Fats and oils and their fractions, of fish, other than liver oils

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers the production, at the producing facility gate, of fats, oils, and physically separated fractions obtained from fish, excluding every oil or fraction derived wholly or partly from fish liver. It applies to non-liver crude fish oil intended for further food processing and to non-liver fish oil or physical fractions presented for human consumption. The declared product shall be consistent with the applicable product description and processing state in CXS 329-2017.

The foreground data package shall identify the fish species by scientific name where known (or the most specific documented taxon where species-level evidence is unavailable), the anatomical part or material stream used, and whether the source was wild or farmed when applicable. Acceptable part declarations include whole fish, body tissue, heads, frames, skin, trimmings, and explicitly segregated non-liver viscera. A generic declaration such as "fish material" is insufficient.

Fish-liver oils, mixtures containing fish-liver oil, marine-mammal oils, shellfish oils, terrestrial animal fats, chemically modified animal fats or oils (including hydrogenated, inter-esterified, re-esterified, or elaidinised products), fatty-acid ethyl esters, and products not intended for the declared food use are outside scope. Extraction, refining, purification, and physical fractionation are included only when performed for the declared non-liver fish-oil product. Upstream fishing, aquaculture, and production of purchased fish-processing materials are represented by linked upstream datasets rather than silently absorbed into this foreground system.

No generic energy demand, composition, or product yield is prescribed. These values depend on species, anatomical part, freshness, incoming oil state, technology, and product grade, and shall be produced from foreground records. CXS 329-2017 composition and quality provisions are used only when they apply to the declared named or unnamed fish oil; they are not converted into universal LCI composition or yield defaults.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.meat-fish-fruits-vegetables-oils-and-fats.fats-and-oils-and-their-fractions-of-fish-other-than-liver-oils
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 21525, Fats and oils and their fractions, of fish, other than liver oils
covered_products	Non-liver crude fish oil intended for further food processing; refined non-liver fish oil; physically separated non-liver fish-oil fractions; named or unnamed fish oils from fish only, provided the species and anatomical part or material stream are declared
excluded_products	Fish-liver oils and any mixture containing them; shellfish oils; marine-mammal oils; lard, tallow, and other terrestrial animal fats; chemically modified animal fats or oils classified outside CPC 21525; fatty-acid ethyl esters; products whose fish species and anatomical source cannot be documented; non-food products
representative_product	One declared non-liver fish oil or physical fraction at the producing facility gate, with species, anatomical source, processing state, and market grade specified
production_route	Receipt and liver-exclusion control; oil recovery and separation when fish material is processed; refining or purification when performed; physical fractionation when performed; storage and dispatch
market_state	Bulk or packaged crude oil intended for further food processing, or bulk or packaged edible oil/fraction ready for the declared downstream food use; oxidation protection and processing state declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Non-liver fish fat, oil, or physical fraction providing the declared oil product function for food processing or human consumption
How much	1 kg net product at the producing facility gate
How well	Meets the declared crude, refined, or physically fractionated grade and the applicable provisions of CXS 329-2017; species, anatomical source, processing state, and conformity basis are documented
How long or cycle	One production lot at gate; no use duration is assigned to this intermediate or final food product
reference_flow_link	The functional unit is realized by 1 kg of the reference product flow, excluding packaging mass

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Fats and oils and their fractions, of fish, other than liver oils dacba994-e061-44ed-940e-61f7820422c6
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	fish scientific name or most specific documented taxon; anatomical part or material stream; explicit confirmation of no liver-derived input; wild or farmed source when applicable; named or unnamed oil; crude, refined, purified, or physically fractionated state; extraction and refining route; food-use status; bulk or packaged state; allocation method; geography; reference period

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report exactly 1 kg net non-liver fish-oil product at the facility gate; packaging mass is inventoried separately and shall not be included in reference product mass.
wet_material_mass	Fish or fish-processing material inputs	Mass	kg	Record received mass on the actual as-received basis and disclose whether water, ice, or other carrier material is included; do not convert to a dry basis without measured moisture data and a documented calculation.
oil_mass_state	Crude oil, refined oil, fractions, and oil residues	Mass	kg	Record each oil stream at the measured processing state and lot boundary; do not infer oil content, yield, or composition from a generic fish-oil factor.
utility_units	Electricity, fuels, steam, heat, cooling, water, and inert gas	Relevant energy, mass, or volume property	Dataset reference unit	Preserve source-record units, document conversions, and normalize actual consumption to 1 kg reference product using the applicable lot output.
quality_measurements	Product quality and identity tests	Test-specific property	Method-specific unit	Record the applicable CXS 329-2017 conformity results and analytical methods without treating fatty-acid or oxidation specifications as inventory mass fractions.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Fish or fish-processing material received with documented species and anatomical source and with liver excluded, or purchased non-liver crude/refined fish oil received with equivalent traceability and processing-state documentation
starting_condition_role	Foreground gate input whose identity, mass, origin, and liver-exclusion evidence determine the eligible production route
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 subclass 21525 only: fish fats, oils, and fractions other than liver oils; chemically modified products and non-fish animal oils remain outside this category
recursive_input_rule	When an eligible non-liver fish oil or fraction is purchased as an input, record it once as a technosphere product input with a separate upstream dataset; do not recursively recreate its upstream extraction or refining inside the receiving process
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link species-, source-system-, geography-, technology-, and period-representative datasets for fishing or aquaculture, fish processing, purchased non-liver fish material or oil, utilities, processing aids, packaging, transport when included, and waste treatment
disclosure	Declare species/taxon, anatomical part or stream, evidence of liver exclusion, wild/farmed status when applicable, incoming material state, all performed processing steps, product grade, cut-off decisions, allocation choices, upstream dataset substitutions, and any data gap

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_non_liver_identity	All input and product streams	Include only fish-derived non-liver oil material. Maintain receiving, segregation, and mass records sufficient to show that liver-derived oil was neither intentionally used nor mixed into the reference product.	unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-329-2017
boundary_foreground_gate	Foreground production system	Start at receipt of the declared eligible material or purchased oil and end when the reference product is stored and ready for dispatch at the producing facility gate; include actual extraction, separation, refining, purification, physical fractionation, storage, and packaging steps performed.	codex-cxs-329-2017; eu-pef-2021
boundary_upstream_links	Upstream supply	Represent fishing, aquaculture, fish processing, purchased intermediates, utilities, processing aids, packaging, and treatment services through explicit upstream product or waste-treatment datasets; do not assign them zero burden by omission.	eu-pef-2021
boundary_actual_flows	Foreground inventory	Include measured product inputs and outputs, energy carriers, water, process aids, packaging, wastes, wastewater, and direct elementary emissions for the performed route. A flow may be excluded only under a documented study rule with its mass and environmental relevance assessed.	eu-pef-2021
boundary_fdm_bat_applicability	Regulatory/BAT interpretation	Do not import FDM BAT emission levels or performance values as generic fish-oil defaults. Decision (EU) 2019/2031 expressly excludes primary fish-oil production from its FDM BAT scope; record site permit requirements and actual emissions separately and identify the applicable sectoral rules.	eu-fdm-bat-2019

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
material_receipt_and_segregation	Material receipt, identity control, and liver exclusion	required	Always	Foreground receipt and eligibility control	kg eligible material or oil accepted
oil_recovery_and_separation	Oil recovery and phase separation	conditional	Include when oil is recovered from whole fish, fish parts, fish-processing streams, or another non-oil feed	Foreground extraction and separation	kg crude non-liver fish oil produced
refining_and_purification	Refining and purification	conditional	Include for every refining or purification step actually performed	Foreground conditioning	kg refined or purified oil produced
physical_fractionation	Physical fractionation or concentration	conditional	Include only when a physical fractionation route is performed without moving the product to a chemically modified category	Foreground product differentiation	kg declared oil fraction produced
storage_packaging_and_dispatch	Storage, packaging, and dispatch preparation	required	Always; packaging inputs apply only to the dispatched market state	Foreground finishing and facility gate	1 kg reference product at facility gate

Process: Material receipt, identity control, and liver exclusion (material_receipt_and_segregation)

Inputs

Product flows

Eligible non-liver fish material or purchased fish oil (eligible_fish_material_input)

Record each received lot separately by species/taxon, anatomical part or material stream, origin, wild/farmed status when applicable, mass, and incoming processing state.

• Selected flow: Declared non-liver fish material, crude oil, refined oil, or physical fraction
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted mass by lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipt_identity
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-329-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted eligible material transferred to processing (accepted_material_output)

Record the measured mass transferred to the next performed process with its species, part, and state unchanged or explicitly updated.

• Selected flow: Accepted non-liver fish material or fish oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transferred mass by lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per receiving lot and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipt_identity
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Waste flows

Rejected, misidentified, or liver-containing material (rejected_ineligible_material)

Record rejected mass and destination. Rejected liver-containing material shall not be netted against eligible input or represented as reference product.

• Selected flow: Rejected fish material or oil to declared treatment or recovery
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured rejected mass by reason and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per receiving lot and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_receipt_identity
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-329-2017

Elementary flows

Process: Oil recovery and phase separation (oil_recovery_and_separation)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted non-liver fish material (recovery_feed_input)

Record measured feed mass and the species and anatomical source carried from receiving.

• Selected flow: Accepted non-liver fish material
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured process feed mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg crude oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Water and other processing media (recovery_water_and_media)

Record water, ice, or other supplied media that cross the process boundary. Do not infer consumption from a generic fish-oil process.

• Selected flow: Site-specific water or declared processing medium
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / recorded unit
• Amount rule: measured consumption by lot, meter, or reconciled invoice
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg crude oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities_and_media
• Sources:

Electricity and thermal energy (recovery_energy)

Record actual electricity, fuel, steam, and supplied heat used for conditioning, cooking, pressing, centrifugation, or separation.

• Selected flow: Site-specific electricity and thermal-energy carriers
• Flow property / unit: Energy or fuel property / recorded unit
• Amount rule: metered, sub-metered, or allocated facility consumption for the recovery lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg crude oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities_and_media
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Direct recovery emissions (recovery_direct_emissions)

Record actual direct air and water emissions attributable to recovery, including combustion emissions where the foreground system operates the combustion source.

• Selected flow: Site-specific elementary emissions to air or water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or permit-method calculated emission by substance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg crude oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_discharges
• Sources: eu-pef-2021

Outputs

Product flows

Crude non-liver fish oil (crude_fish_oil_output)

Record measured crude oil output. The implied recovery yield is calculated from the same-lot feed and output masses; no default yield applies.

• Selected flow: Crude non-liver fish oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured saleable or transferable crude oil mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per recovery lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Non-oil co-products (recovery_coproducts)

Record each protein-rich, aqueous, or other marketable output separately with measured mass and destination.

• Selected flow: Declared co-product by actual market identity
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured output mass by co-product and lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per recovery lot and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
• Sources:

Waste flows

Recovery residues and wastewater (recovery_residues_and_wastewater)

Record separated solids, sludge, rejected oil phases, and wastewater by measured quantity and treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Declared residue, sludge, rejected oil, or wastewater to treatment
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / recorded unit
• Amount rule: measured or mass-balance-reconciled quantity by stream
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg crude oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Process: Refining and purification (refining_and_purification)

Inputs

Product flows

Crude or partially refined non-liver fish oil (refining_oil_input)

Record incoming oil mass and state for every performed refining or purification stage.

• Selected flow: Crude or partially refined non-liver fish oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured feed mass by refining lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Refining aids, water, and gases (refining_aids_and_media)

Record actual alkali, acid, adsorbent, filter aid, water, solvent when used, antioxidant, inert gas, and other processing inputs by named substance and function.

• Selected flow: Named site-specific refining aid or processing medium
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / recorded unit
• Amount rule: measured issue, batch recipe, or reconciled purchase quantity
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_refining_inputs
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Refining electricity and thermal energy (refining_energy)

Record actual electricity, fuel, steam, heating, cooling, vacuum, and compressed-gas energy for the performed sequence.

• Selected flow: Site-specific electricity and thermal-energy carriers
• Flow property / unit: Energy or fuel property / recorded unit
• Amount rule: metered, sub-metered, or allocated facility consumption for the refining lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities_and_media
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Direct refining emissions (refining_direct_emissions)

Record site-specific air and water emissions from refining, solvent handling when applicable, and on-site combustion.

• Selected flow: Site-specific elementary emissions to air or water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or permit-method calculated emission by substance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_emissions_and_discharges
• Sources: eu-pef-2021

Outputs

Product flows

Refined or purified non-liver fish oil (refined_fish_oil_output)

Record measured output mass and declared quality state. Determine CXS 329-2017 applicability from the declared fish-oil type rather than assigning a generic composition.

• Selected flow: Refined or purified non-liver fish oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted oil mass by lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per refining lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_mass_and_quality
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Waste flows

Removed phases and spent refining materials (refining_wastes)

Record soapstock, gums, spent adsorbents or filter aids, distillates, solvent losses, rejected oil, and wastewater only when generated, with destination and any co-product status disclosed.

• Selected flow: Named removed phase or spent material to declared destination
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / recorded unit
• Amount rule: measured or mass-balance-reconciled quantity by stream
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg refined oil output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Elementary flows

Process: Physical fractionation or concentration (physical_fractionation)

Inputs

Product flows

Eligible non-liver fish oil for fractionation (fractionation_oil_input)

Record the measured oil feed, declared composition test where relevant, and processing state before physical fractionation.

• Selected flow: Eligible non-liver fish oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured feed mass by fractionation lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg declared fraction output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Fractionation utilities and processing media (fractionation_utilities_and_media)

Record actual electricity, heating, cooling, vacuum, water, and processing media for winterization or another declared physical separation route.

• Selected flow: Site-specific utility or named processing medium
• Flow property / unit: Relevant property / recorded unit
• Amount rule: metered, batch-recorded, or reconciled consumption
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg declared fraction output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities_and_media
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Declared non-liver fish-oil fraction (fish_oil_fraction_output)

Record measured fraction mass and identity. Do not use a standard composition range as a process yield.

• Selected flow: Declared physical fraction of non-liver fish oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted fraction mass by lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per fractionation lot
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_mass_and_quality
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Other saleable oil fractions (other_fraction_outputs)

Record every other saleable fraction separately with measured mass, specification, destination, and economic status.

• Selected flow: Declared co-product oil fraction
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured co-product fraction mass by lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per fractionation lot and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
• Sources:

Waste flows

Fractionation residues and spent media (fractionation_wastes)

Record non-saleable residues, spent media, and wastewater by measured quantity and treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Named residue or spent medium to declared destination
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / recorded unit
• Amount rule: measured or mass-balance-reconciled quantity by stream
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg declared fraction output and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Process: Storage, packaging, and dispatch preparation (storage_packaging_and_dispatch)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted non-liver fish oil product (dispatch_oil_input)

Record accepted oil mass transferred into final storage after applicable quality release.

• Selected flow: Declared crude, refined, purified, or physically fractionated non-liver fish oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass by lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per dispatch lot and normalized to 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_mass_and_quality
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017

Storage utilities, inert gas, and packaging (dispatch_inputs)

Record actual storage energy, inert gas, antioxidants added at this stage, and primary, secondary, or transport packaging used for the declared market state.

• Selected flow: Site-specific utility, named additive, inert gas, or packaging material
• Flow property / unit: Relevant property / recorded unit
• Amount rule: measured, batch-recorded, or bill-of-material quantity
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_packaging_dispatch
• Sources: codex-cxs-329-2017; eu-pef-2021

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Reference non-liver fish-oil product (reference_product_output)

Report the released product using the verified Tiangong reference identity and required qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Fats and oils and their fractions, of fish, other than liver oils dacba994-e061-44ed-940e-61f7820422c6
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: fixed reference amount of 1 kg net released product
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg reference product at facility gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)
• Sources:

Waste flows

Storage losses, off-specification oil, and packaging waste (dispatch_wastes)

Record actual storage losses, off-specification product, cleaning residues, and packaging waste separately with destination.

• Selected flow: Named oil loss, cleaning residue, or packaging waste to declared destination
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / recorded unit
• Amount rule: measured or inventory-reconciled quantity by stream
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_packaging_dispatch
• Sources:

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid_by_subdivision	Multi-output extraction, refining, and fractionation	First avoid allocation by subdividing the performed processes and directly measuring material, utility, emission, and waste flows for independently operated stages or product lines.	eu-pef-2021
allocation_supplier_input	Purchased fish-processing material or oil	Preserve the upstream burden and allocation status declared by the supplying dataset. Do not assign zero upstream burden merely because the input is described as a by-product, residue, or low-value material.	eu-pef-2021
allocation_physical_relation	Unresolved jointly produced outputs	After practicable subdivision, apply a documented physical causal relationship when it reflects how changing co-product output changes foreground inputs and emissions. Simple mass allocation shall not be labelled causal without justification.	eu-pef-2021
allocation_economic_fallback	Joint outputs without a defensible physical causal relationship	Use economic allocation only as a disclosed fallback. Record product-specific quantities, price source, price basis, currency, geography, reference period, treatment of negative or zero values, and a sensitivity test for material co-products.	eu-pef-2021
allocation_waste_and_recovery	Wastes, residues, recovered materials, and treatment outputs	Classify each output from documented legal/market status and destination. Do not credit a waste as a co-product without a demonstrated function and market; model treatment burdens and any recovery consistently with the selected downstream dataset.	eu-pef-2021
allocation_mass_balance	All multi-output processes	Before allocation, reconcile measured inputs, products, co-products, wastes, and measured stock change on a consistent wet or actual-state mass basis; disclose unexplained imbalance rather than forcing it into oil yield.	eu-pef-2021

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_receipt_identity	material_receipt_and_segregation	received and rejected material identity	receiving log, supplier declaration, traceability record, weighbridge record	lot_id; supplier; fish_scientific_name_or_taxon; common_name; wild_or_farmed; anatomical_part_or_stream; liver_exclusion_evidence; incoming_state; gross_mass; tare_mass; accepted_mass; rejected_mass; rejection_reason; destination	verify documentary identity against physical lot, record mass, and retain explicit liver-exclusion evidence	kg plus text qualifiers	every lot	all lots in reference period	all supplying origins and receiving points serving the dataset	sum accepted and rejected masses by lot; do not combine lots before qualifiers are preserved	signed/controlled receiving record, supplier specification, traceability certificate, scale calibration, segregation record
cp_process_mass_balance	oil_recovery_and_separation	process feeds, products, co-products, wastes, and stock change	batch sheet, tank gauge, scale record, flowmeter, disposal record	process_id; lot_id; stream_id; stream_role; opening_stock; input_mass; output_mass; closing_stock; moisture_or_carrier_basis; destination	reconcile calibrated measurements for every material stream on one stated mass basis	kg	every batch or continuous production campaign	representative period covering routine operating variability	all included lines and shifts	calculate mass balance by process and lot/campaign before normalizing to product output	instrument calibration, batch sign-off, tank conversion table, reconciliation record
cp_utilities_and_media	oil_recovery_and_separation	electricity, fuels, steam, heat, cooling, water, and processing media	submeter, utility meter, batch issue, invoice reconciliation	process_id; lot_or_period; utility_or_medium; opening_reading; closing_reading; quantity; unit; shared_load_basis; operating_hours; production_mass	prefer process submetering; otherwise allocate shared use with a documented engineering driver and reconcile to invoice totals	recorded physical unit	each batch/campaign or at least monthly with production matching	same period as production data	all included equipment and shared services	subtract non-production use where measured, allocate shared use, convert units transparently, and normalize to actual product mass	meter calibration, invoice, boiler log, engineering allocation basis, completeness reconciliation
cp_refining_inputs	refining_and_purification	refining aids and additives	recipe, material issue, purchase and stock record	lot_id; substance_name; function; concentration; issued_quantity; returned_quantity; stock_change; unit; supplier; recovery_or_destination	record net consumed quantity by named substance for each refining sequence	kg, L, or recorded unit	every refining lot	all refining lots in reference period	all included refining lines	net issue equals issued minus returned plus attributable stock change; normalize to accepted refined oil	approved recipe, batch record, inventory reconciliation, supplier identity
cp_emissions_and_discharges	oil_recovery_and_separation	direct air and water emissions	continuous monitor, periodic test, discharge meter, laboratory analysis, fuel calculation	process_id; source_id; substance; concentration; flow; duration; quantity; method; detection_limit; discharge_destination	use site permit or recognized measurement/calculation method and preserve non-detect treatment	kg, kg/m3, m3, or method unit	as required by permit and sufficient to represent the reference period	same production period, with episodic events identified	all attributable stacks, vents, and discharge points	calculate substance load from concentration and flow where needed, map to production, and normalize to reference product	laboratory accreditation, method reference, calibration, permit report, uncertainty and detection-limit record
cp_product_mass_and_quality	storage_packaging_and_dispatch	accepted oil/fraction mass and CXS conformity evidence	tank/scale record, certificate of analysis, release record	lot_id; product_mass; species_or_taxon; anatomical_source; liver_exclusion_confirmation; named_or_unnamed_oil; processing_state; applicable_cxs_section; test_result; test_unit; analytical_method; acceptance_status	measure released mass and retain test results needed for the declared CXS 329-2017 product type	kg and method-specific units	every released lot	all lots in reference period	every product grade and production line in scope	sum only released conforming mass; keep off-specification mass as a separate output	calibrated mass record, chain of custody, accredited or controlled laboratory report, quality release signature
cp_storage_packaging_dispatch	storage_packaging_and_dispatch	storage inputs, packaging, dispatch, and losses	tank log, bill of materials, material issue, dispatch note, cleaning record	lot_id; opening_stock; received_mass; dispatched_mass; closing_stock; loss_mass; electricity; inert_gas; additive; packaging_material; packaging_mass; cleaning_material; waste_destination	reconcile storage stock and record actual packaging and preservation inputs for the declared market state	kg, kWh, m3, or recorded unit	each lot with monthly reconciliation	same period as product output	all tanks, filling lines, and packaging formats in scope	reconcile opening plus receipts to dispatch plus closing stock and losses; normalize inputs to net product mass	tank calibration, BOM revision, dispatch record, inventory reconciliation, waste transfer record

When refining, fractionation, or another process has material direct emissions, instantiate cp_emissions_and_discharges for that process with the same fields and method requirements. When a process-specific mass balance is needed outside recovery, instantiate cp_process_mass_balance with the applicable process_id; do not merge unmatched periods or product grades.

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_net_reference_mass	Reference product	net reference product mass = gross dispatched product-and-container mass - empty container/packaging mass; tank or bulk measurements use calibrated net oil mass directly	gross mass; tare or packaging mass; calibrated bulk mass	kg net reference product	eu-pef-2021
calc_process_yield	Each performed conversion process	process yield = measured accepted target oil or fraction output / measured eligible feed input on the same stated mass basis; report the calculated value without applying a generic default	same-lot accepted output mass; eligible feed mass; mass-basis statement	kg target output per kg eligible feed	codex-cxs-329-2017
calc_mass_balance_closure	Each process and lot/campaign	closure = (total measured outputs + closing stock - opening stock) / total measured inputs; report unmeasured evaporation or sampling only when supported by records and disclose remaining imbalance	all input/output masses; opening and closing stock	dimensionless closure and unexplained kg imbalance	eu-pef-2021
calc_normalized_inventory	Foreground inventory rows	normalized amount = attributable measured or calculated flow quantity / net reference product mass from the same aligned production period	attributable flow quantity; net product mass; unit conversion	flow amount per 1 kg reference product	eu-pef-2021
calc_emission_load	Measured discharges	substance load = measured concentration x measured discharge volume, with unit conversion and documented handling of non-detects; use direct mass measurement when available	concentration; volume or flow and duration; detection-limit treatment	kg substance per period and per kg reference product	eu-pef-2021
calc_allocation_factor	Unavoidable allocation	factor_i = selected physical causal quantity_i / sum quantities, or economic value_i / sum values for the documented fallback; apply one consistent basis to all jointly attributable foreground flows	co-product quantities or values; allocation basis; reference period	allocation factor by output	eu-pef-2021
calc_liver_exclusion_balance	Receiving and product traceability	liver-containing accepted input shall equal zero; any detected or declared liver material is recorded as rejected/ineligible and excludes the affected product lot from this PCR	receiving identity records; segregation records; rejected mass; product genealogy	pass/fail plus kg rejected liver-containing material	unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-329-2017

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dqr_identity_traceability	Product and material identity	Trace every reference-product lot to species/taxon, anatomical part or material stream, origin, wild/farmed status when applicable, and explicit liver-exclusion evidence.	supplier declarations, receiving records, segregation records, batch genealogy, product release record
dqr_measurement	Mass, utilities, and emissions	Use calibrated or controlled measurements; document conversion factors, shared-resource allocation drivers, detection limits, and measurement uncertainty where material.	calibration certificates, meter records, laboratory methods, invoice reconciliation, calculation sheets
dqr_temporal	Foreground data	Use a common representative reference period, normally at least 12 consecutive months unless a shorter campaign is the entire production cycle; justify seasonality and abnormal-event treatment.	dated production, utility, purchase, emission, and dispatch records
dqr_technological	Included processes	Match actual extraction, separation, refining, purification, fractionation, storage, and packaging technologies; do not substitute a generic fish-oil route without disclosure.	process flow diagram, equipment list, batch instructions, operating logs
dqr_geographical	Foreground and upstream data	Represent the actual facility and supplying regions, electricity grid, fuels, water, transport, and treatment services; disclose any proxy geography.	site address, supplier origins, dataset metadata, utility contracts, treatment records
dqr_completeness	Foreground inventory	Reconcile every performed process across material inputs, products, co-products, wastes, stock changes, utilities, wastewater, and direct emissions. Document exclusions and demonstrate they do not hide liver input or a material environmental flow.	mass and energy reconciliations, cut-off log, missing-data register, emission inventory
dqr_no_generic_ranges	Energy, composition, and yield	Do not use a universal fish-oil energy, composition, or yield value. Where source-backed ranges are absent, retain a foreground-data requirement and flag missing observations for replacement before publication or comparative use.	foreground collection protocols, certificates of analysis, unresolved-data register, source review
dqr_source_currency	External rules and datasets	Verify that CXS 329-2017, applicable legal requirements, upstream datasets, and analytical methods are current for the declared geography and product at dataset release.	dated source register, version record, dataset metadata, regulatory review

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	Reference flow	The product flow UUID shall equal dacba994-e061-44ed-940e-61f7820422c6, the Mass property UUID shall equal 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, the unit-group UUID shall equal 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, and the net reference amount shall equal 1 kg.
validate_species_and_part	Product and eligible inputs	Fail validation when the fish species/taxon or anatomical part/material stream is missing, is only stated as generic fish material, or cannot be traced from reference product to received lot.	codex-cxs-329-2017
validate_no_liver	Product category boundary	Fail validation when liver, liver-derived oil, a mixture containing fish-liver oil, or unresolved liver status enters the reference product genealogy.	unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-329-2017
validate_excluded_categories	Product classification	Fail validation for marine-mammal oil, shellfish oil, terrestrial animal fat, fatty-acid ethyl ester, or chemically modified oil outside CPC 21525.	unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-211-1999; codex-cxs-329-2017
validate_cxs_applicability	Declared product grade	Require the dataset to identify the applicable CXS 329-2017 product description and processing state and to retain the corresponding conformity evidence. Do not apply named-oil composition ranges to an undeclared or different oil type.	codex-cxs-329-2017
validate_process_route	Process map and inventory	Every performed foreground step shall appear in the process map and inventory; every included process shall have matched-period inputs, outputs, utilities, wastes, and direct emissions or a documented zero/not-applicable basis.	eu-pef-2021
validate_mass_balance	Each performed process	Require a disclosed mass-balance closure and unexplained imbalance for each lot or aligned campaign; prohibit forced balancing through an invented product yield or composition.	eu-pef-2021
validate_foreground_values	Energy, water, aids, yield, and emissions	Require foreground records or documented calculations from those records. Reject generic energy, water, composition, and yield defaults not supported by a cited source and declared applicability.	eu-pef-2021
validate_allocation	Multi-output processes	Require subdivision evidence or a documented physical causal relationship; when economic allocation is used, require prices, period, geography, currency, treatment of zero/negative values, and sensitivity results.	eu-pef-2021
validate_data_quality	Published dataset	Require identity, technological, temporal, geographical, measurement, completeness, source-currency, missing-data, and proxy disclosures sufficient for review and downstream reuse.	eu-pef-2021
validate_fdm_bat_scope	BAT or regulatory claims	Reject any claim that Decision (EU) 2019/2031 supplies generic fish-oil BAT performance or emission values; its stated exclusion of primary fish-oil production shall be disclosed when the source is referenced.	eu-fdm-bat-2019

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Facility-gate foreground production dataset for one declared non-liver fish oil or physical fraction
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset when independently reviewed and the user confirms scope, geography, technology, and product-grade representativeness
allowed_use	LCA of food-grade non-liver fish oil production and downstream food products when species/taxon, anatomical source, route, allocation, geography, period, and market state match the intended use
excluded_use	Fish-liver oil; mixtures containing liver oil; shellfish or marine-mammal oil; terrestrial animal fats; chemically modified oils or fatty-acid ethyl esters outside CPC 21525; feed or technical-grade products; comparative assertions without applicable review and equivalent modelling choices
required_metadata	PCR id and version; reference UUIDs; species/taxon; anatomical part/material stream; liver-exclusion evidence; wild/farmed status when applicable; crude/refined/fraction state; named/unnamed oil; performed process route; facility geography; reference period; allocation; cut-off; upstream dataset list; CXS applicability; packaging state
required_quality_disclosure	Measurement and calibration basis; lot and temporal coverage; mass-balance closure; utility allocation; product-quality methods; co-product and waste classification; direct-emission methods; missing data; proxies; uncertainty; source versions; review status
update_trigger	Change in species or anatomical source, inclusion of liver material, raw-material supply system, extraction/refining/fractionation technology, product grade or CXS applicability, allocation basis, packaging state, site, utility mix, emission controls, legal requirements, or a material improvement in foreground evidence

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-3-0-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 3.0 Explanatory Notes, subclasses 21524-21525 and groups 2152/2159, 30 June 2025. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-12)	CPC product boundary; separation of fish-liver oils; exclusion of chemically modified animal fats and oils
codex-cxs-329-2017	standard	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 329-2017, Standard for Fish Oils, adopted 2017 and amended 2021 and 2024. https://workspace.fao.org/sites/codex/Standards/CXS%20329-2017/CXS_329e.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-12)	Fish-oil descriptions; crude versus direct-consumption state; named/unnamed oil identity; extraction/refining/fractionation route; product quality, hygiene, and labelling applicability
codex-cxs-211-1999	standard	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 211-1999, Standard for Named Animal Fats, adopted 1999 and amended through 2024. https://workspace.fao.org/sites/codex/Standards/CXS%20211-1999/CXS_211e.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-12)	Scope contrast excluding named terrestrial animal fats such as lard and tallow from this fish-oil PCR
eu-pef-2021	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 of 15 December 2021 on the use of the Environmental Footprint methods. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj (retrieved 2026-08-12)	Functional unit, explicit system boundary, company-specific foreground data, inventory completeness, data quality, allocation hierarchy, reporting, and validation
eu-fdm-bat-2019	official_guidance	Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2031 of 12 November 2019 establishing BAT conclusions for the food, drink and milk industries. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2019/2031/oj (retrieved 2026-08-12)	Applicability check: primary fish-oil production is excluded from FDM BAT scope; direct emission and wastewater records must rely on actual site methods and applicable sectoral rules rather than imported FDM values