Olive oil, refined

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground data production for refined olive oil made from virgin olive oils by refining methods that do not alter the initial glyceridic structure. It covers receipt of the oil requiring refining, the declared chemical or physical refining train, bleaching and filtration, deodorization, finished-oil storage, and on-site treatment of directly generated wastes and wastewater when operated by the reporting facility.

The default reporting boundary is gate-to-gate, from measured receipt of the feed oil at the refinery to bulk refined olive oil ready for dispatch at the plant gate. Olive cultivation, harvesting, virgin-oil extraction, and transport to the refinery are represented by disclosed upstream datasets. Consumer packaging, outbound distribution, retail, use, and end-of-life are excluded unless a study explicitly extends the boundary and reports those additions separately.

The category excludes virgin and extra-virgin olive oils, olive-pomace oils, refined olive-pomace oil, blends of refined olive oil with virgin olive oils, oils mixed with other vegetable oils, and oils obtained by re-esterification. Product identity and quality claims shall follow the declared jurisdiction; Codex CXS 33-1981 is the default international specification source.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.meat-fish-fruits-vegetables-oils-and-fats.olive-oil-refined
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 21672, Olive oil, refined (mapping context only)
covered_products	Bulk refined olive oil obtained from virgin olive oils by a declared chemical or physical refining route without alteration of the initial glyceridic structure
excluded_products	Virgin or extra-virgin olive oil; crude, refined, or blended olive-pomace oil; refined-and-virgin olive oil blends; mixed vegetable oils; re-esterified oils; packaged retail products unless packaging is added as an explicit downstream module
representative_product	Refined olive oil meeting the declared Codex or jurisdictional specification
production_route	Receipt and storage of oil requiring refining; route-specific deacidification and washing or physical refining; bleaching and filtration; deodorization; polishing and bulk storage
market_state	Finished product, bulk, production mix at plant gate
tiangong_process_identity	Olive oil, refined 23640aac-454b-481e-a599-60f29b6d1b86 (public identity candidate only; its inventory estimates are not PCR evidence)

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Refined olive oil suitable for the declared downstream market and specification
How much	1 kg net refined olive oil
How well	Meets the declared refined-olive-oil identity and quality specification, including the declared free-acidity result and absence of pomace-oil or other-vegetable-oil substitution
How long or cycle	One refinery production campaign represented by the reporting period
reference_flow_link	Net conforming refined olive oil leaving finished-product storage at the plant gate

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Olive oil, refined 4637b050-f60f-4ebb-af43-5128ebf416bf
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	feed-oil identity and grade; chemical or physical refining route; facility geography; reporting period; product quality specification and test result; bulk or packaged state; allocation method; treatment location for wastes and wastewater

When constructing a foreground data package, every required qualifier shall be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent field. A missing qualifier makes the reference-flow definition incomplete.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference product and oil-bearing product flows	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report net oil mass at the measured material state; normalize all inventory results to 1 kg conforming refined olive oil dispatched from finished-product storage.
stock_adjusted_mass	feed, intermediate oil, product, by-products, and wastes	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use receipts plus opening stock minus closing stock for each reporting period; do not treat internal transfers as external inputs or outputs.
water_measurement	process and cleaning water	Mass or volume with measured density	kg or m3	Preserve the metered unit and conversion basis; convert volume to mass only with a declared measured or justified density and temperature basis.
energy_measurement	electricity, steam, fuel, and purchased heat	Energy or carrier-specific property	kWh, MJ, kg steam, or native fuel unit	Keep native meter and invoice units; use 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ only for explicit energy conversion and retain steam pressure or enthalpy and fuel heating-value bases.
chemical_active_basis	alkali, acid, bleaching aid, and treatment chemicals	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report purchased solution mass and concentration; calculate active-substance mass separately and state which basis is used in each exchange.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Feed oil requiring refining is weighed into refinery custody with identity, grade, origin, supplier, lot, moisture or impurity information where relevant, and opening-stock treatment declared.
starting_condition_role	Gate-to-gate starting condition for the refinery foreground system
product_classification_scope	Refined olive oil only; CPC 3.0 code 21672 is mapping context and does not broaden the canonical product boundary.
recursive_input_rule	Any returned or reworked refined olive oil entering the same category is recorded once as a separate product input with source, mass, and prior-burden treatment disclosed; do not recursively expand the same PCR.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use a separately identified upstream dataset for the virgin olive oil requiring refining and for each purchased utility, chemical, packaging material when included, and off-site treatment service.
disclosure	Declare refining route, included unit operations, feed grade, co-product recovery, internal recycle treatment, waste-treatment location, packaging state, temporal coverage, and every deviation from the default gate-to-gate boundary.

rule_id	Applies to	rule	source_ids
boundary_refinery_gate	foreground refinery system	Include measured feed reception, route-specific refining, bleaching or filtration, deodorization, finished-product storage, direct utility use, direct emissions, wastes, by-products, and on-site treatment attributable to the reporting facility.	ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
boundary_upstream_separation	purchased feed and supplies	Exclude olive cultivation and virgin-oil extraction from the refinery foreground inventory and link them as upstream datasets; separately link purchased energy, water, chemicals, and off-site treatment.	eu-ef-recommendation-2021-2279
boundary_product_separation	product identity	Do not combine refined olive oil with refined olive-pomace oil, olive-pomace oil, virgin oils, or refined-and-virgin blends under this reference product.	codex-cxs-33-1981-2024
boundary_packaging	packaging and distribution	Exclude packaging and outbound distribution from the default bulk-at-plant reference flow; if included for a study, model and disclose them as separate downstream processes.	eu-ef-recommendation-2021-2279

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
feed_reception	Feed-oil receipt and storage	required	Always	Establish refinery custody, identity, and stock-adjusted feed mass	kg accepted feed oil transferred to refining
refining_train	Deacidification, bleaching, filtration, and deodorization	required	Always; individual chemical or physical route operations follow the declared route	Convert feed oil requiring refining into conforming refined oil	kg refined-oil intermediate
finished_storage	Polishing and finished-oil storage	required	Always	Establish conforming bulk product at plant gate	kg net conforming refined olive oil dispatched
wastewater_treatment	On-site wastewater treatment	conditional	Include when process wastewater is treated by the reporting facility	Treat direct refinery wastewater and record residuals and emissions	kg wastewater treated

Process: Feed-oil receipt and storage (feed_reception)

Inputs

Product flows

Virgin olive oil requiring refining received at the refinery (feed_oil_received)

Record the oil that enters refinery custody and is eligible to become refined olive oil under the declared specification. Supplier documents and weighbridge or calibrated tank records establish identity and mass.

• Selected flow: Virgin olive oil requiring refining
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: stock-adjusted measured feed mass accepted during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming refined olive oil dispatched
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_ledger
• Sources: codex-cxs-33-1981-2024
• Range: Provisional feed-to-product mass QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1.00
  • Upper: 1.20
  • Unit: kg/kg refined olive oil
  • Basis: received feed oil per kg conforming refined olive oil dispatched
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted feed oil transferred to refining (accepted_feed_oil)

Record the stock-adjusted mass released from reception and storage to the refining train. Internal transfer is retained for subdivision but cancelled in the aggregated gate-to-gate result.

• Selected flow: Accepted olive oil feed for refining
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass after rejected or nonconforming receipts are removed
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted feed oil transferred
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_ledger
• Sources: codex-cxs-33-1981-2024
• Range: Provisional reception-yield QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.90
  • Upper: 1.00
  • Unit: kg/kg received feed oil
  • Basis: accepted feed oil per kg received feed oil
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Deacidification, bleaching, filtration, and deodorization (refining_train)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted olive oil feed (refining_feed_oil)

Record the internal feed entering the declared refining train. The route declaration determines whether chemical neutralization and washing or physical deacidification is represented.

• Selected flow: Accepted olive oil feed for refining
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured internal transfer from feed reception
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_ledger
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015

Process and cleaning water (refining_water)

Record water used for chemical neutralization and washing, steam or vacuum-system support where separately metered as water, and attributable cleaning. Do not assign shared water without a documented allocation basis.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: metered net water consumption attributable to the refining train
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_meters
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional water-use QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 5
  • Unit: kg/kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis: net attributable water per kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity supplied to refining (refining_electricity)

Record metered electricity for pumps, vacuum systems, filtration, agitation, and other refining equipment.

• Selected flow: Electricity, refinery supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered or invoice-reconciled electricity attributable to the refining train
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_meters
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional electricity QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.005
  • Upper: 1.0
  • Unit: kWh/kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis: refinery electricity per kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Steam, fuel, or purchased process heat (refining_heat)

Record energy used for heating, soap splitting when in scope, drying, vacuum support, and deodorization. Preserve the carrier and measured basis before conversion.

• Selected flow: Refinery process heat or steam
• Flow property / unit: Energy or carrier-specific property / MJ, kg steam, or native fuel unit
• Amount rule: metered or invoice-reconciled thermal-energy use attributable to the refining train
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_meters
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional thermal-energy QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.1
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: MJ/kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis: attributable process heat per kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Route-specific refining chemicals (refining_chemicals)

Record alkali, acid, degumming agent, or other route-specific chemicals only when used. Report solution and active-substance mass separately.

• Selected flow: Refining chemical, declared substance and concentration
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: purchased and stock-adjusted chemical mass attributable to the campaign, with active-mass calculation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_chemical_ledger
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional chemical-use QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.10
  • Unit: kg active substance/kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis: active refining chemical per kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Bleaching earth and filtration aids (bleaching_aids)

Record the stock-adjusted mass of bleaching earth and filtration aids consumed in bleaching and polishing.

• Selected flow: Bleaching earth or declared filtration aid
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: purchased mass plus opening stock minus closing stock, reconciled to campaign issues
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_chemical_ledger
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional bleaching-aid QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.10
  • Unit: kg/kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis: bleaching and filtration aid per kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Refined-oil intermediate transferred to finished storage (refined_oil_intermediate)

Record conforming oil leaving the refining train after route-specific deacidification, bleaching, filtration, and deodorization.

• Selected flow: Refined olive oil intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured stock-adjusted transfer mass that passes the declared quality release tests
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refining-feed oil
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_ledger
• Sources: codex-cxs-33-1981-2024
• Range: Provisional refining-yield QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.80
  • Upper: 1.00
  • Unit: kg/kg refining-feed oil
  • Basis: refined-oil intermediate per kg refining-feed oil
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Soapstock, acid oil, gums, and deodorizer distillate (refining_byproducts)

Record each recovered material separately with its actual disposition and economic status. Do not combine a sold co-product with a disposed waste.

• Selected flow: Route-specific refinery by-product, separately identified
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured or stock-adjusted mass by named stream and disposition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_and_byproduct_records
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional recovered-material QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.20
  • Unit: kg/kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis: combined recovered refinery materials per kg refined-oil intermediate, before stream separation
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Spent bleaching earth and filtration residue (spent_bleaching_media)

Record spent media including retained oil, moisture, and treatment destination. Retained oil recovery is reported separately when performed.

• Selected flow: Spent bleaching earth or filtration residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: weighed waste or container count converted using verified net mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste_and_byproduct_records
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional spent-media QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.15
  • Unit: kg/kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis: wet spent media per kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Refinery process wastewater (refinery_wastewater)

Record wastewater from chemical neutralization, washing, condensate management, and attributable cleaning before on-site or off-site treatment.

• Selected flow: Vegetable-oil refinery wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: metered discharge or water-balance estimate with separately declared uncertainty
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_monitoring
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional wastewater QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg/kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis: process wastewater before treatment per kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Direct refinery air emissions (refinery_air_emissions)

Measure or calculate reportable VOC, odor-control, combustion, and process emissions attributable to the refining train; report each pollutant as a separate elementary flow.

• Selected flow: Declared air pollutant, substance-specific
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: monitored value or source-specific calculation from measured activity data and an accepted factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined-oil intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional aggregate air-emission QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.10
  • Unit: kg/kg refined-oil intermediate
  • Basis: aggregate direct reportable air emissions per kg refined-oil intermediate; substance rows remain separate
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Polishing and finished-oil storage (finished_storage)

Inputs

Product flows

Refined-oil intermediate received into finished storage (storage_oil_input)

Record the internal transfer of released refined oil to finished storage.

• Selected flow: Refined olive oil intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer into finished-product tanks
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg conforming refined olive oil dispatched
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_ledger
• Sources: codex-cxs-33-1981-2024

Electricity for polishing and storage (storage_electricity)

Record electricity for final filtration, pumping, inerting support, temperature control, and tank operation attributable to finished oil.

• Selected flow: Electricity, refinery supply mix
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered or allocated electricity for finished-product storage and polishing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg conforming refined olive oil dispatched
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_meters
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional storage-electricity QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.20
  • Unit: kWh/kg conforming refined olive oil
  • Basis: polishing and storage electricity per kg dispatched product
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Conforming refined olive oil at plant gate (refined_olive_oil)

This is the quantitative reference output. Record only net product released against the declared specification; quarantine or rework is not conforming output.

• Selected flow: Olive oil, refined 4637b050-f60f-4ebb-af43-5128ebf416bf
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: normalize measured net dispatched conforming product to exactly 1 kg
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_ledger
• Sources: codex-cxs-33-1981-2024; mass-balance-identity
• Range: Reference-output normalization check
  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: normalized reference flow
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
  • Sources: mass-balance-identity

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: On-site wastewater treatment (wastewater_treatment)

Inputs

Product flows

Refinery wastewater sent to on-site treatment (wastewater_to_treatment)

Record the measured wastewater flow transferred from refining and cleaning operations to the on-site treatment system.

• Selected flow: Vegetable-oil refinery wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: metered transfer to on-site treatment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg wastewater treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_monitoring
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Wastewater-treatment sludge and separated oil (treatment_residuals)

Record dewatered sludge, separated oil, and other treatment residuals separately by destination and measured wet or dry basis.

• Selected flow: Wastewater-treatment residual, separately identified
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured residual mass with moisture or dry-solids basis declared
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg wastewater treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_monitoring
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
• Range: Provisional treatment-residual QA screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.20
  • Unit: kg/kg wastewater treated
  • Basis: wet treatment residuals per kg wastewater treated
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Treated wastewater discharge (treated_wastewater_discharge)

Record water discharge and each monitored pollutant separately after treatment; do not represent an off-site sewer transfer as an elementary emission.

• Selected flow: Water and substance-specific emissions to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg, m3, or pollutant-specific mass
• Amount rule: measured discharge volume and laboratory concentration converted to pollutant load
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg wastewater treated
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_monitoring
• Sources: ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivide_first	shared refinery processes and utilities	Prefer direct metering and subdivision of the refining train, storage, and treatment processes before applying allocation.	eu-ef-recommendation-2021-2279
allocation_internal_recycle	internally recovered oil and rework	Keep internal recycle inside the foreground system; record recovered mass and energy without creating a second product credit or duplicate upstream burden.	mass-balance-identity
allocation_co_products	sold soapstock, acid oil, distillate, or recovered oil	If subdivision or system expansion is not practicable, use a relevant physical relationship; use economic allocation only when no defensible physical relationship exists, and disclose prices, period, currency, and sensitivity.	eu-ef-recommendation-2021-2279
allocation_waste_treatment	wastes and treatment residuals	Assign collection and treatment burdens to the refinery product unless a recovered material qualifies as a co-product under the declared study method; disclose any burden transfer or credit.	eu-ef-recommendation-2021-2279

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_mass_ledger	feed_reception; refining_train; finished_storage	feed, intermediates, reference product, rejects, stock changes	weighbridge tickets, calibrated tank gauges, batch transfer records, dispatch records	timestamp; lot; material identity; gross, tare, net mass; opening stock; closing stock; destination; quality release	reconcile custody-transfer and tank records by campaign and reporting period	kg	each receipt, transfer, and dispatch	complete representative reporting period including opening and closing stock	all refinery tanks and transfer points in scope	receipts + opening stock - closing stock - separately recorded outbound non-product streams; normalize by conforming dispatched mass	calibration certificates, reconciliation sign-off, exception log
cp_utility_meters	refining_train; finished_storage	water, electricity, steam, fuel, purchased heat	meter readings, invoices, boiler logs, steam conditions, allocation driver	meter id; timestamp; opening and closing reading; unit; pressure; temperature; heating value; shared-use driver	direct submetering preferred; reconcile to site totals	native meter unit, kWh, MJ, kg steam, or m3	continuous or batch readings with monthly reconciliation	same period as product mass ledger	all in-scope utility meters and justified shared systems	usage difference minus documented exports, allocated by causal driver where direct metering is unavailable	meter calibration, invoice reconciliation, missing-data log
cp_chemical_ledger	refining_train	acids, alkalis, bleaching earth, filtration aids, treatment chemicals	purchase, stock, issue, return, and concentration records	substance; supplier; lot; solution mass; concentration; opening stock; closing stock; process issue	stock balance reconciled to batch issues	kg solution and kg active substance	each issue with monthly reconciliation	same period as product mass ledger	all in-scope chemical stores and dosing points	purchases + opening stock - closing stock - documented returns; active mass = solution mass × mass fraction	supplier certificate, scale calibration, concentration test where used
cp_waste_and_byproduct_records	refining_train	soapstock, acid oil, gums, distillate, spent earth, filtration residue	weigh tickets, tank or container records, sales and disposal manifests	stream identity; mass; moisture or dry-solids basis; oil content when measured; destination; economic status	measure each named stream and reconcile to mass balance	kg	each transfer	same period as product mass ledger	all refining residual collection points	sum by stream and disposition; never combine sold co-products with disposed waste	manifest, invoice, laboratory result, destination receipt
cp_wastewater_monitoring	refining_train; wastewater_treatment	wastewater, treated discharge, pollutants, sludge	flow meter, sampling log, laboratory result, sewer or discharge record	volume; sample time; concentration; method; detection limit; treatment status; sludge mass; moisture	representative composite or legally required sampling plus continuous or batch flow measurement	m3, kg, and mg/L as measured	per permit and operating cycle	same period as product mass ledger	all in-scope wastewater outlets and on-site treatment	pollutant load = measured volume × concentration with unit conversion; disclose non-detect treatment	calibration, chain of custody, accredited or documented laboratory method
cp_air_emissions	refining_train	direct process and combustion emissions	stack test, continuous monitor, fuel record, activity record, accepted factor	pollutant; concentration or factor; gas flow or activity; time; method; uncertainty	direct monitoring preferred; otherwise calculate from measured activity and cited factor	substance-specific mass	per permit and representative operation	same period as product mass ledger	all in-scope process vents and combustion sources	calculate each substance separately; aggregate only after preserving substance rows	calibration, test report, factor source, uncertainty record
cp_quality_release	finished_storage	refined-olive-oil identity and release	lot certificate, laboratory result, release or quarantine decision	lot; sampling date; method; free acidity; required physicochemical fields; disposition	sample and test according to declared product specification and jurisdiction	specification-specific	each released lot or representative batch defined by the quality plan	all lots contributing to reference output	all finished-product tanks and release points	include only released conforming mass in reference product; report quarantined and reworked mass separately	signed certificate, method identifier, laboratory competence evidence

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	all inventory rows	normalized amount = reporting-period amount / net conforming refined olive oil dispatched	measured row amount; conforming dispatched mass	amount per 1 kg reference flow	mass-balance-identity
calc_stock_adjustment	feed, product, chemicals, wastes, and intermediates	period consumption or production = receipts or transfers + opening stock - closing stock - separately documented returns or exports	receipts; transfers; opening and closing stock; returns; exports	stock-adjusted period amount	mass-balance-identity
calc_mass_balance	refinery foreground system	input oil and mass-bearing auxiliaries = product + separately measured co-products and wastes + emissions + closing-minus-opening work-in-progress, within declared measurement uncertainty	stock-adjusted material rows; inventory change; measured emissions	mass-balance residual and relative residual	mass-balance-identity
calc_active_chemical	chemical inputs	active-substance mass = solution mass × measured or supplier-declared mass fraction	solution mass; concentration	kg active substance	ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
calc_energy_conversion	electricity and thermal energy	convert electricity using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ only when a common energy unit is required; preserve native carrier quantities and declared steam or fuel basis	native energy record; conversion factor; steam or fuel basis	converted energy with traceable native value	mass-balance-identity
calc_pollutant_load	wastewater and air emissions	pollutant load = measured flow or activity × measured concentration or accepted factor, with explicit unit conversion and non-detect rule	flow or activity; concentration or factor; sampling coverage	substance-specific mass emission	ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	feed and reference product	Retain supplier identity, lot traceability, declared refining route, product specification, and release result; exclude pomace-oil and refined-and-virgin blend categories.	supplier documents, batch genealogy, quality-release certificate, codex-cxs-33-1981-2024
dq_temporal	all foreground records	Use one complete representative reporting period that captures normal route operation, start/end stocks, downtime, rework, and seasonal variation; disclose exclusions and abnormal campaigns.	period coverage report and production log
dq_measurement	mass, utilities, chemicals, wastes, and emissions	Use calibrated direct measurement where practicable; document meter coverage, allocation drivers, conversions, detection limits, and uncertainty.	calibration certificates, meter map, laboratory methods, reconciliation report
dq_completeness	process inventory	Account for every named major input, output, waste, wastewater stream, and direct emission; quantify or explicitly flag every unmeasured stream rather than treating it as zero.	signed mass and utility balance, missing-data register, waste manifests
dq_representativeness	published dataset	Report geography, technology, feed grade, chemical or physical route, capacity utilization, product state, and temporal coverage so users can judge representativeness.	dataset metadata and facility declaration, eu-ef-recommendation-2021-2279
dq_estimate_replacement	reasoned-estimate ranges	Treat every reasoned_estimate as a replaceable QA screen only; foreground records determine dataset values and methodology review must accept or replace any estimate before publication-critical use.	review record and foreground evidence manifest

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	reference flow	Require product flow UUID 4637b050-f60f-4ebb-af43-5128ebf416bf, Mass property 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, and kg reference unit.	codex-cxs-33-1981-2024
validate_product_quality	released refined olive oil	Require the declared jurisdiction or Codex specification, test method, lot result, and release decision; under the Codex default, refined olive oil shall be obtained from virgin olive oils by permitted refining and have free acidity not more than 0.3 g oleic acid per 100 g.	codex-cxs-33-1981-2024
validate_route_boundary	process map and inventory	Require one declared chemical or physical refining route and inventory coverage for applicable deacidification, bleaching or filtration, deodorization, direct utilities, residuals, storage, and treatment location.	ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015
validate_mass_reconciliation	refinery foreground system	Calculate and report the mass-balance residual; a nonzero residual is not silently allocated or set to zero and requires investigation or explicit uncertainty disclosure.	mass-balance-identity
validate_internal_transfers	aggregated dataset	Match internal product-flow outputs to corresponding inputs and cancel them exactly in the aggregated gate-to-gate result.	mass-balance-identity
validate_allocation	multifunctional outputs	Require subdivision evidence or a documented physical allocation basis; if economic allocation is used, require prices, period, currency, and sensitivity disclosure.	eu-ef-recommendation-2021-2279
validate_data_package	foreground data package	Require all collection protocols used by collected or calculated rows, complete required qualifiers, source references, quality evidence, and explicit disclosure of unmeasured streams and provisional estimates.	eu-ef-recommendation-2021-2279

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Gate-to-gate foreground refinery dataset normalized to bulk refined olive oil at plant gate
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after methodology review and publication
allowed_use	Refinery-stage LCI and lifecycle-model projections for refined olive oil when feed grade, route, geography, product state, allocation, and boundary are compatible
excluded_use	Virgin or extra-virgin olive oil; olive-pomace oil; refined-and-virgin blends; consumer-packaged product without an added packaging module; comparative public claims without complete compatible life-cycle modelling and review
required_metadata	facility geography; reporting period; feed identity and origin; refining route and unit operations; bulk or packaged state; product specification and release method; allocation method; upstream dataset references; treatment locations; data ownership and review status
required_quality_disclosure	meter and sampling coverage; calibration; mass-balance residual; missing or estimated data; reasoned-estimate usage; co-product disposition; data age; technological and geographic representativeness; verification status
update_trigger	material change in feed grade, refining route, energy system, pollution control, allocation, product specification, plant configuration, data ownership, or representative reporting period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
codex-cxs-33-1981-2024	standard	Codex Alimentarius Commission. CXS 33-1981, Standard for Olive Oils and Olive-Pomace Oils, revised 2024. https://workspace.fao.org/sites/codex/Standards/CXS%2033-1981/CXS_033e.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Refined-olive-oil identity, exclusions, quality specification, and release validation
ifc-vegetable-oil-ehs-2015	official_guidance	World Bank Group/IFC. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Vegetable Oil Production and Processing, 12 February 2015. https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2010/2015-vegetable-oil-processing-ehs-guidelines-en.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Refinery process decomposition, water and energy roles, wastes, by-products, wastewater, emissions, and monitoring
eu-ef-recommendation-2021-2279	official_guidance	European Commission. Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on the use of Environmental Footprint methods, 15 December 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Life-cycle boundary, high-quality data, multifunctionality and allocation hierarchy, and downstream dataset use
mass-balance-identity	method_factor	Conservation-of-mass and exact unit-conversion identities applied to measured foreground records	Stock adjustment, reference normalization, mass reconciliation, internal-transfer cancellation, and kWh-to-MJ conversion