Cane sugar

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to the foreground manufacture of unrefined cane sugar at a sugar mill, from reception of harvested sugar cane through juice extraction, clarification, evaporation, crystallization, centrifugation, drying, cooling, and bulk dispatch or declared packaging. It covers CPC 3.0 code 23511. Onsite steam and power generation and onsite wastewater treatment are included when operated by the reporting mill; otherwise purchased utilities and transferred wastewater cross the foreground boundary as individual exchanges.

Sugar-cane cultivation and transport to the mill are outside the foreground process map but must be represented by traceable upstream datasets. Beet sugar, refined sugar, flavoured or coloured sugar, syrups, and molasses sold as the reference product are excluded. A refining stage after raw-sugar production requires another product-system rule and must not be hidden inside this PCR.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.grain-mill-products-starches-and-starch-products-other-food-products.cane-sugar
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 23511 Cane sugar
covered_products	Partially purified sucrose crystallized from partially purified sugar-cane juice without further refining, including declared raw or mill-white cane-sugar routes that remain within CPC 23511.
excluded_products	Beet sugar; refined sugar; flavoured or coloured sugar; liquid sugar and syrup; molasses as the declared reference product; cultivation-only datasets.
representative_product	Conforming cane sugar leaving the sugar mill.
production_route	Sugar-cane reception and preparation; milling or diffusion; juice clarification; evaporation; crystallization and centrifugation; drying and cooling; optional packaging.
market_state	Bulk or declared packaged mill-gate product, with grade, moisture or polarization basis, and packaging state disclosed.

The Codex identity for raw cane sugar is used as an identity and quality qualifier, not as a source of inventory quantities. CPC scope controls classification; the declared product specification controls whether a dataset is representative of the intended cane-sugar grade.

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Cane sugar conforming to the declared grade and specification, produced from sugar cane without a subsequent refinery stage.
How much	1 kg net mass of conforming cane sugar at the mill gate.
How well	Declare grade or standard, polarization or sucrose basis, moisture basis, colour or route qualifier when relevant, and whether the product is raw, mill-white, bulk, or packaged.
How long or cycle	One full crushing season or at least 12 consecutive months representative of normal operation; disclose shutdowns and atypical campaigns.
reference_flow_link	The output row cane_sugar_output in process sugar_finishing.

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Cane sugar; Tiangong UUID unresolved.
Reference flow property	Mass (93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66)
Reference unit group	Units of mass (93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66)
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	Cane source region and upstream dataset; cane delivery condition; declared sugar grade or specification; polarization or sucrose basis; moisture basis; raw or mill-white route; sulphitation or other clarification route; bulk or packaging configuration; site, technology and crushing season; utility configuration; co-product disposition and allocation method.

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
measure_reference_mass	Cane sugar reference output	Mass	kg	Determine net conforming product mass on a calibrated scale, excluding packaging mass, and normalize all exchanges to exactly 1 kg.
measure_material_mass	Cane, chemicals, fuels, products, co-products, solid wastes, sludge, and air or water emissions	Mass	kg	Use direct mass records where available; otherwise document the measured inputs, density or composition, conversion equation, and uncertainty.
measure_water	Process water, wash water, condensate, and wastewater	Volume or Mass	m3 or kg	Retain the metered unit in raw records and convert only with a documented density and temperature basis. Do not aggregate freshwater, recovered condensate, and wastewater.
measure_electricity	Purchased, generated, consumed, and exported electricity	Energy	kWh	Use revenue-grade or calibrated submeter readings and distinguish onsite generation, internal consumption, import, and export.
measure_thermal_energy	Steam and purchased heat	Energy	MJ	Calculate from measured mass flow, pressure, temperature, condensate condition, and documented enthalpy; do not combine steam with fuels or electricity.
measure_concentration_load	Wastewater substances	Mass	kg	Calculate discharged load from matched flow and concentration records after treatment; preserve the measured analyte identity and sampling basis.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Harvested sugar cane received and weighed at the sugar-mill gate.
starting_condition_role	Upstream product input to the foreground mill system.
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 23511 only.
recursive_input_rule	Every purchased material, fuel, electricity, heat, water supply, and packaging component crossing the boundary is linked to a separate upstream dataset; do not recursively include those upstream processes inside the foreground mill map.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geography-, technology-, and time-representative datasets for cane cultivation and transport, utilities, chemicals, fuels, packaging, and external waste treatment.
disclosure	Declare the mill route, internal recirculation, co-product destinations, wastewater route, boiler or CHP configuration, exported energy, and all exclusions.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_mill_gate	Foreground system	Include cane reception through conforming sugar dispatch and all onsite operations serving those stages.	us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007
boundary_upstream_cane	Cane cultivation and transport	Keep cultivation and inbound transport outside the foreground process map but represent them as traceable upstream datasets.	eu-pef-2021-2279
boundary_internal_recycling	Bagasse, condensate, water, steam, electricity, and intermediate juice or syrup	Model internal transfers consistently and do not count an internally reused flow as both an avoided product and an external output.	eu-pef-2021-2279, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007
boundary_conditional_routes	CHP, optional clarification chemicals, packaging, and wastewater treatment	Include a conditional process or exchange only when the route operates; document not_applicable only with site evidence.	us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
cane_reception_extraction	Cane reception, cleaning, preparation and juice extraction	required	Always	Receive cane and separate raw juice, bagasse, cleaning residues, and wastewater.	Net mass of raw cane juice transferred to clarification.
juice_clarification	Juice heating, clarification and filtration	required	Always	Remove suspended and nonsugar matter and produce clarified juice.	Net mass of clarified cane juice transferred to evaporation.
juice_evaporation	Multiple-effect juice evaporation	required	Always	Concentrate clarified juice to cane syrup.	Net mass of concentrated cane syrup transferred to crystallization.
sugar_crystallization	Vacuum-pan crystallization and centrifugation	required	Always	Separate wet cane-sugar crystals and molasses.	Net mass of wet cane-sugar crystals transferred to finishing.
sugar_finishing	Drying, cooling, grading and dispatch or packaging	required	Always	Produce the conforming reference product.	1 kg net conforming cane sugar.
steam_power_generation	Onsite boiler or combined heat and power generation	conditional	Include when the mill combusts bagasse or another fuel onsite.	Supply steam or electricity and account for fuel, ash, and stack emissions.	Net steam and electricity supplied to foreground processes.
wastewater_treatment	Onsite cane-sugar mill wastewater treatment	conditional	Include when wastewater is treated within the reporting site.	Treat process wastewater and account for effluent, sludge, and treatment emissions.	Volume of wastewater treated.

Process: Cane reception, cleaning, preparation and juice extraction (cane_reception_extraction)

Inputs

Product flows

Delivered sugar cane (sugar_cane_input)

Sugar cane crosses the mill gate and is the principal feedstock. Record weighbridge net mass and link the exchange to a representative cultivation and inbound-transport dataset.

• Selected flow: Sugar cane; Tiangong UUID unresolved.
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record delivered net cane mass for the reporting period and normalize to 1 kg conforming cane sugar.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_feed
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Cane washing water (cane_washing_water_input)

This row represents only freshwater or supplied water used to wash cane before extraction.

• Selected flow: Cane washing water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record the metered amount when wet cleaning is used; mark not applicable only for a documented dry-cleaning route.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_water_energy
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Imbibition water (imbibition_water_input)

Water applied during milling or diffusion to recover residual sucrose is kept separate from cane washing water.

• Selected flow: Imbibition water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record metered imbibition water supplied to extraction.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_water_energy
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Extraction electricity (extraction_electricity_input)

Electricity for cane handling, preparation, milling or diffusion is one separate utility exchange.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage, at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Record submetered electricity consumed by reception, preparation and extraction.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_water_energy
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Extraction steam (extraction_steam_input)

Steam used for extraction conditioning is recorded only where the route uses it.

• Selected flow: Process steam at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Calculate supplied steam energy from metered mass and operating state; record not applicable when no steam is used.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_water_energy
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Outputs

Product flows

Raw cane juice (raw_cane_juice_output)

Extracted juice is transferred to clarification as an internal product flow.

• Selected flow: Raw cane juice (db15cb0e-919a-4c23-a926-69509fef15e2)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record measured raw-juice mass or calculate it from flow and density records.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Bagasse (bagasse_output)

Fibrous cane residue leaves extraction for internal fuel use, sale, or waste management; its destination determines treatment under allocation rules.

• Selected flow: Bagasse (f13cc16c-a598-48a2-b226-fdd991eac633)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record bagasse mass and moisture at each distinct destination; do not count internal boiler feed as an exported co-product.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Waste flows

Cane leaves from cleaning (cane_leaves_waste)

Leaves and tops removed at reception are recorded as a separate solid waste or recovered biomass stream.

• Selected flow: Cane leaves from sugar-mill cleaning
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record measured mass by destination and classify as waste unless a documented useful product destination exists.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_outputs
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Soil from cane cleaning (cane_cleaning_soil_waste)

Soil removed from delivered cane is not combined with leaves or wastewater solids.

• Selected flow: Soil from sugar-cane cleaning
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record collected soil mass and treatment destination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_outputs
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Cane washing wastewater (cane_washing_wastewater_output)

Wastewater from wet cane cleaning is transferred to treatment or offsite management as one concrete wastewater flow.

• Selected flow: Cane washing wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record metered discharge by destination when wet cleaning is used.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_extraction_outputs
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Process: Juice heating, clarification and filtration (juice_clarification)

Inputs

Product flows

Raw cane juice (raw_cane_juice_input)

This internal transfer must match the extraction output after documented storage change or loss.

• Selected flow: Raw cane juice (db15cb0e-919a-4c23-a926-69509fef15e2)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record raw juice received by clarification and reconcile it to raw_cane_juice_output.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_inputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Hydrated lime (hydrated_lime_input)

Lime used to adjust pH and assist clarification is recorded as a distinct chemical input.

• Selected flow: hydrated lime (0ef11ca4-62b6-4a66-b5d9-76d6539ec86e)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record dry-equivalent hydrated-lime mass from batch or dosing records.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_inputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Phosphoric acid (phosphoric_acid_input)

Phosphoric acid is included only for a route that doses it during clarification.

• Selected flow: Phosphoric acid, pure substance
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record active-substance mass from solution concentration and metered dose; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_inputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Sulfur dioxide (sulfur_dioxide_clarification_input)

Sulfur dioxide used as a sulphitation reagent is distinct from sulfur dioxide emitted by combustion.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide, clarification reagent
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record active sulfur-dioxide mass supplied to the juice when sulphitation is used; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_inputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Polyacrylamide flocculant (clarification_flocculant_input)

Polymer flocculant is included only when dosed and is not grouped with lime or phosphoric acid.

• Selected flow: Polyacrylamide flocculant
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record active-polymer mass from concentration and dosing records; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_inputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Clarification steam (clarification_steam_input)

Steam supplied for juice heating is kept separate from electricity and fuel.

• Selected flow: Process steam at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Calculate steam energy from metered mass and thermodynamic state.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_utilities
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Clarification electricity (clarification_electricity_input)

Electricity for heaters, pumps, clarifiers, filters, and auxiliaries is recorded separately.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage, at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Record submetered clarification electricity.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_utilities
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Filter wash water (filter_wash_water_input)

Water used to wash clarification filter cake is kept separate from other process water.

• Selected flow: Clarification filter wash water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record metered wash water where cake washing is used; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_utilities
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Outputs

Product flows

Clarified cane juice (clarified_cane_juice_output)

Clarified juice is an internal product flow transferred to evaporation.

• Selected flow: Clarified cane juice (9d68309c-8623-4e3a-b9c7-ee9c11007ed5)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record measured clarified-juice mass or calculate from flow and density records.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Sugarcane filter cake co-product (filter_cake_product_output)

Use this product row only for filter cake with a documented useful destination and market or substituted function.

• Selected flow: Sugarcane filter cake (press mud)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record wet mass, moisture, dry mass, and useful destination; do not also report the same mass as waste.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_outputs
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Waste flows

Sugarcane filter cake waste (filter_cake_waste_output)

Use this row only for filter cake sent to disposal or waste treatment.

• Selected flow: Sugarcane filter cake waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record wet mass, moisture, dry mass, and treatment destination; do not also report the same mass as a product.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_clarification_outputs
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Process: Multiple-effect juice evaporation (juice_evaporation)

Inputs

Product flows

Clarified cane juice (clarified_cane_juice_input)

Clarified juice received by evaporation must reconcile with the preceding process output.

• Selected flow: Clarified cane juice (9d68309c-8623-4e3a-b9c7-ee9c11007ed5)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record transferred clarified-juice mass and reconcile storage changes.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_evaporation_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Evaporation steam (evaporation_steam_input)

Steam supplied to the multiple-effect evaporators is a separate thermal exchange.

• Selected flow: Process steam at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Calculate steam energy from metered mass and thermodynamic state.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_evaporation_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Evaporation electricity (evaporation_electricity_input)

Electricity for pumps, vacuum systems, and evaporator auxiliaries is recorded separately.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage, at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Record submetered evaporation electricity.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_evaporation_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Outputs

Product flows

Concentrated cane syrup (concentrated_cane_syrup_output)

Concentrated syrup is transferred to crystallization as an internal product flow.

• Selected flow: Concentrated cane syrup (38f69d10-beb9-44de-a39f-e9c6bb39be5a)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record syrup mass or calculate from measured flow, density, and solids concentration.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_evaporation_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Recovered process condensate (evaporation_condensate_output)

Condensate recovered for internal use or discharged is tracked as a distinct water product flow.

• Selected flow: Recovered process condensate
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record metered condensate by reuse or discharge destination.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_evaporation_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Process: Vacuum-pan crystallization and centrifugation (sugar_crystallization)

Inputs

Product flows

Concentrated cane syrup (concentrated_cane_syrup_input)

Syrup received by crystallization must reconcile with the evaporator output.

• Selected flow: Concentrated cane syrup (38f69d10-beb9-44de-a39f-e9c6bb39be5a)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record transferred syrup mass and reconcile storage changes.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crystallization_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Crystallization steam (crystallization_steam_input)

Steam supplied to vacuum pans is recorded separately from electricity and fuels.

• Selected flow: Process steam at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Calculate steam energy from metered mass and thermodynamic state.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crystallization_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Crystallization electricity (crystallization_electricity_input)

Electricity for vacuum, agitation, centrifuges, and auxiliaries is a separate exchange.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage, at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Record submetered crystallization and centrifugation electricity.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crystallization_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Crystal wash water (crystal_wash_water_input)

Water applied in centrifuges to wash sugar crystals is kept separate from other process water.

• Selected flow: Cane-sugar crystal wash water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record metered wash water supplied to centrifuges.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crystallization_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Seed sugar (seed_sugar_input)

Sugar used for crystal seeding is recorded when externally supplied or not already included in an internal recycle.

• Selected flow: Seed sugar for cane-sugar crystallization
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record net externally supplied seed sugar; exclude closed internal recycle already included in product mass.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crystallization_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Isopropyl alcohol (isopropyl_alcohol_input)

Isopropyl alcohol used to prepare a seed slurry is conditional and must not be grouped with seed sugar.

• Selected flow: Isopropyl alcohol
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record pure-substance mass when used for seed preparation; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crystallization_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Outputs

Product flows

Wet cane-sugar crystals (wet_cane_sugar_output)

Wet crystals are transferred to drying and cooling as an internal product flow.

• Selected flow: Wet cane-sugar crystals
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record wet-crystal mass and moisture at transfer to finishing.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crystallization_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Molasses (molasses_output)

Final molasses separated by centrifugation is a separate product or residue flow whose disposition controls allocation.

• Selected flow: Molasses (dcc60867-03df-4ea1-be73-6d88987911bd)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record mass, solids or moisture basis, and destination; do not combine with wastewater.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crystallization_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Waste flows

Crystallization and centrifuge wastewater (crystallization_wastewater_output)

Wastewater from pan cleaning, centrifugation, or sugar washing is transferred as a concrete wastewater flow.

• Selected flow: Crystallization and centrifuge wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record metered wastewater by destination and exclude condensate already reported separately.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_crystallization_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Process: Drying, cooling, grading and dispatch or packaging (sugar_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Wet cane-sugar crystals (wet_cane_sugar_input)

Wet crystals received by finishing must reconcile with crystallization output.

• Selected flow: Wet cane-sugar crystals
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record received wet-crystal mass and moisture and reconcile storage changes.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Finishing electricity (finishing_electricity_input)

Electricity for drying fans, cooling, grading, conveying, and packaging is recorded separately.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage, at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Record submetered finishing electricity.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Finishing steam (finishing_steam_input)

Steam used for sugar drying is conditional and kept separate from purchased heat.

• Selected flow: Process steam at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Calculate steam energy from measured mass and thermodynamic state; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997

Purchased drying heat (purchased_drying_heat_input)

Purchased heat is reported only when supplied externally and is not combined with onsite steam.

• Selected flow: Purchased process heat for cane-sugar drying
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Record metered purchased heat; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Kraft paper sugar sack (kraft_sack_input)

Kraft paper sacks are one packaging component and are included only for the declared package configuration.

• Selected flow: Kraft paper sack for cane sugar
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record net sack mass consumed, including recorded production loss, when used.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_packaging
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Woven polypropylene sugar sack (polypropylene_sack_input)

Woven polypropylene sacks are recorded separately from paper sacks and liners.

• Selected flow: Woven polypropylene sack for cane sugar
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record net sack mass consumed, including recorded production loss, when used.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_packaging
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Polyethylene liner (polyethylene_liner_input)

An internal polyethylene liner is a distinct packaging component.

• Selected flow: Polyethylene liner for cane-sugar sack
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record net liner mass consumed, including recorded production loss, when used.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_packaging
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Outputs

Product flows

Cane sugar reference product (cane_sugar_output)

This is the only reference product flow. Packaging mass is excluded from its net mass.

• Selected flow: Cane sugar; Tiangong UUID unresolved.
• Flow property / unit: Mass (93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66) / kg; unit group Units of mass (93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66)
• Amount rule: Set to exactly 1 kg after normalizing all reporting-period exchanges by net conforming cane-sugar output.
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Generic (generic)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-0, codex-cxs-212-1999

Waste flows

Off-specification cane sugar (off_spec_sugar_waste)

Rejected sugar not recycled into the measured production system is recorded separately from the reference product.

• Selected flow: Off-specification cane sugar waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record net mass by recycling, recovery, or disposal destination; exclude internal recycle already reconciled.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Waste kraft paper sack (waste_kraft_sack_output)

Packaging loss from kraft sacks is a separate waste exchange.

• Selected flow: Waste kraft paper sack
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record waste mass and treatment destination when kraft sacks are used.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_packaging
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Waste woven polypropylene sack (waste_polypropylene_sack_output)

Packaging loss from woven polypropylene sacks is not grouped with paper or polyethylene waste.

• Selected flow: Waste woven polypropylene sack
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record waste mass and treatment destination when polypropylene sacks are used.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_packaging
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Waste polyethylene liner (waste_polyethylene_liner_output)

Packaging loss from polyethylene liners is a separate waste exchange.

• Selected flow: Waste polyethylene liner
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record waste mass and treatment destination when liners are used.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_packaging
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Elementary flows

Particulate matter below 10 micrometres (finishing_pm10_to_air)

Sugar dust emitted after abatement from drying, cooling, conveying, or packaging is reported as PM10 to air.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, < 10 micrometres, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use stack or workplace-exhaust measurement adjusted to emitted load; if calculated, disclose airflow, concentration, abatement, and operating time.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_air
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Process: Onsite boiler or combined heat and power generation (steam_power_generation)

Inputs

Product flows

Bagasse boiler fuel (bagasse_fuel_input)

Bagasse combusted onsite is an internal product transfer and must match the assigned share of extraction output.

• Selected flow: Bagasse (f13cc16c-a598-48a2-b226-fdd991eac633)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record as-fired mass and moisture supplied to boilers and reconcile with bagasse_output.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_fuels
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Natural gas (natural_gas_input)

Natural gas is a conditional fossil fuel and is not grouped with fuel oil or biomass.

• Selected flow: Natural gas, combusted in sugar-mill boiler
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Record metered lower-heating-value energy when used; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_fuels
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Fuel oil (fuel_oil_input)

Fuel oil used for boiler firing or startup is one separate fuel exchange.

• Selected flow: Residual fuel oil, combusted in sugar-mill boiler
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record delivered mass and heating value when used; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_fuels
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Diesel (diesel_input)

Diesel used for boiler startup is separated from mobile-equipment diesel outside this process.

• Selected flow: Diesel, combusted in sugar-mill boiler
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record boiler-consumed mass when used; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_fuels
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Coal (coal_input)

Coal is included only at mills that combust it and is not grouped with bagasse or liquid fuels.

• Selected flow: Coal, combusted in sugar-mill boiler
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record as-fired mass, moisture, and heating value when used; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_fuels
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Boiler feedwater (boiler_feedwater_input)

Make-up and treated boiler feedwater is recorded separately from process and wash water.

• Selected flow: Boiler feedwater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record metered make-up water supplied to the boiler system net of returned condensate.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_fuels
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Outputs

Product flows

Generated steam (generated_steam_output)

Steam supplied to foreground processes is an internal product flow; exported steam is disclosed separately by destination.

• Selected flow: Process steam at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Calculate net supplied steam energy from mass flow and thermodynamic state after boiler-house own use.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_outputs
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Generated electricity (generated_electricity_output)

Gross generation, internal use, import, and export must be metered separately.

• Selected flow: Electricity, generated at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Record net electricity supplied to foreground processes and separately disclose any export.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_outputs
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Waste flows

Boiler ash (boiler_ash_output)

Ash leaving the boiler or particulate-control system is a separate solid waste or useful product stream.

• Selected flow: Sugar-mill boiler ash
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record dry and wet mass by destination; classify a useful destination as a product only with supporting evidence.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utility_outputs
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Elementary flows

Biogenic carbon dioxide (biogenic_carbon_dioxide_to_air)

Carbon dioxide from bagasse carbon is reported separately from fossil carbon dioxide.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, biogenic, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use measured carbon content and oxidation balance or a disclosed authoritative factor applied to measured bagasse combustion.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_stack_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Fossil carbon dioxide (fossil_carbon_dioxide_to_air)

Carbon dioxide from natural gas, fuel oil, diesel, or coal is kept separate from biogenic carbon dioxide.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate by fuel from measured consumption, carbon content, and oxidation or use direct measurement; sum only after fuel-specific records are retained.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_stack_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Methane from combustion (combustion_methane_to_air)

Unburned methane from stationary combustion is reported as a distinct elementary flow.

• Selected flow: Methane, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use direct measurement or a disclosed fuel- and equipment-specific factor applied to measured fuel use.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_stack_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Nitrous oxide from combustion (combustion_nitrous_oxide_to_air)

Nitrous oxide is not grouped with nitrogen monoxide or nitrogen dioxide.

• Selected flow: Nitrous oxide, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use direct measurement or a disclosed fuel- and equipment-specific factor applied to measured fuel use.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_stack_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Carbon monoxide (carbon_monoxide_to_air)

Carbon monoxide from boiler combustion is one distinct elementary flow.

• Selected flow: Carbon monoxide, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use stack measurement or a disclosed fuel- and boiler-specific factor applied to measured fuel use.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_stack_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Nitrogen monoxide (nitrogen_monoxide_to_air)

Measured or calculated nitrogen monoxide is reported separately from nitrogen dioxide.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen monoxide, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use speciated stack measurement or a disclosed conversion from measured nitrogen oxides with the speciation basis retained.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_stack_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Nitrogen dioxide (nitrogen_dioxide_to_air)

Measured or calculated nitrogen dioxide is reported separately from nitrogen monoxide.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen dioxide, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use speciated stack measurement or a disclosed conversion from measured nitrogen oxides with the speciation basis retained.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_stack_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Sulfur dioxide from combustion (combustion_sulfur_dioxide_to_air)

Combustion sulfur dioxide is distinct from sulfur dioxide used as a clarification reagent.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use stack measurement or calculate from measured fuel sulfur, retention, and abatement with the basis disclosed.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_stack_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Boiler particulate matter below 10 micrometres (boiler_pm10_to_air)

PM10 after the installed control device is reported separately from sugar-drying dust.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, < 10 micrometres, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use stack measurement or a disclosed fuel-, boiler-, and control-specific factor applied to measured fuel use.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_stack_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Process: Onsite cane-sugar mill wastewater treatment (wastewater_treatment)

Inputs

Waste flows

Cane-sugar mill process wastewater (mill_wastewater_input)

This row receives the combined, measured process-wastewater flow after internal water reuse has been subtracted.

• Selected flow: Cane-sugar mill process wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record influent volume by source and reconcile the sum with wastewater transfers from foreground processes.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Product flows

Wastewater-treatment electricity (wastewater_electricity_input)

Electricity for pumping, aeration, mixing, and dewatering is recorded separately.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage, at sugar mill
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Record treatment-system submeter readings.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Sodium hydroxide (wastewater_sodium_hydroxide_input)

Sodium hydroxide used for wastewater pH control is a conditional chemical input.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide, pure substance
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record active-substance mass from solution concentration and metered dose; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Wastewater-treatment flocculant (wastewater_flocculant_input)

Flocculant used in sedimentation or sludge dewatering is distinct from clarification flocculant.

• Selected flow: Polyacrylamide flocculant for wastewater treatment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record active-polymer mass from concentration and dosing records; otherwise document not applicable.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Outputs

Product flows

Treated water for internal reuse (treated_water_reuse_output)

Treated water reused onsite is an internal product flow and must not also be counted as a surface-water discharge.

• Selected flow: Treated sugar-mill water for internal reuse
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record metered treated-water volume returned to identified foreground uses.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Waste flows

Wastewater-treatment sludge (wastewater_sludge_output)

Sludge is recorded separately from clarification filter cake and boiler ash.

• Selected flow: Cane-sugar mill wastewater-treatment sludge
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record wet mass, dry solids, and treatment or useful destination; avoid double counting with filter cake.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Elementary flows

Methane from wastewater treatment (wastewater_methane_to_air)

Methane released from anaerobic treatment is included when not captured and combusted.

• Selected flow: Methane, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measure captured and emitted gas separately or apply a disclosed treatment-specific calculation to measured organic load; otherwise document not applicable for non-anaerobic routes.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Biogenic carbon dioxide from wastewater treatment (wastewater_biogenic_co2_to_air)

Biogenic carbon dioxide released by biological treatment is kept separate from fossil combustion emissions.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, biogenic, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use measured gas flow and composition or a disclosed carbon balance based on measured wastewater load.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Chemical oxygen demand to surface water (cod_to_water)

Residual chemical oxygen demand is a monitored water emission, not a substitute for speciated substances where those data exist.

• Selected flow: Chemical oxygen demand, to surface water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Multiply matched treated-effluent volume by laboratory COD concentration and convert to kg discharged.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Nitrate to surface water (nitrate_to_water)

Nitrate is reported only when measured or analytically derived as nitrate; do not relabel total nitrogen as nitrate.

• Selected flow: Nitrate, to surface water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Multiply matched effluent volume by measured nitrate concentration and convert to kg discharged; otherwise leave unresolved rather than infer from total nitrogen.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Phosphate to surface water (phosphate_to_water)

Phosphate is reported only when measured or analytically derived as phosphate; do not relabel total phosphorus as phosphate.

• Selected flow: Phosphate, to surface water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Multiply matched effluent volume by measured phosphate concentration and convert to kg discharged; otherwise leave unresolved rather than infer from total phosphorus.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Suspended solids to surface water (suspended_solids_to_water)

Residual suspended solids are calculated from matched treated-effluent volume and laboratory concentration.

• Selected flow: Suspended solids, to surface water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Multiply matched treated-effluent volume by measured suspended-solids concentration and convert to kg discharged.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg cane sugar reference output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_emissions
• Sources: ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	Multi-output mill and utility processes	First subdivide processes or expand the system where technically feasible and supported by traceable data.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_co_product_status	Bagasse, molasses, filter cake, ash, exported steam, and exported electricity	Determine separately whether each destination is internal reuse, a product with a useful function, or waste. Do not assign a co-product credit or allocation share to waste.	ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007, eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_physical_relation	Remaining inseparable co-products	If subdivision or expansion cannot be applied, use a documented physical causal relation that reflects how inputs and emissions change with co-product output. Mass allocation is not automatic.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_other_relation	Co-products without a defensible physical relation	Use another documented relation, such as economic value, only after the preceding options are shown infeasible; disclose prices, geography, period, currency, averaging, and sensitivity.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_exported_energy	Exported steam or electricity	Separate internal supply from export. Apply system expansion or the selected allocation relation consistently and disclose any substituted dataset; do not credit gross generation.	eu-pef-2021-2279

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_extraction_feed	cane_reception_extraction	Delivered cane	Weighbridge record	Gross vehicle mass; tare; net cane; supplier; field or region; receipt time	Calibrated weighbridge and delivery reconciliation	kg	Each load	Full crushing season or at least 12 consecutive months	Reporting mill and all cane receiving points	Sum accepted net cane; separately flag rejected loads	Calibration certificate; delivery ledger; reconciliation
cp_extraction_water_energy	cane_reception_extraction	Water, electricity, and steam	Meter and operating record	Meter start/end; route; steam state; downtime	Calibrated meters matched to operating hours	Row unit	Shift or daily	Same period as reference output	Reception, preparation, milling or diffusion	Sum by atomic exchange; subtract only documented return	Meter register; route diagram; operating log
cp_extraction_outputs	cane_reception_extraction	Juice, bagasse, residues, wastewater	Scale, flowmeter, moisture, and destination record	Mass or volume; density; moisture; destination; storage change	Calibrated scales or flowmeters plus laboratory analysis	Row unit	Shift or daily	Same period as reference output	Extraction and cleaning	Sum by exchange and destination; reconcile mass and storage	Calibration; laboratory results; destination tickets
cp_clarification_inputs	juice_clarification	Juice and clarification chemicals	Batch, dosing, and transfer record	Juice flow; chemical purchase; concentration; dose; route	Metered transfer and calibrated dosing equipment	Row unit	Batch or shift	Same period as reference output	Clarification and filtration	Convert solutions to active-substance mass where specified	Dosing calibration; certificates of analysis; route log
cp_clarification_utilities	juice_clarification	Steam, electricity, and filter wash water	Meter record	Energy or volume; steam state; operating time	Submeters and steam balance	Row unit	Shift or daily	Same period as reference output	Clarification and filters	Sum by atomic utility	Meter calibration; steam balance
cp_clarification_outputs	juice_clarification	Clarified juice and filter cake	Flow, mass, moisture, and destination record	Juice flow; density; cake wet mass; dry solids; destination	Calibrated flowmeter or scale and laboratory analysis	kg	Shift or daily	Same period as reference output	Clarification and filters	Sum by destination; prohibit product/waste duplication	Lab results; dispatch or waste records; balance
cp_evaporation_records	juice_evaporation	Juice, syrup, condensate, steam, and electricity	Meter and laboratory record	Flow; density; solids; condensate destination; energy	Calibrated meters and solids analysis	Row unit	Shift or daily	Same period as reference output	Evaporator station	Sum by atomic exchange and reconcile soluble solids	Calibration; laboratory records; evaporation balance
cp_crystallization_records	sugar_crystallization	Syrup, utilities, seed materials, crystals, molasses, and wastewater	Batch, meter, scale, and laboratory record	Batch mass; energy; water; seed; crystal moisture; molasses solids; wastewater	Calibrated batch system, meters, scales, and laboratory analysis	Row unit	Batch or shift	Same period as reference output	Vacuum pans and centrifuges	Sum by atomic exchange and reconcile sugar solids	Batch sheets; calibration; laboratory results
cp_finishing_records	sugar_finishing	Wet sugar, utilities, finished sugar, and off-spec sugar	Scale, meter, grade, and dispatch record	Input mass and moisture; energy; conforming mass; off-spec mass; grade	Calibrated scales and meters; product laboratory testing	Row unit	Batch or shift	Full crushing season or at least 12 consecutive months	Dryer, cooler, grader, silo, dispatch	Net conforming sugar excludes packaging; reconcile off-spec and storage	Scale calibration; certificates of analysis; dispatch ledger
cp_finishing_packaging	sugar_finishing	Packaging inputs and wastes	Purchase, bill-of-material, and waste record	Component identity; unit mass; count; loss; waste destination	Supplier specification verified by sample weighing and inventory balance	kg	Lot or monthly	Same period as reference output	Packaging line	Sum each material separately; reconcile input, packed stock, and waste	Supplier specification; sample weights; waste ticket
cp_finishing_air	sugar_finishing	Sugar-dust PM10	Stack or exhaust measurement	Airflow; PM10 concentration; operating time; abatement status	Representative measurement using an applicable regulatory method	kg	Test campaign plus operating log	Representative of the reporting period and equipment state	Dryer, cooler, conveyors, packaging exhausts	Convert concentration and airflow to emitted load	Test report; instrument calibration; abatement log
cp_utility_fuels	steam_power_generation	Fuels and feedwater	Fuel meter, scale, purchase, and laboratory record	Fuel quantity; moisture; heating value; sulfur; feedwater; operating time	Calibrated meters or scales and fuel analysis	Row unit	Shift or delivery	Same period as reference output	Onsite boiler and CHP	Sum each fuel separately; reconcile inventory and internal bagasse	Calibration; fuel certificates; stock balance
cp_utility_outputs	steam_power_generation	Steam, electricity, and ash	Meter, thermodynamic, and mass record	Steam mass/state; power generation/use/export; ash mass/moisture/destination	Calibrated meters, scales, and energy balance	Row unit	Shift or daily	Same period as reference output	Boiler, turbine, generator, and control equipment	Calculate net useful outputs after own use; keep export separate	Meter calibration; energy balance; destination evidence
cp_stack_emissions	steam_power_generation	Individual stack emissions	Stack test, continuous monitor, fuel analysis, and operating record	Pollutant concentration; gas flow; oxygen; operating state; fuel; control efficiency	Direct measurement preferred; otherwise disclosed source-specific factor	kg	Applicable test or monitoring frequency	Representative of fuel and boiler states in the reporting period	Each stack and control train	Calculate each named pollutant separately and weight by operating time	Accredited report; calibration; factor reference; uncertainty
cp_wastewater_records	wastewater_treatment	Influent, electricity, chemicals, treated-water reuse, and sludge	Flowmeter, dosing, meter, mass, and laboratory record	Influent/reuse flow; energy; concentration and dose; sludge mass and solids; destination	Calibrated meters, dosing records, scales, and laboratory analysis	Row unit	Daily or batch	Same period as reference output	Onsite treatment plant	Sum atomic inputs and outputs; reconcile hydraulic balance	Calibration; laboratory results; sludge tickets; balance
cp_wastewater_emissions	wastewater_treatment	Air and water emissions	Matched flow, concentration, gas, and treatment-state record	Effluent flow and analyte concentration; gas flow/composition; route and capture	Representative sampling and laboratory analysis; gas measurement or documented carbon balance	kg	Applicable permit frequency or representative campaign	Representative of the reporting period and treatment states	Final discharge and treatment gas points	Match flow and concentration in time; calculate each analyte separately	Laboratory QA/QC; chain of custody; calculation sheet; uncertainty

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
normalize_reference_output	All exchanges	Q_normalized = Q_reporting_period / M_conforming_cane_sugar_reporting_period	Reporting-period exchange quantity; net conforming cane-sugar mass	Exchange per 1 kg cane sugar	eu-pef-2021-2279
internal_flow_reconciliation	Juice, syrup, wet sugar, bagasse, condensate, steam, electricity, and wastewater transfers	Output from sending process equals input to receiving process after separately documented storage change, measured loss, export, or other destination.	Sending output; receiving input; storage; loss; destination	Reconciled internal transfer	eu-pef-2021-2279
steam_energy	Steam exchanges	Q = m × (h_steam - h_return) using measured pressure, temperature, quality, and condensate state.	Steam mass; steam enthalpy; return enthalpy	MJ supplied	eu-pef-2021-2279
effluent_load	Each named water emission	Load_kg = volume_m3 × concentration_mg_per_L × 0.001 for matched records.	Effluent volume; analyte concentration	kg emitted	ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007
combustion_emissions	Each named boiler emission	Prefer direct measurement; otherwise Emission = measured fuel activity × disclosed fuel- and technology-specific factor, with biogenic and fossil carbon separated.	Fuel activity; factor or measured concentration and flow; control state	kg of the named substance	us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007
co_product_allocation	Remaining inseparable co-products	Apply the hierarchy in Section 7 and retain the unallocated inventory, allocation key, shares, sensitivity, and product or waste status.	Joint inventory; product quantities or causal parameter; values if used	Allocated inventory	eu-pef-2021-2279
mass_balance	Extraction through finishing and residue management	Reconcile measured mass and dry solids across each process, explicitly including water evaporation, products, residues, wastes, emissions where material, and storage changes.	Input and output masses; moisture or solids; storage	Process balance and unexplained difference	us-epa-ap42-cane-sugar-1997, ifc-sugar-manufacturing-ehs-2007

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	Reference product and major intermediate flows	Product grade, route, state, flow property, unit, and Tiangong identity must be unambiguous; unresolved UUIDs remain explicit.	Product specification; laboratory certificate; flow lookup record
dq_temporal	All foreground records	Cover one full crushing season or at least 12 consecutive months representative of normal operation; disclose gaps, shutdowns, and atypical campaigns.	Dated ledgers; operating calendar; gap assessment
dq_technology_geography	Foreground and upstream datasets	Identify mill technology, clarification route, boiler and wastewater configuration, cane source region, and dataset geography.	Process diagram; equipment list; dataset metadata
dq_completeness	All process inventories	Account for every listed applicable atomic exchange; document each omitted row as not applicable or unresolved, with evidence and likely effect.	Completeness checklist; route evidence; unresolved-item log
dq_measurement	Meters, scales, tests, and laboratory data	Use current calibration and QA/QC evidence and retain raw records, units, conversions, detection limits, and uncertainty.	Certificates; chain of custody; QA/QC reports; calculation sheets
dq_balance	Materials, sucrose solids, water, steam, and electricity	Reconcile process balances and investigate unexplained differences without forcing closure by an invented flow.	Signed balance sheets; investigation notes
dq_allocation	Co-products and exported energy	Retain product or waste classification, destination, hierarchy decision, allocation relation, inputs, shares, and sensitivity.	Contracts; dispatch records; allocation workbook; sensitivity result
dq_no_double_count	Internal reuse and waste or co-product destinations	Do not count one physical quantity as both internal input and export, product and waste, reuse and discharge, or gross and net energy.	Cross-process reconciliation and destination ledger