Casein

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers dried casein manufactured from skimmed milk and/or other milk-derived feed material by acid precipitation or by rennet or another suitable coagulating enzyme, followed by curd separation, washing, dewatering, drying, and finishing. It covers edible acid casein and edible rennet casein when the product is placed on the market as edible casein, and it also covers technical-grade product that is sold as casein and follows the same declared route.

The reference product must remain casein. Caseinates produced by neutralising casein or casein curd, other chemically or enzymatically modified casein derivatives, formulated casein blends, and casein glues or other adhesives are excluded. A facility that continues from casein into a caseinate, derivative, or adhesive shall terminate this PCR foreground at the casein intermediate and model the subsequent conversion under a separate applicable rule. Codex CXS 290-1995 composition and quality provisions may be used to substantiate an edible product declaration, but they are not generic inventory amounts or universal LCI limits.

The foreground boundary is factory-gate production from the declared milk-derived feed material received by the casein facility. Upstream milk production and supplier processing are represented by upstream datasets. Distribution, use, and end-of-life are outside the foreground production boundary unless a downstream study adds them explicitly.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.dairy-products-and-egg-products.casein
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 22260 Casein
covered_products	Dried acid casein; dried rennet or other enzyme-coagulated casein; edible or technical grade when sold as casein
excluded_products	Caseinates; other casein derivatives; casein glues and adhesives; formulated blends in which casein is an ingredient rather than the declared product
representative_product	Dry casein powder or granules at the manufacturing gate
production_route	Acid precipitation or rennet/other suitable coagulating-enzyme route, declared and inventoried separately according to the route actually operated
market_state	Bulk or packaged dry product at factory gate, with grade, route, moisture or dry-matter basis, animal origin of milk, physical form, and packaging status declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Casein supplied as a dry dairy protein product at the manufacturing gate
How much	1 kg net casein product, excluding packaging
How well	Product is identified as acid casein or rennet/other enzyme-coagulated casein and declares edible or technical grade, moisture or dry-matter basis, physical form, and applicable product specification
How long or cycle	One delivered factory-gate production output; no service duration applies
reference_flow_link	rf_casein

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Casein 53f7b47f-8d1a-4420-8e79-e931990656e6
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	coagulation route; edible or technical grade; moisture or dry-matter basis and test method; milk animal origin; physical form; product specification; facility and geography; production period; packaging status

When constructing a foreground data package, every required qualifier shall be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent data-package field. Missing qualifiers make the reference-flow definition incomplete.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_net_mass	Reference casein product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report net casein product mass and exclude packaging. Use the verified casein product flow and Units of mass identities shown in section 3.
moisture_basis	Casein, wet curd, and intermediate yields	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record whether each mass is as-received, wet, dry, or corrected to a declared moisture or dry-matter basis. Do not apply Codex composition limits as conversion factors; use batch or lot measurements.
route_separation	Acid and enzyme coagulation records	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Keep route-specific inputs, outputs, yields, water, and energy separate. A weighted result may be reported only with production-mass weights for the same declared period.
energy_units	Electricity and thermal energy	Energy	kWh and MJ	Preserve metered units and conversion factors. Do not combine electricity and thermal energy into one unqualified amount.

5. System Boundary

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
boundary_factory_gate	foreground production	Include receipt of the declared milk-derived feed, route-specific coagulation, curd separation, washing, dewatering, drying, finishing, on-site utilities directly attributable to production, and treatment of foreground wastes through the point at which dry casein is ready at the manufacturing gate.	codex-cxs-290-1995; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
boundary_route_actual	coagulation route	Include acidulant or starter-culture operations only for an acid route and rennet or other coagulating-enzyme operations only for an enzyme route. Do not create a hybrid average unless the reporting product and period actually contain both routes and the weighting is disclosed.	codex-cxs-290-1995
boundary_upstream_feed	milk-derived feed	Represent milk production and supplier processing before the declared facility receipt point with traceable upstream datasets; do not silently recreate them inside the casein foreground.	eu-pef-2021-2279
boundary_downstream	post-gate stages	Exclude distribution, customer formulation, use, and end-of-life from the foreground production dataset. A downstream lifecycle model may add them without changing this reference flow.	eu-pef-2021-2279
boundary_no_conversion	product scope	Stop the casein foreground before neutralisation to caseinate or conversion to another derivative, glue, or adhesive.	un-cpc-3-0-casein; codex-cxs-290-1995

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Milk-derived feed material received at the casein facility, normally skimmed milk or another declared product obtained from milk
starting_condition_role	Upstream product input to foreground casein manufacture
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 22260 Casein; the foreground output remains casein and excludes caseinates, derivatives, glues, and adhesives
recursive_input_rule	Purchased casein entering reprocessing shall be recorded as a same-category input with its upstream dataset and shall not cause its upstream production to be recreated; internal rework that does not cross the facility boundary shall be disclosed and netted once in the batch balance
upstream_dataset_requirement	Supplier- and route-representative dataset for the milk-derived feed, including geography, technology, time period, product state, dry-matter or moisture basis, and allocation status
disclosure	Declare feed material, animal origin, edible or technical grade, coagulation route, facility location, reporting period, drying technology, on-site or off-site wastewater treatment, packaging status, and all allocation choices

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
casein_coagulation	Route-specific casein coagulation	required		Convert the declared milk-derived feed into casein curd and liquid co-product by the actual acid or enzyme route	Per kg dry casein reference product
curd_recovery_washing	Curd recovery, washing, and dewatering	required		Separate curd, remove soluble constituents, wash, and dewater the curd	Per kg dry casein reference product
drying_finishing	Drying, milling, finishing, and packing	required		Dry and finish casein to the declared factory-gate state	1 kg net casein reference product
onsite_wastewater_treatment	On-site wastewater treatment	conditional	Include when wastewater generated by casein production is treated within the reporting facility boundary	Treat attributable wastewater and report releases and treatment residues	Per kg dry casein reference product

Process: Route-specific casein coagulation (casein_coagulation)

Inputs

Product flows

Milk-derived feed material (milk_derived_feed)

Record the qualified skimmed milk or other declared product obtained from milk that crosses into the casein coagulation process. Supplier processing before receipt remains upstream.

• Selected flow: Skimmed milk or other declared milk-derived feed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured received mass attributable to the batch or reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coagulation_batch_records
• Range: Provisional feed-input screening range; replace with reviewed batch or reporting-period records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 10
  • Upper: 100
  • Unit: kg/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen for milk-derived feed input per kg dry casein; replace when complete site or batch records are available or the feed basis changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Acidulant or lactic starter for the acid route (acid_route_agent)

Record this row only when acid precipitation is the actual route. Identify direct mineral-acid addition, lactic fermentation, or another declared acidification method; omit the row for an enzyme route.

• Selected flow: Route-specific acidulant or lactic starter
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured purchased or prepared amount attributable to acid-route batches
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry acid casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coagulation_batch_records
• Sources: codex-cxs-290-1995
• Range: Provisional acid-route agent screen; replace with formulation and batch records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: kg/kg dry acid casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen covering direct acid or prepared starter inputs; replace when route-specific records are available or the acidification method changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Rennet or other coagulating enzyme for the enzyme route (enzyme_route_agent)

Record this row only when rennet or another suitable coagulating enzyme is the actual route; omit it for an acid route.

• Selected flow: Rennet or other suitable coagulating enzyme
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured commercial preparation amount attributable to enzyme-route batches, with preparation strength disclosed
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry enzyme-coagulated casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coagulation_batch_records
• Sources: codex-cxs-290-1995
• Range: Provisional enzyme-preparation screen; replace with formulation and batch records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.1
  • Unit: kg/kg dry enzyme-coagulated casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen for commercial enzyme preparation; replace when route-specific records are available or preparation strength changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Coagulation electricity (coagulation_electricity)

Record metered or defensibly allocated electricity for feed handling, agitation, pumping, and coagulation controls.

• Selected flow: Electricity, supplied to the facility
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered electricity or calculated allocation from verified submeter and operating records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_resource_meter_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional coagulation-electricity screen; replace with submetered records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kWh/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace after complete route-specific meter coverage or when equipment changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Coagulation thermal energy (coagulation_thermal_energy)

Record steam, hot-water, or fuel-derived thermal energy used within coagulation, without merging it with electricity.

• Selected flow: Thermal energy supplied to coagulation
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: measured energy carrier use converted with documented factors and allocated to the actual route
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_resource_meter_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional coagulation-thermal-energy screen; replace with metered records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 100
  • Unit: MJ/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace after complete route-specific energy records or when heating technology changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Coagulated casein curd (coagulated_casein_curd)

Calculate wet curd leaving coagulation from measured transfer mass and moisture or dry-matter testing. Keep acid and enzyme routes separate.

• Selected flow: Wet casein curd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured wet curd mass and calculated dry-matter equivalent by batch
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coagulation_batch_records
• Sources: codex-cxs-290-1995
• Range: Provisional wet-curd screen; replace with measured curd yield and moisture records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg wet curd/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen for wet curd transfer; replace when paired mass and moisture records cover the declared period
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Liquid serum co-product (coagulation_serum)

Record the liquid stream separated from the coagulum as a co-product when it leaves for beneficial use; otherwise classify it according to its actual waste-management route.

• Selected flow: Acid serum or rennet-casein serum, route-specific
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass or volume converted with measured density
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coagulation_batch_records
• Range: Provisional serum-output screen; replace with measured transfer records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 100
  • Unit: kg/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen for liquid co-product; replace when route-specific transfer and density records cover the declared period or destination changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Curd recovery, washing, and dewatering (curd_recovery_washing)

Inputs

Product flows

Coagulated casein curd input (curd_input)

Carry the route-specific wet curd from coagulation into separation and washing without duplicating the upstream milk-derived feed.

• Selected flow: Wet casein curd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured internal transfer reconciled to the coagulation output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_washing_dewatering_records
• Range: Provisional internal-curd reconciliation screen; replace with paired transfer records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg wet curd/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace when paired coagulation and washing transfer records cover the declared period
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Curd washing water (curd_washing_water)

Record potable or process-quality water that crosses into curd washing; include recycled water only once and disclose its source and quality control.

• Selected flow: Water supplied for casein-curd washing
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured make-up water plus separately recorded recovered-water input, net of internal recirculation counted within the process
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_washing_dewatering_records
• Sources: codex-cxs-290-1995; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional washing-water screen; replace with water-balance and batch records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 200
  • Unit: kg/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen for make-up water; replace when process-level water balance covers the declared period or washing configuration changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Recovery and dewatering electricity (recovery_electricity)

Record electricity for separation, washing, pumping, and mechanical dewatering.

• Selected flow: Electricity, supplied to the facility
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered electricity or calculated allocation from verified submeter and operating records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_resource_meter_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional recovery-electricity screen; replace with submetered records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kWh/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace after complete equipment-level records or when dewatering technology changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Washed and dewatered casein curd (dewatered_casein_curd)

Record dewatered curd mass and moisture or dry matter before drying, retaining the actual route identifier.

• Selected flow: Washed and dewatered casein curd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass corrected only with measured moisture or dry matter
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_washing_dewatering_records
• Range: Provisional dewatered-curd screen; replace with measured transfer and moisture records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 5
  • Unit: kg wet curd/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace when paired transfer and moisture records cover the declared period
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Casein washing wastewater (washing_wastewater)

Record the net liquid waste stream leaving washing and dewatering, including destination and whether it is treated on site or transferred off site.

• Selected flow: Casein-production wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured discharge or transfer volume converted with measured or justified density and reconciled to the process water balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_washing_dewatering_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional wastewater screen; replace with flow-meter and water-balance records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 300
  • Unit: kg/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace when process-level wastewater monitoring covers the declared period or treatment routing changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Drying, milling, finishing, and packing (drying_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Dewatered casein curd input (dewatered_curd_input)

Carry the measured dewatered curd into drying and reconcile it to the upstream output.

• Selected flow: Washed and dewatered casein curd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured internal transfer corrected only with measured moisture or dry matter
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_finishing_records
• Range: Provisional drying-feed screen; replace with transfer and moisture records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 5
  • Unit: kg wet curd/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace when paired feed and product records cover the declared period or dryer feed condition changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Drying and finishing electricity (drying_electricity)

Record electricity for drying auxiliaries, milling, conveying, sieving, dust control, and packing where included.

• Selected flow: Electricity, supplied to the facility
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: metered electricity or calculated allocation from verified submeter and operating records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_resource_meter_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional drying-electricity screen; replace with submetered records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kWh/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace after complete dryer and finishing meter coverage or when equipment changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Drying thermal energy (drying_thermal_energy)

Record delivered steam, hot air, or fuel-derived thermal energy used for drying, with energy carrier and conversion basis disclosed.

• Selected flow: Thermal energy supplied to drying
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: measured energy carrier use converted with documented factors and allocated to the dryer campaign
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_resource_meter_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional drying-thermal-energy screen; replace with metered records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 100
  • Unit: MJ/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace after complete dryer energy records or when drying technology or feed moisture changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Primary packaging materials (primary_packaging)

Record packaging only when the declared factory-gate product is packaged. Omit this row for a declared bulk unpackaged product.

• Selected flow: Route- and product-specific primary packaging materials
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured packaging issued minus verified returns and unused material, by packaging type
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_finishing_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279
• Range: Provisional packaging screen; replace with bill-of-material and issue records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg/kg net casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace when product-specific packaging records cover the declared period or packaging format changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Casein reference product (casein_reference_product)

Report the net dry casein product at the manufacturing gate. The UUID, property, unit group, and unit are fixed by section 3; product quality values remain measured foreground qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Casein 53f7b47f-8d1a-4420-8e79-e931990656e6
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: exactly 1 kg net reference product after normalization
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: one PCR reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Source rule (source_rule)
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-casein; codex-cxs-290-1995
• Range: Reference-flow identity check
  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: exact normalized net casein reference product mass
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Source rule (source_rule)
  • Sources: un-cpc-3-0-casein; codex-cxs-290-1995

Waste flows

Off-specification casein and finishing residues (offspec_casein_waste)

Record off-specification casein, collected fines not returned as internal rework, and other product residues by actual destination.

• Selected flow: Off-specification casein and finishing residues
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured waste transfer net of documented internal rework
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_drying_finishing_records
• Range: Provisional finishing-waste screen; replace with weighed disposition records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace when weighed waste and internal-rework records cover the declared period or product specification changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Channelled particulate matter from drying and finishing (drying_particulate_emission)

Record only the measured or calculated release to air after abatement. Do not convert a BAT-associated performance level into a generic emission amount.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air, size fraction and compartment declared
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured concentration and gas flow integrated over operating time, or another documented site-specific method
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_emission_and_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional particulate screen; replace with site-specific monitoring
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 0.1
  • Unit: kg/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen only; replace when representative concentration, flow, control-device, and operating-time records are available or abatement changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: On-site wastewater treatment (onsite_wastewater_treatment)

Inputs

Waste flows

Casein-production wastewater received for treatment (wastewater_to_treatment)

Include only wastewater treated within the reporting facility. Off-site treatment shall instead be represented by a traceable waste-treatment dataset.

• Selected flow: Casein-production wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured treatment inflow attributable to casein production and reconciled with upstream wastewater outputs
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_emission_and_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional treatment-inflow screen; replace with flow monitoring
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 300
  • Unit: kg/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace when attributable treatment-inflow records cover the declared period or routing changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Product flows

Wastewater-treatment electricity and chemicals (wastewater_treatment_inputs)

Record treatment electricity and chemicals as separate underlying records; aggregate here only after preserving carrier and chemical identities in the data package.

• Selected flow: Wastewater-treatment electricity and chemicals, disaggregated in the foreground package
• Flow property / unit: Multiple properties / declared units
• Amount rule: metered electricity and measured chemical issue records attributable to casein wastewater
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_emission_and_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional treatment-input screen; replace with metered and issue records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg-or-kWh/kg dry casein, disaggregated before use
  • Basis: temporary broad presence and magnitude screen only; replace with separate electricity and chemical records before quantitative use or when treatment technology changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Waste flows

Wastewater-treatment sludge (wastewater_sludge)

Record sludge and other treatment residues by measured mass, solids basis, and destination.

• Selected flow: Wastewater-treatment sludge
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured wet mass with dry-solids content and destination declared
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_emission_and_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional sludge screen; replace with weighed solids records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg wet sludge/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad screen; replace when sludge mass, dry-solids, and destination records cover the declared period or treatment changes
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Treated wastewater discharge (treated_water_discharge)

Record actual releases to water by receiving compartment and monitored relevant parameters; do not use BAT performance values as the inventory.

• Selected flow: Treated wastewater and monitored substances to the receiving water compartment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured flow combined with site-specific monitored concentrations or loads for relevant substances
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg dry casein reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_emission_and_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
• Range: Provisional treated-water flow screen; replace with monitored discharge records
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 300
  • Unit: kg water/kg dry casein
  • Basis: temporary broad flow screen only; replace when flow and relevant-parameter monitoring covers the declared period or discharge conditions change
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid	shared casein production operations	First use process subdivision, route-specific metering, or another documented separation that avoids allocation while preserving mass and energy balances.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_liquid_coproduct	casein and beneficial liquid serum co-product	When subdivision cannot resolve shared burdens, apply a documented physical relationship only when it reflects the causal use of resources. If no defensible physical relationship exists, use an economic relationship based on a representative declared period and report a sensitivity result.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_cream_or_other_output	additional milk-derived co-products	If cream separation or another milk-processing step is inside the foreground, disclose all co-products and apply the same hierarchy. Do not import a supplier allocation without confirming that its boundary and product state match the declared starting condition.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_waste_and_rework	wastes, residues, and internal rework	Do not treat internal rework as a second output. Record net rework once. Classify a liquid or solid stream as co-product only when its beneficial use and product status are evidenced; otherwise model its actual waste treatment.	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_coagulation_batch_records	casein_coagulation	feed, route agent, curd, and serum	batch production record	batch id; route; feed identity and mass; acidulant, starter, or enzyme identity and amount; curd mass; serum mass or volume and density; moisture or dry matter; timestamps	calibrated scales, tank levels, flow meters, formulation records, and laboratory results reconciled by batch	kg; L; kg/L; mass fraction	each batch or continuous campaign with defined cut points	all batches or campaigns in the declared reporting period	each producing facility and route	sum attributable records, convert volumes with measured density, calculate dry mass with measured moisture, and normalize to net dry casein output	calibration records; batch sheets; laboratory certificates; reconciliation sign-off
cp_washing_dewatering_records	curd_recovery_washing	curd transfer, water, dewatered curd, and wastewater	batch and meter record	batch id; inlet curd mass and moisture; make-up and recovered water; outlet curd mass and moisture; wastewater flow; recycle; destination	transfer scales, water and wastewater meters, moisture tests, and batch mass balance	kg; L; mass fraction	each batch plus meter total for each campaign	all production days in the declared reporting period	each washing and dewatering line	reconcile inlet, outlet, recycle, and wastewater; count internal recirculation once; normalize to net dry casein	meter calibration; laboratory results; signed water balance; destination records
cp_drying_finishing_records	drying_finishing	dryer feed, casein product, packaging, waste, and internal rework	batch, inventory, and quality record	campaign id; route; wet feed mass and moisture; net casein mass and moisture; grade; product specification; packaging issued and returned; off-specification mass; fines; rework; destinations	calibrated scales, moisture tests, warehouse issue records, quality release records, and waste manifests	kg; mass fraction	each batch or dryer campaign	all campaigns in the declared reporting period	each dryer and finishing line	reconcile dry solids, net internal rework once, subtract packaging from reference product mass, and normalize to 1 kg net casein	scale calibration; laboratory certificate; release record; inventory reconciliation; waste manifest
cp_resource_meter_records	casein_coagulation; curd_recovery_washing; drying_finishing	electricity and thermal energy	meter and utility record	meter id; process or line; timestamp; opening and closing readings; energy carrier; steam or fuel amount; conversion factor; operating time; allocation driver	calibrated submeters where available; otherwise documented engineering allocation from main meters and operating records	kWh; MJ; carrier-specific units	meter interval and each production campaign	complete declared reporting period including shutdown and cleaning where attributable	each facility, route, and major process	subtract verified non-production loads, allocate shared use with documented causal driver, preserve electricity and thermal energy separately, and normalize to net casein	meter calibration; invoices; conversion-factor source; allocation worksheet; operating log
cp_emission_and_wastewater_records	drying_finishing; onsite_wastewater_treatment	particulate release, treatment inputs, sludge, and treated discharge	monitoring and transfer record	source id; flow; concentration; parameter; sampling time; operating time; treatment electricity and chemicals; sludge mass and solids; receiving compartment; destination	site monitoring, laboratory analysis, flow meters, emission calculations, chemical issue records, and waste transfer records	kg; kg/h; mg/Nm3; m3; mg/L; kWh; mass fraction	according to permit and monitoring plan, plus each material operating change	representative normal operation and declared reporting period	each relevant emission point and treatment system	integrate measured concentration and flow over attributable operation, calculate loads, normalize to net casein, and retain non-detect treatment	monitoring report; laboratory accreditation; calibration; chain of custody; permit record; calculation worksheet

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_dry_mass	curd and casein mass	dry mass = measured as-received mass × measured dry-matter fraction; never substitute a Codex maximum or minimum for the batch measurement	as-received mass; measured moisture or dry matter	kg dry matter	codex-cxs-290-1995
calc_reference_normalisation	all inventory rows	normalized amount = attributable process amount ÷ net kg casein reference product for the same route, facility, and period	attributable amount; net casein mass	amount per 1 kg casein	eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_route_weighting	result containing both acid and enzyme routes	calculate each route first; combined amount = sum of route amount × route net-casein mass share, with shares and period disclosed	route-specific normalized amounts; route net-casein masses	production-mass-weighted amount	codex-cxs-290-1995; eu-pef-2021-2279
calc_mass_balance	coagulation, washing, and drying	reconcile measured inputs with products, co-products, wastes, releases, inventory change, and documented measurement uncertainty on consistent moisture or dry-matter bases	measured masses; moisture; recycle; inventory change	signed process mass balance and unexplained difference	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
calc_emission_load	monitored air and water releases	emitted load = representative measured concentration × measured flow integrated over attributable operating time, with unit conversions and non-detect handling documented	concentration; flow; time; detection-limit rule	kg release per 1 kg casein	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product	Demonstrate that the output is casein and not a caseinate, other derivative, glue, adhesive, or formulated blend; declare edible or technical grade and the applicable route.	product specification; sales description; process flow; CXS 290 declaration when edible
dq_route_specificity	production inventory	Keep acid and enzyme routes separate through data collection and calculation; record only the route agents actually used.	batch route code; formulation record; process flow; route-specific mass and energy reconciliation
dq_primary_data	foreground processes	Use facility- and product-specific records for feed, route agents, water, energy, products, co-products, wastes, and direct releases. A reasoned estimate is not an acceptable final foreground value.	signed batch records; calibrated meters; invoices; laboratory and monitoring reports; calculation worksheets
dq_temporal_completeness	reporting period	Cover every production batch or campaign and attributable shutdown, cleaning, rework, and treatment event in the declared period, or disclose and justify each gap.	production calendar; completeness reconciliation; missing-data log; gap treatment
dq_estimate_replacement	provisional ranges	Treat every reasoned_estimate range as temporary authoring or QA screening only. Replace it with reviewed site- or batch-specific evidence once a complete declared reporting period is available, or immediately after a material change in route, equipment, grade, feed, packaging, or treatment.	approved replacement dataset; review record; change-control record
dq_source_limits	Codex and BAT sources	Use Codex provisions for edible-product identity and route distinction and use BAT for process and monitoring coverage. Do not use composition limits, quality factors, BAT-AELs, or indicative BAT performance levels as generic casein LCI values.	source-use review linked to codex-cxs-290-1995 and eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
dq_representativeness	published dataset	Disclose technological, geographical, temporal, and precision representativeness, including the actual dryer, coagulation route, facility, period, and data gaps.	data quality assessment; dataset metadata; verification record

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
validate_identity_scope	product identity	Fail validation if the declared output is a caseinate, other derivative, casein glue, adhesive, or formulation rather than casein.	un-cpc-3-0-casein; codex-cxs-290-1995; codex-cxs-206-1999
validate_reference_identity	reference flow	Require product flow UUID 53f7b47f-8d1a-4420-8e79-e931990656e6, Mass property UUID 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, Units of mass group UUID 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, unit kg, and exactly 1 kg net casein after normalization.	un-cpc-3-0-casein
validate_route	coagulation inventory	Require exactly the actual declared route for each batch or campaign. Acid-route agents shall not be reported for an enzyme-only route, and rennet or other enzyme agents shall not be reported for an acid-only route.	codex-cxs-290-1995
validate_boundary	process coverage	Require coagulation, curd recovery and washing, drying and finishing, route-specific utilities, wastewater routing, wastes, direct releases, co-product destinations, and upstream milk-derived-feed dataset disclosure.	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031; eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_mass_basis	mass and yield	Require consistent as-received, wet, dry, or corrected bases; reject any conversion that substitutes a Codex composition limit for measured batch moisture or dry matter.	codex-cxs-290-1995
validate_allocation	multi-output processes	Require allocation hierarchy, selected relationship, period, factors, co-product classification, and sensitivity where economic allocation is used; factors shall sum to one within documented rounding.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_primary_records	foreground values	Reject reasoned_estimate as a final amount for a published foreground dataset. Require traceable site or batch records and disclosed calculation for every material foreground row.	eu-pef-2021-2279; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
validate_source_use	source-derived constraints	Reject use of Codex composition or quality limits and BAT emission or performance levels as uniform inventory quantities. Site monitoring and production records shall determine the LCI.	codex-cxs-290-1995; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
validate_bilingual_alignment	PCR renderings	Require the same ordered system-boundary, allocation, and validation rule identifiers in the English and Chinese renderings.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground casein production data package and factory-gate unit-process dataset
downstream_use	May support secondary_dataset or background_dataset use after review of route, geography, time, technology, allocation, and data quality
allowed_use	Route- and grade-matched modelling of casein production and downstream lifecycle models that preserve the declared reference-flow qualifiers
excluded_use	Direct proxy for caseinates, other derivatives, casein glues or adhesives; substitution between acid and enzyme routes without disclosed weighting; use of provisional ranges as final LCI
required_metadata	PCR id; casein flow UUID; facility and geography; reporting period; acid or enzyme route; edible or technical grade; moisture or dry-matter basis; animal origin; feed state; dryer and treatment technology; packaging status; allocation; upstream datasets
required_quality_disclosure	Meter and batch coverage; laboratory and monitoring methods; data gaps; estimate replacement; mass-balance difference; allocation sensitivity; technological, geographical, temporal, and precision representativeness
update_trigger	New reviewed site or batch evidence replacing a provisional range; material change in feed, route, equipment, grade, drying, packaging, wastewater treatment, abatement, allocation, or product specification; corrected UUID identity

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-casein	Official guidance (official_guidance)	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 3.0 Explanatory Notes, subclass 22260 Casein, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf, retrieved 2026-08-12	Classification identity and product-scope anchor only
codex-cxs-290-1995	Standard (standard)	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 290-1995 Standard for Edible Casein Products, revised 2001 and amended through 2023, https://workspace.fao.org/sites/codex/Standards/CXS%20290-1995/CXS_290e.pdf, retrieved 2026-08-12	Edible acid casein, rennet casein, and caseinate distinction; route decomposition; potable washing water and edible-product identity; not generic LCI values
codex-cxs-206-1999	Standard (standard)	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 206-1999 General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms, amended 2022, https://workspace.fao.org/sites/codex/Standards/CXS%20206-1999/CXS_206e.pdf, retrieved 2026-08-12	Milk-product terminology and identity disclosure
eu-pef-2021-2279	Official guidance (official_guidance)	Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on Environmental Footprint methods, OJ L 471, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj/eng, retrieved 2026-08-12	Product-specific foreground data, life-cycle boundary, allocation hierarchy, representativeness, reporting, and verification
eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031	Official guidance (official_guidance)	Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2031 establishing BAT conclusions for the food, drink and milk industries, OJ L 313, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2019/2031/oj/eng, retrieved 2026-08-12	Process-level inventory and monitoring coverage for water, energy, raw materials, wastewater, waste gas, residues, and treatment; BAT values are not generic LCI