8 degrees Brix for reconstituted pineapple juice
fao-fruit-processing-1995	handbook	FAO. Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Appendix I: Fruit and vegetable processing flow-sheets, Agricultural Services Bulletin 119, 1995. https://www.fao.org/4/V5030E/V5030E0y.htm (retrieved 2026-08-11)	Pineapple-juice process decomposition; pineapple starting materials; shredding, extraction, finishing, blending, pasteurization, filling, cooling, and packaging
fao-fruit-juice-processing-2001	handbook	Bates, R.P., Morris, J.R., and Crandall, P.G. Principles and Practices of Small- and Medium-scale Fruit Juice Processing. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 146, 2001. https://www.fao.org/4/y2515e/y2515e00.htm (retrieved 2026-08-11)	Fruit selection and washing; extraction and finishing; pasteurization; filling; cooling; packaging; cleaning and process design
iso-14044-2006	standard	ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines, with Amendments 1:2017 and 2:2020; confirmed current in 2022. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html (retrieved 2026-08-11)	Goal and scope, inventory, interpretation, reporting, review, allocation hierarchy, and source-traceability framework
walker-et-al-2018	literature	Walker, C., Beretta, C., Sanjuan, N., and Hellweg, S. Calculating the energy and water use in food processing and assessing the resulting impacts. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23 (2018), 824-839. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-017-1327-6	Process-specific energy and water measurement; food-loss and operating data; cleaning records; facility reconciliation; documented allocation of shared facility data
del-rio-2020-pineapple-lca	literature	Del Rio, D.D.F. et al. Environmental Impacts Associated to Different Stages Spanning from Harvesting to Industrialization of Pineapple through Life Cycle Assessment. Applied Sciences 10 (2020), 7007. DOI: 10.3390/app10197007	Cradle-to-gate pineapple boundary; fruit receipt, washing, preparation and packaging; electricity, water, fuel, transport, residual, effluent, and supplier/foreground-data collection needs
environdec-pcr-2019-10	official_guidance	International EPD System. PCR 2019:10, Prepared and preserved vegetable and fruit products, including juice, version 2.0, valid until 2027-03-29. https://www.environdec.com/pcr-library/pcr2019-10 (retrieved 2026-08-11)	Category applicability to CPC 214 products including juice; packaging and downstream environmental-declaration context; no inaccessible document text used as a quantitative source