Oil-cake and other solid residues, of vegetable fats or oils

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to saleable solid products obtained directly when vegetable oil is separated from oilseeds or oleaginous fruits by mechanical pressing, expelling, hydraulic pressing, solvent extraction, or a combined pre-press/solvent route. Covered products include press cake, oil-cake, extracted solid residue, and finished meal when the product remains within this extraction-residue category. The foreground boundary includes receipt and preparation of the oil-bearing material, extraction, route-specific solvent recovery or pressing, residue conditioning, and storage/loadout at the producing mill.

The PCR excludes whole or merely milled oilseed flours and meals that have not undergone oil extraction; cocoa press cake assigned to cocoa-product manufacture; solid residues of animal fats; vegetable waxes, degras, soapstock, acid oil, bleaching earth, and other refining residues; and materials managed as waste rather than a saleable co-product. Oil refining after crude-oil separation, feed formulation, transport beyond the mill gate, and use by animals or other users are outside the foreground boundary.

The concrete data package shall identify the oil-bearing species, extraction route, whether hulls are removed or blended back, any solvent used, finishing state, intended market use, and geographical and temporal scope. Feed-grade claims trigger the feed-safety and traceability requirements in this PCR; this PCR does not itself certify legal feed compliance.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.meat-fish-fruits-vegetables-oils-and-fats.oil-cake-and-other-solid-residues-of-vegetable-fats-or-oils
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 21910, exact mapping context
covered_products	Saleable press cakes, oil-cakes, extracted solid residues, and route-finished meals produced by extraction of vegetable fats or oils from declared oilseeds or oleaginous fruits
excluded_products	Non-extracted oilseed flour/meal; cocoa-processing cake; animal-fat residues; waxes, degras, soapstock, acid oil, spent bleaching earth, and other oil-refining residues; discarded waste
representative_product	Mustard oil press cake from mechanical extraction, used as the concrete reference-flow representative while the PCR remains applicable to the broader declared category
production_route	Mechanical pressing, solvent extraction with solvent recovery, or combined pre-press/solvent extraction, followed as applicable by desolventizing/toasting, drying, cooling, grinding, sizing, pelleting, storage, and loadout
market_state	Bulk loose, ground, sized, or pelletized product at the producing mill gate; moisture, residual oil, hull inclusion, treatment state, and intended use declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Saleable oil-cake or other solid residue providing a material or feed-ingredient function after extraction of vegetable fat or oil
How much	1 kg of as-sold product at the producing mill gate
How well	Conforms to the declared species, route, moisture, residual-oil, hull-content, treatment, contamination-control, and market-grade specifications
How long or cycle	One production lot at mill-gate release; no service duration is assigned
reference_flow_link	The functional unit is realized by exactly 1 kg of the declared as-sold reference product; dry-matter results are reported additionally and are not substituted silently for as-sold mass

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Mustard oil press cake 1fb23bcc-f166-4b96-b451-56264a8af86a
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	oil-bearing species and cultivar where material; extraction route; mechanical/solvent/combined route; solvent identity where used; dehulling and hull blending; moisture and dry-matter fraction; residual oil; treatment and toasting state; physical form; feed/food/technical grade; facility location; production period

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package. The selected Tiangong flow is a representative exact-category identity for mustard mechanical press cake; another category-compatible Tiangong product flow shall be selected when the declared product is not mustard mechanical press cake.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass_as_sold	reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report the reference amount on the as-sold mill-gate mass basis and record the associated moisture test or declared moisture specification.
dry_matter_conversion	reference product and solid process flows	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg dry matter and kg as sold	When a source record is dry-basis, calculate as-sold and dry-matter quantities separately using measured moisture; never treat them as interchangeable.
utility_conversion	electricity, steam, fuel, and water	Relevant Tiangong property selected for the concrete utility flow	kWh, MJ, kg, or m3 as recorded	Preserve metered units and document conversion factors; normalize only after allocating shared meters to the declared production lot.
solvent_balance	solvent-extraction route	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record fresh solvent purchases, recovered solvent returned to extraction, inventory change, solvent in products/wastes, and releases separately; report net makeup as purchases minus inventory increase and externally returned solvent.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Oilseeds or oleaginous fruits received at the extraction facility, with incoming mass, moisture, oil content where available, origin, lot identity, and any prior drying or dehulling declared
starting_condition_role	Upstream product input to the foreground oil-extraction system
product_classification_scope	Solid saleable residues produced by extraction of vegetable fats or oils; adjacent non-extraction meals, refining residues, waxes, and animal-fat residues are excluded
recursive_input_rule	Purchased oil-cake or extracted residue of the same category used for blending or reprocessing is recorded once as an external product input with its own upstream dataset; do not recursively recreate its extraction history inside this foreground package
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use a geographically, technologically, and temporally representative upstream dataset for each received oil-bearing material and for material utilities; disclose proxy use and any excluded cultivation or preprocessing stage
disclosure	Declare facility gate, product and co-product cut points, route, solvent loop, internal recycling, included residue finishing, upstream coverage, infrastructure policy, transport coverage, and excluded downstream use

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_extraction_chain	all routes	Include receiving/handling, preparation, extraction, and the conditioning required to make the solid residue saleable at the mill gate; include cleaning, dehulling, cracking, conditioning, flaking, pressing, extraction, desolventizing/toasting, drying, cooling, grinding, sizing, pelleting, storage, and loadout when performed.	epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995
boundary_route_specific	route selection	Include mechanical and solvent operations only when used by the declared route. For solvent extraction, include solvent recovery, condensate handling, and measured fugitive or vent releases; do not model recovered solvent as both avoided production and a negative input.	us-epa-solvent-extraction-neshap; epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995
boundary_upstream_and_downstream	life-cycle coverage	Link received oil-bearing materials and purchased utilities to upstream datasets. Exclude crude-oil refining, feed formulation, distribution beyond the mill gate, and product use unless the study explicitly extends the boundary and reports those additions separately.	eu-pef-2021-2279
boundary_waste_and_internal_recycling	wastes and internal loops	Record wastes and releases at the point they cross the foreground boundary. Keep recovered solvent and internally recirculated intermediate solids inside the process balance; record only net external inputs and outputs in the published exchange set while retaining gross loop records for QA.	epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995; mass-balance-identity

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
oilseed_preparation	Receipt and oilseed preparation	required	Always include the preparation actually performed at the reporting facility	Foreground receipt, cleaning, optional drying/dehulling, size reduction, conditioning, and flaking	kg prepared oil-bearing material
mechanical_extraction	Mechanical oil extraction	conditional	Include for expeller, screw-press, hydraulic-press, or pre-press stages	Foreground separation of expressed oil and press cake	kg press discharge solids
solvent_extraction	Solvent extraction and recovery	conditional	Include when an organic solvent contacts prepared seed or pre-pressed cake	Foreground extraction, oil/solvent separation, solvent recovery, and solvent-laden solids transfer	kg solvent-laden extracted solids
residue_finishing	Residue conditioning and mill-gate release	required	Always include finishing needed for the declared saleable state	Foreground desolventizing/toasting where applicable, drying, cooling, grinding/sizing/pelleting, storage, and loadout	1,000 kg as-sold reference product

Process: Receipt and oilseed preparation (oilseed_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Received oil-bearing material (received_oil_material)

Oilseeds or oleaginous fruits cross the facility boundary with their upstream burdens. Lot mass and moisture are collected; oil content and foreign matter are collected when used for yield or quality calculations.

• Selected flow: Category- and origin-specific oilseed or oleaginous-fruit product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net received mass for lots attributable to the reporting production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipts
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Preparation electricity (preparation_electricity)

Electricity used for conveying, aspiration, cracking, dehulling, grinding, conditioning auxiliaries, and flaking is recorded from a dedicated meter or allocated shared meter.

• Selected flow: Geography- and voltage-specific electricity product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered or allocated electricity for the production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Waste flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared oil-bearing material (prepared_oil_material)

Prepared material is an internal intermediate quantified for yield and mass-balance control and passed to the declared extraction route.

• Selected flow: Site-specific prepared oil-bearing material intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass or calculated received mass less measured removed material and stock change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Waste flows

Removed foreign matter and rejected seeds (preparation_rejects)

Foreign matter, damaged seeds, and non-saleable cleaning rejects leaving the foreground process are recorded by destination and treatment route.

• Selected flow: Destination-specific biogenic or mixed preparation waste flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured reject mass by disposition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Elementary flows

Preparation particulate release to air (preparation_particulate_air)

Measured or permitted particulate releases from handling, drying, aspiration, and size reduction are recorded after control-device capture.

• Selected flow: Size-fraction- and compartment-specific particulate matter elementary flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: stack/fugitive measurement or documented engineering calculation for the reporting lot
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Process: Mechanical oil extraction (mechanical_extraction)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared material to press (press_feed)

Prepared oil-bearing material entering the press is recorded as the route-specific mass-balance feed.

• Selected flow: Site-specific prepared oil-bearing material intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured press-feed mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Pressing electricity and heat (pressing_utilities)

Electricity and any conditioning heat attributable to pressing are recorded separately by utility in the source ledger and aggregated only for display.

• Selected flow: Geography- and technology-specific electricity, steam, or fuel product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh or MJ
• Amount rule: metered or allocated utility consumption for pressing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Waste flows

Outputs

Product flows

Expressed crude vegetable oil (expressed_crude_oil)

Crude oil is a co-product of the shared extraction operation and is measured before downstream refining.

• Selected flow: Oilseed-specific crude vegetable oil product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured crude-oil output corrected for documented stock change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279; mass-balance-identity

Press cake to finishing (press_cake_intermediate)

Press cake leaving mechanical extraction is measured before drying, cooling, grinding, pelleting, or blending.

• Selected flow: Oilseed-specific press-cake intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured press-cake output and moisture
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: fao-oilseeds-postharvest; mass-balance-identity

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Solvent extraction and recovery (solvent_extraction)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared flakes or pre-pressed cake (solvent_extraction_feed)

The mass and moisture of material entering solvent extraction are collected for the extraction and solvent balances.

• Selected flow: Site-specific prepared flakes or pre-pressed cake intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured extractor feed
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Net extraction solvent makeup (solvent_makeup)

Fresh organic solvent crossing the facility boundary is reported net of returned external solvent and separately from internal recovery and recirculation.

• Selected flow: Declared extraction-solvent product flow, normally n-hexane where applicable
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: purchased solvent minus inventory increase and externally returned solvent, reconciled with product, waste, and release records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_solvent_balance
• Sources: us-epa-solvent-extraction-neshap; epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995; mass-balance-identity

Solvent extraction utilities (solvent_extraction_utilities)

Electricity, direct or indirect steam, fuel, cooling water, and other purchased utilities are recorded separately before normalization.

• Selected flow: Geography- and technology-specific electricity, steam, fuel, and water product flows
• Flow property / unit: Energy or mass / kWh, MJ, kg, or m3
• Amount rule: metered or allocated utility consumption for extraction, distillation, condensation, recovery, and transfer
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Waste flows

Outputs

Product flows

Crude oil from solvent extraction (solvent_crude_oil)

Desolventized crude oil is a co-product measured before storage or downstream refining.

• Selected flow: Oilseed-specific crude vegetable oil product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured desolventized crude-oil output corrected for stock change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279; epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Extracted solids to finishing (extracted_solids_intermediate)

Solvent-laden or desolventized extracted solids are measured at the declared handoff to residue finishing; the exact state is disclosed.

• Selected flow: Oilseed- and state-specific extracted-solids intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass, moisture, and solvent state
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Waste flows

Solvent-bearing condensate or treatment residue (solvent_route_waste)

Condensate or treatment residues leaving the solvent loop are recorded by mass, solvent content, and treatment destination without netting them against recovered solvent.

• Selected flow: Destination-specific solvent-bearing waste flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured waste mass and analytical or calculated solvent content
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_solvent_balance
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Elementary flows

Organic solvent release to air (solvent_release_air)

Measured or mass-balance-derived releases are reported as the chemically specific elementary flow to air; n-hexane is not replaced by a generic VOC flow when it is the solvent used.

• Selected flow: Chemically specific organic-solvent elementary flow to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured stack and fugitive release or solvent-balance residual, with method hierarchy disclosed
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-solvent-extraction-neshap; mass-balance-identity

Process: Residue conditioning and mill-gate release (residue_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Extraction residue entering finishing (residue_finishing_feed)

Press cake or extracted solids enter the finishing step in the state declared by the extraction process.

• Selected flow: Oilseed- and route-specific extraction-residue intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass, moisture, residual oil, and solvent state where applicable
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Finishing utilities and additions (finishing_inputs)

Steam, fuel, electricity, cooling water, and intentionally blended hulls or other additions are recorded separately in source records and by matched Tiangong flow in the concrete dataset.

• Selected flow: Geography- and technology-specific utility or declared addition product flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy or mass / kWh, MJ, kg, or m3
• Amount rule: metered, weighed, or allocated input to desolventizing/toasting, drying, cooling, grinding, sizing, pelleting, storage, and loadout
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Waste flows

Outputs

Product flows

Saleable oil-cake or solid residue (reference_oil_cake)

The finished category product leaves the mill gate at the declared moisture, residual-oil, treatment, physical-form, and grade specification.

• Selected flow: Mustard oil press cake 1fb23bcc-f166-4b96-b451-56264a8af86a for the representative mustard mechanical route; otherwise the matched category-compatible Tiangong product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1,000 kg as-sold reference product, supported by weighbridge, bagging, or loadout records
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Waste flows

Off-specification residue and captured dust (finishing_waste)

Off-specification solids and captured particulate matter leaving the process are reported by recovery, rework, sale, or disposal route; internally reworked material is tracked but not double-counted as an external output.

• Selected flow: Destination-specific solid process-waste flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured external waste mass net of documented internal rework
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass_outputs
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

Elementary flows

Finishing particulate release to air (finishing_particulate_air)

Particulate releases from drying, cooling, grinding, sizing, storage, and loadout are reported after abatement.

• Selected flow: Size-fraction- and compartment-specific particulate matter elementary flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or documented engineering calculation for the reporting lot
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivide_first	all foreground processes	Subdivide and directly assign separately metered preparation, extraction, finishing, storage, waste-treatment, and emission flows whenever their causal link to a product or process is known.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_shared_extraction	crude oil, oil-cake, hulls, and other saleable outputs from shared extraction	When subdivision cannot resolve shared burdens, first test and document a defensible physical causal relation. If no representative physical relation can be established, allocate shared burdens by contemporaneous economic value at the common separation point using measured saleable masses and auditable prices; disclose the method and provide a sensitivity result for a plausible alternative.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_route_consistency	internal intermediates and solvent recovery	Do not allocate burdens to internal transfers or recovered solvent recirculated within the facility. Assign solvent-recovery energy and releases to the solvent-extraction system before allocating shared extraction burdens to saleable outputs.	epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995; eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_waste_and_system_expansion	wastes and avoided-product claims	Keep treatment burdens for discarded material in the system unless a governing study rule specifies otherwise. Do not grant avoided-product credit or apply system expansion by default; if a governing method requires it, report the substituted product, substitution ratio, evidence, and a result without the credit.	eu-pef-2021-2279

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_receipts	oilseed_preparation	received oil-bearing material	weighbridge, receipt, supplier, and laboratory records	lot_id; species; origin; supplier; gross_mass; tare_mass; moisture; oil_content_if_used; foreign_matter; receipt_time	calibrated weighbridge plus representative laboratory sample	kg; mass fraction	each incoming lot	same representative period as output	all oil-bearing material supplying the declared product	net lot mass assigned by production batch or documented inventory reconciliation	calibration record; sampling plan; laboratory method; supplier traceability
cp_utilities	all included processes	electricity, steam, fuel, water, and additions	utility meter, invoice, and allocation records	meter_id; opening; closing; unit; fuel/addition mass; allocation_driver; process_id; timestamp	dedicated meter preferred; shared meter allocated by documented operating time, throughput, or engineering driver	source unit and converted kWh, MJ, kg, or m3	at least monthly and for material batch campaigns	representative continuous 12-month period or documented campaign	all included equipment and utilities	sum dedicated use plus disclosed allocation of shared use; exclude unrelated production	meter calibration; invoices; allocation worksheet; conversion factors
cp_mass_outputs	all included processes	intermediates, products, co-products, rejects, and stock	scale, stock, dispatch, and laboratory records	lot_id; flow_role; gross_mass; tare_mass; moisture; residual_oil_if_relevant; opening_stock; closing_stock; destination	calibrated scale, weighbridge, tank gauge, or validated mass balance	kg; mass fraction	each batch or transfer, reconciled monthly	same period as material and utility records	all included output and internal transfer points	sum external outputs and reconcile internal transfers and stock changes without double counting	calibration record; stock reconciliation; laboratory method; dispatch record
cp_solvent_balance	solvent_extraction	solvent makeup, recovery, inventory, products, wastes, and releases	purchase, tank, recovery, emission, and analytical records	solvent_identity; purchased_mass; returned_mass; opening_stock; closing_stock; recovered_internal_mass; product_or_waste_solvent; measured_release	purchase and inventory records plus recovery meters and analytical tests	kg	each solvent receipt and at least monthly balance	full reporting period	complete solvent loop and emission points	calculate net external makeup and close the solvent balance; retain gross recovery separately	purchase invoice; tank calibration; analytical method; balance reconciliation
cp_air_emissions	all included processes	particulate and organic-solvent releases	stack test, monitoring, leak-survey, and engineering-calculation records	source_id; pollutant; concentration; gas_flow; operating_time; fugitive_method; control_efficiency; detection_limit	compliant stack test, continuous/periodic monitoring, leak survey, or documented mass-balance/engineering method	kg and source measurement units	legal or permit frequency and each material route change	representative reporting period	all included point and fugitive sources	convert measured concentrations and activity to pollutant mass; do not substitute generic VOC for known solvent	test report; instrument calibration; permit report; method statement
cp_product_quality	residue_finishing	reference-product quality and grade	release-lot laboratory, specification, and nonconformance records	lot_id; moisture; dry_matter; residual_oil; hull_content; protein_if_claimed; solvent_residue_if_relevant; physical_form; grade; intended_use; nonconformance	representative lot sampling and validated laboratory or specification method	mass fraction and declared units	each release lot or documented risk-based plan	same output lots as reference mass	all reference-product grades in scope	retain lot results; mass-weight averages may describe the reporting period but shall not erase grade differences	sampling plan; method identifier; laboratory competence; certificate of analysis
cp_prices_and_allocation	mechanical_extraction; solvent_extraction	co-product allocation	invoice, contract, production, and representative market records	product_id; saleable_mass; price; currency; price_basis; contract_date; separation_point	audited sales records or representative market records at the common separation point	currency/kg as sold and dry matter	monthly or each contract period	same period as physical production	all saleable co-products receiving shared burdens	calculate mass and revenue shares on consistent moisture and price bases; document zero-price or non-saleable outputs	invoices; contracts; currency conversion; sensitivity worksheet

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalize_reference	every external exchange	normalized amount = period exchange amount / period as-sold reference-product mass x 1,000 kg	reconciled exchange amount; reconciled reference-product output	amount per 1,000 kg as-sold reference product	mass-balance-identity
calc_dry_matter	solid material and product	dry mass = as-sold mass x (1 - moisture mass fraction); retain both masses and test basis	as-sold mass; measured moisture	kg dry matter and dry-matter fraction	mass-balance-identity
calc_mass_balance	each process and total foreground	imbalance = inputs + opening stock - outputs - closing stock; investigate rather than forcing an unexplained residual to the reference product	measured product/waste masses; stock; measured emissions where material	signed imbalance and percentage of total measured input	mass-balance-identity
calc_net_solvent_makeup	solvent-extraction route	net external solvent makeup = purchases + external receipts - external returns - inventory increase; reconcile with solvent in products, wastes, and releases while recording internal recovery separately	purchase/return records; opening/closing stock; product/waste tests; measured emissions	kg net makeup and solvent-balance closure	epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995; mass-balance-identity
calc_economic_allocation	shared extraction burdens when physical allocation is not defensible	revenue share i = saleable mass i x representative price i / sum of saleable mass x price for all co-products at the separation point	co-product masses; contemporaneous comparable prices; moisture basis	allocation factor for each saleable co-product	eu-pef-2021-2279

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity_and_traceability	reference product and oil-bearing input	Retain lot identity, species, origin, supplier, route, intended use, production date, and trace-forward destination. Feed-grade products shall support timely withdrawal/recall and risk-based inspection, sampling, and analysis.	codex-cxc-54-2004
dq_temporal_alignment	all foreground records	Material, utility, output, price, stock, and emission records shall cover the same representative period; shorter campaigns require documented representativeness and stock reconciliation.	eu-pef-2021-2279
dq_measurement_quality	mass, moisture, oil, solvent, utilities, and emissions	Identify instrument or method, calibration or competence evidence, detection limits where relevant, missing-data treatment, and uncertainty or sensitivity for material calculations.	codex-cxc-54-2004; eu-pef-2021-2279
dq_feed_safety	products declared for animal feed	Document safe source, stable and protected storage condition, risk-based undesirable-substance controls, applicable legal specifications, clear handling/use information, lot identification, and validated sampling/analysis.	codex-cxc-54-2004
dq_completeness	all included processes	Reconcile at least 95% of measured oil-bearing-material mass by identified product, co-product, waste, emission where measured, and stock change; disclose the residual and do not invent a balancing flow.	mass-balance-identity

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_identity	reference product	Fail when oil-bearing species, extraction route, mill-gate state, moisture/dry-matter basis, residual-oil state, hull treatment, intended use, or physical form is missing; fail if the representative mustard flow UUID is used for a different product.	fao-oilseeds-postharvest; mass-balance-identity
validate_route_boundary	process map	Require at least one extraction route, require solvent_extraction when solvent contacts the feed, and reject simultaneous mechanical and solvent stages unless the combined route and intermediate handoff are declared.	epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995; us-epa-solvent-extraction-neshap
validate_reference_mass	reference flow	Require exactly 1 kg for the declared reference flow and a reported moisture result or specification; require 1,000 kg as-sold output in normalized inventory and verify the dry-matter conversion independently.	mass-balance-identity
validate_mass_and_solvent_balance	foreground inventory	Report process and total mass-balance residuals. For solvent routes, require solvent identity, purchases, recovery, stock change, product/waste solvent, and releases; unresolved material imbalance is an error, not an invented flow.	epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995; mass-balance-identity
validate_allocation	shared burdens	Require subdivision evidence or a documented allocation hierarchy, complete co-product list, consistent separation point, auditable factors summing to 1, price/physical basis, and sensitivity result where economic allocation is used.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_feed_claim	feed-grade declaration	Require lot traceability, safe-source evidence, applicable undesirable-substance controls, handling/storage information, sampling plan, validated analyses, and nonconformance disposition before a feed-grade claim is accepted.	codex-cxc-54-2004
validate_completeness	published dataset	Require all required and triggered conditional processes, aligned temporal coverage, disclosed proxy datasets, explicit wastes and releases, and data-quality evidence; mark validation inconclusive when required source records are unavailable.	eu-pef-2021-2279

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset for oil-cake or another saleable solid residue of vegetable-oil extraction
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after methodology review and publication controls
allowed_use	Product carbon-footprint or LCA models requiring mill-gate oil-cake production; supplier and facility comparisons only when product qualifiers, boundaries, allocation, geography, technology, and period are equivalent
excluded_use	Legal feed-safety certification; nutritional equivalence; substitution credit without a governing method; use as a generic proxy across different oilseeds, extraction routes, grades, or moisture states without documented justification
required_metadata	PCR id/version; product flow UUID; species; origin; facility/geography; period; extraction route; solvent; dehulling/hull blending; moisture/dry matter; residual oil; treatment; form; grade/intended use; boundary; upstream datasets; allocation; technology; data owner
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data share; measurement and sampling methods; calibration/laboratory evidence; temporal and geographical representativeness; proxy data; missing-data treatment; mass and solvent balance; allocation sensitivity; uncertainty; feed-safety evidence when claimed
update_trigger	Change in oil-bearing species mix, extraction or solvent technology, solvent recovery, energy source, residue finishing, hull blending, product grade/specification, allocation relation/prices, facility boundary, regulation, or a material shift in yield, utility use, emissions, or product quality

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
epa-ap42-vegetable-oil-1995	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, AP-42 Section 9.11.1, Vegetable Oil Processing, November 1995. https://gaftp.epa.gov/ap42/ch09/s1101/final/c9s1101_nov1995.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Oilseed handling and preparation; solvent extraction; desolventizing/toasting; drying/cooling; grinding, sizing, storage and loadout; particulate and hexane release points
us-epa-solvent-extraction-neshap	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, Solvent Extraction for Vegetable Oil Production: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/solvent-extraction-vegetable-oil-production-national-emission (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Solvent-route definition, solvent recovery, and chemically specific n-hexane release requirements
eu-pef-2021-2279	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on the use of the Environmental Footprint methods, Annex I, especially Section 4.5. ELI: https://data.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Life-cycle data quality, multifunctionality hierarchy, subdivision, physical relation, economic allocation, system expansion disclosure, and verification
codex-cxc-54-2004	standard	FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding, CXC 54-2004, amended 2008 and 2024. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/codes-of-practice/en/ (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Safe sourcing, contamination control, feed-grade handling and storage, labelling information, lot traceability, risk-based sampling, validated analysis, and records
fao-oilseeds-postharvest	official_guidance	FAO Technical Platform on Food Loss and Waste, Oilseeds post-harvest operations. https://www.fao.org/platform-food-loss-waste/resources/publications/grains-and-pulses/3/en (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Category semantics: oilseed crushing yields oil and a protein-rich cake used as livestock feed
mass-balance-identity	method_factor	Foreground conservation-of-mass identity: measured inputs plus opening stock equal measured outputs plus closing stock and quantified losses, subject to an explicitly reported residual.	Normalization, dry-matter conversion, mass and solvent reconciliation, fixed reference output, and completeness QA