Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk of cattle

Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk of cattle: This PCR defines foreground data production for butter and concentrated milkfat products derived exclusively…

Lifecycle status: Candidate
Content maturity: Authored methodology
Current version: No published version
Readiness: Review required
Last updated: 2026-09-02

Methodology and translation states come from the source record; publishing this website does not change their review status.

Content languages

zh-CN · Aligned

Status, classification and source details

Readiness

Warnings methodology_not_reviewed Authored methodology is candidate guidance and still requires methodology review.

Classification mapping

CPC 3.0:22241 · exact

Source

library/pcrs/food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products/dairy-products-and-egg-products/butter-and-other-fats-and-oils-derived-from-milk-of-cattlesha256:18cc5650c011…

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR defines foreground data production for butter and concentrated milkfat products derived exclusively from cattle milk. It covers sweet-cream and cultured butter, salted and unsalted butter, butterfat, fractionated butterfat, anhydrous milkfat, anhydrous butter oil, butter oil, ghee, and cattle-milk dairy-fat spreads when the declared product remains a milk-derived fat product. It applies to batch and continuous manufacture from received cattle milk, cattle-milk cream, or cattle-milk butter and ends with saleable product at the processor gate.

It excludes buffalo, sheep, goat, camel, or other non-cattle milk fats; vegetable fats and mixed vegetable/dairy-fat spreads; margarine; cream sold as cream; buttermilk sold as the reference product; downstream food formulation; retail, use, and end-of-life unless separately added to the study scope. A dataset claiming compliance shall select one declared product form and one manufacturing route rather than averaging materially different products without disclosure.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.dairy-products-and-egg-products.butter-and-other-fats-and-oils-derived-from-milk-of-cattle
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 22241, exact classification context
covered_products	Butter from cattle milk; butterfat; fractionated butterfat; anhydrous milkfat; anhydrous butter oil; butter oil; ghee; cattle-milk dairy-fat spread when no non-milk fat is present
excluded_products	Milkfat from non-cattle animals; margarine; vegetable/dairy-fat blends; cream as the final product; buttermilk as the final product; formulated foods containing butter or milkfat
representative_product	Finished anhydrous milkfat derived from cattle milk, at the processor gate
production_route	Received cattle milk or cream to butter by cream preparation, pasteurization, optional culture ripening, churning, working and optional salting; or received cream or butter to concentrated milkfat by fat concentration, phase separation and moisture removal; followed by filling or packaging and storage
market_state	Saleable bulk or packaged product at the dairy processor gate, with product form, milkfat and moisture specification, salt or culture status, packaging state, geography, technology and reference period declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Saleable butter or other milkfat product derived exclusively from cattle milk and produced by the declared route
How much	1 kg net product mass at the processor gate
How well	Conforming to the declared product specification; butter shall meet the applicable CXS 279-1971 identity and composition, while anhydrous milkfat, milkfat, butter oil or ghee shall meet the applicable CXS 280-1973 identity and composition
How long or cycle	One completed production batch or continuous production campaign represented over the declared reference period; no service life is assigned
reference_flow_link	The quantitative reference is the net saleable product output from `product_packaging_and_storage`; the exact product form is a required qualifier because the selected Tiangong flow represents anhydrous milkfat

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg net saleable product
Reference product flow	Anhydrous milk fat `7f8eef6e-3ea0-4f74-bf72-c6f95af2c3fc`
Reference flow property	Mass `93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66`
Reference unit group	Units of mass `93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66`
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	product form; cattle-milk origin; milkfat fraction and moisture specification; salted or unsalted status; cultured or sweet-cream status when applicable; manufacturing route; bulk or packaged state; packaging material and net mass; geography; technology; reference period

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. The Tiangong reference flow is valid directly for anhydrous milkfat, ghee, clarified butter and butter-oil forms represented by that identity. For ordinary butter or another covered form, retain the same mass basis but resolve and disclose a form-specific product-flow identity before publication; do not silently relabel the anhydrous-milkfat UUID.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
`reference_product_mass`	Reference product and all mass-normalized inventory	Mass `93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66`	kg	Measure net saleable product mass excluding packaging and normalize every reported foreground amount to exactly 1 kg of the declared product form.
`milkfat_and_moisture_basis`	Product identity and yield checks	Mass fraction	% m/m	Report milkfat, water and milk-solids-not-fat on a mass basis using representative product testing; apply the limits for the declared CXS 279 or CXS 280 product and retain the test method and lot result.
`energy_carrier_accounting`	Electricity, fuels, steam and refrigeration	Energy	kWh or MJ	Preserve the metered carrier and unit; convert only with a disclosed factor, avoid double counting purchased steam and its generating fuel, and normalize energy to the same net product mass.
`water_and_wastewater_accounting`	Process water, cleaning water and wastewater	Mass or volume	kg or m3	Record measured volume with temperature or density assumptions when converted to mass; recycled water shall be separately identified and shall not be counted again as fresh intake.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Cattle milk, cattle-milk cream, or cattle-milk butter received at the processor gate with mass, milkfat content, origin, prior treatment, temperature and upstream dataset reference declared
starting_condition_role	Foreground processing input; upstream dairy farming, milk collection, cream production or butter production remains represented by linked upstream datasets unless physically operated within the reporting site
product_classification_scope	Cattle-milk butter and milkfat products only; route selection must distinguish ordinary butter from concentrated milkfat products
recursive_input_rule	A received butter or milkfat input in this same category is recorded as a technosphere product input with its own upstream dataset and declared product form; its upstream production is not recreated inside the current foreground process unless the site actually performs it
upstream_dataset_requirement	Provide geographically and temporally representative datasets for cattle milk, cream, butter, electricity, thermal-energy carriers, water treatment, ingredients, packaging and transport that cross the selected boundary
disclosure	Declare the starting material, included on-site operations, route, co-product treatment, allocation factors, recycled loops, cut-offs, packaging state, storage conditions, geography, reference period and any excluded capital goods or downstream stages

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
`boundary_route_selection`	Foreground process selection	Include reception and preparation, exactly one applicable product-formation route, and filling or packaging and storage. Exclude a listed operation only with evidence that it is upstream, not used, or outside the declared product specification.	`tetrapak-butter-handbook`; `tetrapak-amf-handbook`
`boundary_upstream_linkage`	Received milk, cream or butter	Link received dairy material and other purchased inputs to upstream datasets; do not treat them as burden-free. If cattle farming, milk collection or cream separation is within the reporting organization but outside the foreground unit process, retain it as a linked upstream process.	`fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010`
`boundary_on_site_completeness`	Dairy processing plant	Include on-site electricity, fuels or purchased thermal energy, refrigeration, water, cleaning and sanitation, ingredients, product and co-product outputs, product losses, wastewater and solid waste associated with included operations.	`fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010`; `codex-cxc-57-2004`; `tetrapak-dairy-effluent`
`boundary_downstream_exclusion`	Processor-gate dataset	Exclude distribution beyond the processor gate, retail, consumer storage and use, and end-of-life unless the study explicitly expands the boundary and reports those modules separately.	`fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010`
`boundary_cutoff_disclosure`	Inventory completeness	Do not omit a known mass or energy flow solely because it lacks a UUID or secondary dataset. Record the amount, state the identity gap, and disclose any justified cut-off and its effect on mass, energy and environmental completeness.	`fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010`

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
`reception_and_cream_preparation`	Reception and cream preparation	required	Always; separation is conditional when whole cattle milk rather than cream is received	Foreground material reception, storage, separation when applicable, pasteurization and temperature preparation	kg prepared cream or declared dairy-fat feed transferred to product formation
`butter_manufacture`	Butter manufacture by churning and working	conditional	Include for ordinary butter, cultured butter, salted butter or butterfat made through cream churning	Foreground butter formation and buttermilk separation	kg unpacked butter or butterfat transferred to finishing
`concentrated_milkfat_manufacture`	Concentrated milkfat manufacture	conditional	Include for anhydrous milkfat, milkfat, anhydrous butter oil, butter oil or ghee	Foreground fat concentration, phase separation and moisture removal from cream or butter	kg unpacked concentrated milkfat transferred to finishing
`product_packaging_and_storage`	Product filling, packaging and storage	required	Always; packaging material is conditional for unpackaged bulk transfer	Foreground finishing to saleable processor-gate product	1 kg net saleable declared product

At least one of butter_manufacture and concentrated_milkfat_manufacture shall be included. Include both only when the foreground dataset explicitly models connected intermediate production or reports separately measured route shares.

Process: Reception and cream preparation (`reception_and_cream_preparation`)

Inputs

Product flows

Received cattle milk (`cattle_milk_received`)

Cattle milk accepted at the processor gate is recorded independently from cream and butter.

Selected flow: Cattle milk
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured accepted cattle-milk mass for the receipt batch
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_dairy_material_receipt
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973

Received cattle-milk cream (`cattle_milk_cream_received`)

Cattle-milk cream accepted at the processor gate is recorded as its own dairy input.

Selected flow: Cattle-milk cream
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured accepted cattle-milk cream mass for the receipt batch
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_dairy_material_receipt
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973

Received cattle-milk butter (`cattle_milk_butter_received`)

Received cattle-milk butter is conditional on a rework or concentrated-milkfat route and is not merged with milk or cream.

Selected flow: Cattle-milk butter
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured accepted cattle-milk butter mass when this input is used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_dairy_material_receipt
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973

Reception electricity (`reception_electricity`)

Electricity for reception, pumping, separation, pasteurization support and cooling is recorded for this stage.

Selected flow: Electricity, low voltage
Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
Amount rule: Measured or sub-meter allocated electricity
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Reception purchased steam (`reception_purchased_steam`)

Purchased steam used in preparation is metered separately from hot water and fuels.

Selected flow: Purchased steam
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured purchased steam assigned to reception and cream preparation when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Reception purchased hot water (`reception_purchased_hot_water`)

Purchased hot water is recorded with supply conditions and kept distinct from steam.

Selected flow: Purchased hot water
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured purchased hot water assigned to this stage when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Reception natural gas (`reception_natural_gas`)

Natural gas combusted for preparation heat is recorded separately from diesel and LPG.

Selected flow: Natural gas
Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
Amount rule: Metered natural-gas use with the documented calorific value when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Reception diesel (`reception_diesel`)

Diesel used by directly operated preparation equipment or heat generation is recorded independently.

Selected flow: Diesel fuel
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Metered or stock-reconciled diesel use when applicable
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Reception LPG (`reception_lpg`)

LPG used for preparation heat is recorded independently from natural gas and diesel.

Selected flow: Liquefied petroleum gas
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Stock-reconciled LPG use when applicable
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Reception process water (`reception_process_water`)

Fresh process water for preparation and cooling make-up is measured separately from internally recycled water.

Selected flow: Process water
Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
Amount rule: Measured fresh process-water intake assigned to this stage
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004

Reception R-717 refrigerant make-up (`reception_r717_makeup`)

Ammonia refrigerant make-up is conditional on an R-717 system and is balanced separately from R-134a.

Selected flow: Ammonia refrigerant (R-717)
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated net R-717 make-up assigned to this stage from stock and service records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Reception R-134a refrigerant make-up (`reception_r134a_makeup`)

R-134a refrigerant make-up is conditional on equipment using that substance and is balanced separately from R-717.

Selected flow: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane refrigerant (R-134a)
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated net R-134a make-up assigned to this stage from stock and service records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Reception sodium hydroxide CIP solution (`reception_sodium_hydroxide_cip`)

Sodium hydroxide cleaning solution used by the reception and preparation line is recorded separately from acid and disinfectant.

Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide cleaning solution
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued solution minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Reception nitric acid CIP solution (`reception_nitric_acid_cip`)

Nitric acid cleaning solution is recorded as a distinct CIP chemical.

Selected flow: Nitric acid cleaning solution
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued solution minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Reception peracetic acid disinfectant (`reception_peracetic_acid_cip`)

Peracetic acid disinfectant is recorded separately from both alkaline and acid cleaners.

Selected flow: Peracetic acid disinfectant
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued disinfectant minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared cattle-milk cream (`prepared_cattle_milk_cream`)

Prepared cattle-milk cream transferred to product formation is measured as a single intermediate product.

Selected flow: Prepared cattle-milk cream
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured transfer mass reconciled with stock, receipts, rejects and losses
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per preparation campaign
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
Sources: fao-dairy-accounting

Prepared cattle-milk butter (`prepared_cattle_milk_butter`)

Prepared cattle-milk butter transferred to the concentrated-milkfat route is recorded independently from cream.

Selected flow: Prepared cattle-milk butter
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured transfer mass when the butter-feed route is used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per preparation campaign
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
Sources: fao-dairy-accounting; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Separated cattle skim milk (`separated_cattle_skim_milk`)

Skim milk separated when whole cattle milk is received is measured as a distinct co-product.

Selected flow: Cattle skim milk
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured skim-milk mass transferred to its documented product destination
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per preparation campaign
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010; fao-dairy-accounting

Waste flows

Rejected cattle milk (`rejected_cattle_milk`)

Rejected cattle milk is weighed separately from rejected cream, butter and wastewater.

Selected flow: Rejected cattle milk
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured rejected cattle-milk mass sent to the documented destination
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Rejected cattle-milk cream (`rejected_cattle_milk_cream`)

Rejected cattle-milk cream is recorded as its own waste flow.

Selected flow: Rejected cattle-milk cream
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured rejected cream mass sent to the documented destination
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Rejected cattle-milk butter (`rejected_cattle_milk_butter`)

Rejected cattle-milk butter is recorded separately when the butter-feed route is used.

Selected flow: Rejected cattle-milk butter
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured rejected butter mass sent to the documented destination
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Reception and cream-preparation wastewater (`reception_wastewater`)

Wastewater leaving reception and cream preparation is measured independently from product rejects and solid residue.

Selected flow: Dairy reception and cream-preparation wastewater
Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
Amount rule: Measured discharge adjusted for documented internal recycle
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Reception filter residue (`reception_filter_residue`)

Solids removed by reception or cream-preparation filtration are weighed as one specific solid waste.

Selected flow: Dairy reception filter residue
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured filter-residue mass sent to the documented treatment route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_mass_balance
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Elementary flows

Reception fossil carbon dioxide emission (`reception_carbon_dioxide_air`)

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from on-site fuel combustion assigned to this stage is reported separately.

Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated from each measured fuel quantity and a documented substance-specific factor
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Reception nitrogen oxides emission (`reception_nitrogen_oxides_air`)

Direct nitrogen oxides from included combustion equipment are recorded as their own air emission.

Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg NO2-equivalent
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from fuel and equipment-specific records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Reception sulfur dioxide emission (`reception_sulfur_dioxide_air`)

Direct sulfur dioxide from included fuel combustion is recorded separately from nitrogen oxides.

Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from fuel sulfur content and equipment records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Reception fine particulate emission (`reception_pm25_air`)

Fine particulate matter from included combustion is reported as a size-specific air exchange.

Selected flow: Particulate matter, <2.5 um, to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from equipment-specific operating records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Reception R-717 emission (`reception_r717_air`)

Unrecovered R-717 assigned to reception and cream preparation is reported independently.

Selected flow: Ammonia to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated unrecovered R-717 from the substance-specific stock balance
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Reception R-134a emission (`reception_r134a_air`)

Unrecovered R-134a assigned to this stage is reported independently from R-717.

Selected flow: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated unrecovered R-134a from the substance-specific stock balance
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg prepared dairy-fat feed
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Process: Butter manufacture by churning and working (`butter_manufacture`)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared cattle-milk cream input (`butter_cream_input`)

Prepared cattle-milk cream entering the churn or continuous buttermaker is recorded by batch.

Selected flow: Prepared cattle-milk cream
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured cream mass charged to butter manufacture
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: fao-dairy-accounting; tetrapak-butter-handbook

Butter starter culture (`butter_starter_culture`)

Starter culture is conditional on cultured butter and is recorded separately from salt, water and color.

Selected flow: Lactic acid starter culture
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured culture mass issued to the batch minus documented return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971

Butter sodium chloride (`butter_sodium_chloride`)

Food-grade sodium chloride is conditional on salted butter and is measured independently from other ingredients.

Selected flow: Sodium chloride, food grade
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured salt mass issued to the batch minus documented return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971

Butter formulation water (`butter_formulation_water`)

Potable water intentionally incorporated into the formulation is measured separately from process and CIP water.

Selected flow: Potable formulation water
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured formulation-water mass added to the batch
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxc-57-2004

Butter beta-carotene color preparation (`butter_beta_carotene`)

A beta-carotene color preparation is recorded only when used and is not combined with culture or salt.

Selected flow: Beta-carotene color preparation
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured color-preparation mass issued to the batch minus documented return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971

Butter-route electricity (`butter_electricity`)

Electricity for ripening, churning, working, pumping and controls is recorded for the butter route.

Selected flow: Electricity, low voltage
Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
Amount rule: Measured or sub-meter allocated butter-route electricity
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook

Butter-route purchased steam (`butter_purchased_steam`)

Purchased steam is recorded separately from hot water and directly combusted fuels.

Selected flow: Purchased steam
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured purchased steam assigned to the butter route when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook

Butter-route purchased hot water (`butter_purchased_hot_water`)

Purchased hot water is recorded with supply conditions as a separate carrier.

Selected flow: Purchased hot water
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured purchased hot water assigned to the butter route when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook

Butter-route natural gas (`butter_natural_gas`)

Natural gas combusted for butter-route heat is recorded separately from diesel and LPG.

Selected flow: Natural gas
Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
Amount rule: Metered natural-gas use with documented calorific value when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook

Butter-route diesel (`butter_diesel`)

Diesel used by included butter-route equipment or heat generation is recorded independently.

Selected flow: Diesel fuel
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Metered or stock-reconciled butter-route diesel use when applicable
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Butter-route LPG (`butter_lpg`)

LPG used for butter-route heat is recorded independently from natural gas and diesel.

Selected flow: Liquefied petroleum gas
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Stock-reconciled butter-route LPG use when applicable
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Butter-route process water (`butter_process_water`)

Process water used for butter washing or line operation is measured separately from formulation water and CIP chemicals.

Selected flow: Process water
Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
Amount rule: Measured butter-route process-water intake when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-butter-handbook

Butter-route R-717 refrigerant make-up (`butter_r717_makeup`)

R-717 make-up is conditional on ammonia refrigeration serving the butter route.

Selected flow: Ammonia refrigerant (R-717)
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated net R-717 make-up assigned to the butter route
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Butter-route R-134a refrigerant make-up (`butter_r134a_makeup`)

R-134a make-up is conditional on equipment using that substance and is balanced separately from R-717.

Selected flow: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane refrigerant (R-134a)
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated net R-134a make-up assigned to the butter route
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Butter-route sodium hydroxide CIP solution (`butter_sodium_hydroxide_cip`)

Sodium hydroxide cleaning solution used on the butter line is recorded separately.

Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide cleaning solution
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued solution minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Butter-route nitric acid CIP solution (`butter_nitric_acid_cip`)

Nitric acid cleaning solution used on the butter line is recorded independently from alkaline cleaner.

Selected flow: Nitric acid cleaning solution
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued solution minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Butter-route peracetic acid disinfectant (`butter_peracetic_acid_cip`)

Peracetic acid disinfectant is recorded separately from both CIP cleaners.

Selected flow: Peracetic acid disinfectant
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued disinfectant minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Unpacked cattle-milk butter (`unpacked_cattle_milk_butter`)

Conforming unpacked cattle-milk butter is measured after churning, drainage and working.

Selected flow: Cattle-milk butter
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured unpacked butter mass passing the declared specification
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per butter production campaign
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; fao-dairy-accounting

Unpacked cattle-milk butterfat (`unpacked_cattle_milk_butterfat`)

Butterfat produced by the declared churning route is recorded separately from ordinary butter.

Selected flow: Cattle-milk butterfat
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured unpacked butterfat mass passing the declared specification
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per butter production campaign
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; fao-dairy-accounting

Buttermilk co-product (`buttermilk_coproduct`)

Buttermilk with documented product status is weighed as a specific co-product.

Selected flow: Buttermilk
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured buttermilk mass transferred to its documented product destination
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: fao-dairy-accounting; tetrapak-butter-handbook

Waste flows

Butter-manufacturing wastewater (`butter_wastewater`)

Wastewater from butter washing, cleaning and product-contact loss is measured separately from solid waste.

Selected flow: Butter-manufacturing wastewater
Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
Amount rule: Measured discharge adjusted for documented internal recycle
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Off-spec cattle-milk butter waste (`offspec_butter_waste`)

Off-spec butter leaving the process under a waste-management obligation is weighed independently from buttermilk.

Selected flow: Off-spec cattle-milk butter waste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured off-spec butter mass sent to the documented treatment route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Butter filter residue (`butter_filter_residue`)

Product-contact solids removed from the butter line are recorded as a distinct solid waste.

Selected flow: Butter product-contact filter residue
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured filter-residue mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_butter_batch
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Elementary flows

Butter-route fossil carbon dioxide emission (`butter_carbon_dioxide_air`)

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from fuel combustion assigned to the butter route is reported separately.

Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated from each measured fuel quantity and a documented substance-specific factor
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Butter-route nitrogen oxides emission (`butter_nitrogen_oxides_air`)

Nitrogen oxides from included butter-route combustion are recorded as their own air exchange.

Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg NO2-equivalent
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from fuel and equipment-specific records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Butter-route sulfur dioxide emission (`butter_sulfur_dioxide_air`)

Sulfur dioxide from included fuel combustion is reported separately from nitrogen oxides.

Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from fuel sulfur content and equipment records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Butter-route fine particulate emission (`butter_pm25_air`)

Fine particulate matter from included butter-route combustion is reported by size.

Selected flow: Particulate matter, <2.5 um, to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from equipment-specific operating records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Butter-route R-717 emission (`butter_r717_air`)

Unrecovered R-717 assigned to the butter route is reported independently.

Selected flow: Ammonia to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated unrecovered R-717 from the substance-specific stock balance
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Butter-route R-134a emission (`butter_r134a_air`)

Unrecovered R-134a assigned to the butter route is reported independently from R-717.

Selected flow: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated unrecovered R-134a from the substance-specific stock balance
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked butter-route product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Process: Concentrated milkfat manufacture (`concentrated_milkfat_manufacture`)

Inputs

Product flows

Cattle-milk cream input (`concentrated_cream_input`)

Cattle-milk cream charged to concentration is measured independently from butter feed.

Selected flow: Cattle-milk cream
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured cream mass charged to the concentration campaign
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Cattle-milk butter input (`concentrated_butter_input`)

Cattle-milk butter charged to concentration is recorded as its own feed flow.

Selected flow: Cattle-milk butter
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured butter mass charged to the concentration campaign
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Concentration-route electricity (`concentrated_electricity`)

Electricity for separation, concentration, vacuum, pumping and controls is recorded for this route.

Selected flow: Electricity, low voltage
Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
Amount rule: Measured or sub-meter allocated concentration-route electricity
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-amf-handbook

Concentration-route purchased steam (`concentrated_purchased_steam`)

Purchased steam is recorded separately from hot water and directly combusted fuels.

Selected flow: Purchased steam
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured purchased steam assigned to concentration when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-amf-handbook

Concentration-route purchased hot water (`concentrated_purchased_hot_water`)

Purchased hot water is recorded with supply conditions as a separate carrier.

Selected flow: Purchased hot water
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured purchased hot water assigned to concentration when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-amf-handbook

Concentration-route natural gas (`concentrated_natural_gas`)

Natural gas combusted for concentration heat is recorded separately from diesel and LPG.

Selected flow: Natural gas
Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
Amount rule: Metered natural-gas use with documented calorific value when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-amf-handbook

Concentration-route diesel (`concentrated_diesel`)

Diesel used by included concentration equipment or heat generation is recorded independently.

Selected flow: Diesel fuel
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Metered or stock-reconciled diesel use when applicable
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Concentration-route LPG (`concentrated_lpg`)

LPG used for concentration heat is recorded independently from natural gas and diesel.

Selected flow: Liquefied petroleum gas
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Stock-reconciled LPG use when applicable
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Concentration-route process water (`concentrated_process_water`)

Process water used in concentration is measured separately from cleaning chemicals and condensate.

Selected flow: Process water
Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
Amount rule: Measured process-water intake assigned to concentration
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Concentration filter aid (`concentrated_diatomaceous_earth`)

Diatomaceous earth used for polishing filtration is conditional and is recorded separately from CIP chemicals.

Selected flow: Diatomaceous earth filter aid
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured filter-aid mass issued to the concentration campaign
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: tetrapak-amf-handbook

Concentration-route R-717 refrigerant make-up (`concentrated_r717_makeup`)

R-717 make-up is conditional on ammonia refrigeration serving concentration.

Selected flow: Ammonia refrigerant (R-717)
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated net R-717 make-up assigned to concentration
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Concentration-route R-134a refrigerant make-up (`concentrated_r134a_makeup`)

R-134a make-up is conditional on equipment using that substance and is balanced separately from R-717.

Selected flow: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane refrigerant (R-134a)
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated net R-134a make-up assigned to concentration
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Concentration sodium hydroxide CIP solution (`concentrated_sodium_hydroxide_cip`)

Sodium hydroxide cleaning solution used on the concentration line is recorded separately.

Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide cleaning solution
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued solution minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Concentration nitric acid CIP solution (`concentrated_nitric_acid_cip`)

Nitric acid cleaning solution is recorded independently from alkaline cleaner.

Selected flow: Nitric acid cleaning solution
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued solution minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Concentration peracetic acid disinfectant (`concentrated_peracetic_acid_cip`)

Peracetic acid disinfectant is recorded separately from both CIP cleaners.

Selected flow: Peracetic acid disinfectant
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued disinfectant minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Unpacked anhydrous milkfat (`unpacked_anhydrous_milkfat`)

Anhydrous milkfat passing the declared CXS 280 specification is measured before filling.

Selected flow: Anhydrous milk fat
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured unpacked anhydrous-milkfat mass passing the declared specification
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per concentration campaign
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973

Unpacked butter oil (`unpacked_butter_oil`)

Butter oil produced by the concentration route is recorded independently from anhydrous milkfat and ghee.

Selected flow: Cattle-milk butter oil
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured unpacked butter-oil mass passing the declared specification
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per concentration campaign
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Unpacked ghee (`unpacked_ghee`)

Ghee produced from cattle milk is recorded as a separate product form.

Selected flow: Ghee from cattle milk
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured unpacked ghee mass passing the declared specification
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per concentration campaign
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Separated non-fat cattle-milk phase (`separated_nonfat_cattle_milk_phase`)

A separated non-fat milk phase with documented product status is measured independently from condensate and wastewater.

Selected flow: Separated non-fat cattle-milk phase
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured separated non-fat phase sent to its documented product destination
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Waste flows

Milkfat-concentration condensate (`concentration_condensate`)

Condensate recovered from moisture removal is measured separately from cleaning wastewater.

Selected flow: Milkfat-concentration condensate
Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
Amount rule: Measured condensate sent to the documented reuse or treatment route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: tetrapak-amf-handbook

Concentrated-milkfat wastewater (`concentrated_wastewater`)

Wastewater from concentration and line cleaning is measured as a distinct liquid waste.

Selected flow: Concentrated-milkfat processing wastewater
Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
Amount rule: Measured discharge adjusted for documented internal recycle
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_water_and_wastewater
Sources: tetrapak-amf-handbook; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Concentrated-milkfat filter residue (`concentrated_filter_residue`)

Spent filter aid and retained solids are weighed as one specific filter-residue waste.

Selected flow: Spent diatomaceous-earth filter residue
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured filter-residue mass sent to the documented treatment route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: tetrapak-amf-handbook; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Off-spec concentrated milkfat waste (`offspec_concentrated_milkfat_waste`)

Off-spec concentrated milkfat leaving under a waste-management obligation is weighed independently.

Selected flow: Off-spec concentrated milkfat waste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured off-spec milkfat mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_concentrated_milkfat_batch
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Elementary flows

Concentration fossil carbon dioxide emission (`concentrated_carbon_dioxide_air`)

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from fuel combustion assigned to concentration is reported separately.

Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated from each measured fuel quantity and a documented substance-specific factor
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Concentration nitrogen oxides emission (`concentrated_nitrogen_oxides_air`)

Nitrogen oxides from included combustion are recorded as their own air exchange.

Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg NO2-equivalent
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from fuel and equipment-specific records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Concentration sulfur dioxide emission (`concentrated_sulfur_dioxide_air`)

Sulfur dioxide from included combustion is reported separately from nitrogen oxides.

Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from fuel sulfur content and equipment records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Concentration fine particulate emission (`concentrated_pm25_air`)

Fine particulate matter from included combustion is reported by size.

Selected flow: Particulate matter, <2.5 um, to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from equipment-specific operating records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Concentration R-717 emission (`concentrated_r717_air`)

Unrecovered R-717 assigned to concentration is reported independently.

Selected flow: Ammonia to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated unrecovered R-717 from the substance-specific stock balance
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Concentration R-134a emission (`concentrated_r134a_air`)

Unrecovered R-134a assigned to concentration is reported independently from R-717.

Selected flow: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated unrecovered R-134a from the substance-specific stock balance
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per kg unpacked concentrated milkfat product
Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Process: Product filling, packaging and storage (`product_packaging_and_storage`)

Inputs

Product flows

Unpacked cattle-milk butter input (`unpacked_cattle_milk_butter_input`)

Unpacked cattle-milk butter entering filling is recorded independently from concentrated milkfat forms.

Selected flow: Cattle-milk butter
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured unpacked butter mass received for filling
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; fao-dairy-accounting

Unpacked anhydrous milkfat input (`unpacked_anhydrous_milkfat_input`)

Unpacked anhydrous milkfat entering filling is recorded as its own product input.

Selected flow: Anhydrous milk fat
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured unpacked anhydrous-milkfat mass received for filling
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973

Unpacked butter-oil input (`unpacked_butter_oil_input`)

Unpacked cattle-milk butter oil is recorded separately from anhydrous milkfat and ghee.

Selected flow: Cattle-milk butter oil
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured unpacked butter-oil mass received for filling
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973

Unpacked ghee input (`unpacked_ghee_input`)

Unpacked cattle-milk ghee is recorded as a separate input product form.

Selected flow: Ghee from cattle milk
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured unpacked ghee mass received for filling
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973

Aluminium foil wrapper (`aluminium_foil_wrapper`)

Aluminium foil used for the declared pack is recorded independently from paperboard and plastics.

Selected flow: Aluminium foil butter wrapper
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Issued aluminium-foil mass minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010; tetrapak-butter-handbook

Paperboard carton (`paperboard_carton`)

Paperboard cartons are measured as their own packaging exchange.

Selected flow: Bleached paperboard carton
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Issued paperboard-carton mass minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010; tetrapak-butter-handbook

LDPE packaging film (`ldpe_packaging_film`)

Low-density polyethylene film is recorded separately from rigid plastic packaging.

Selected flow: Low-density polyethylene packaging film
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Issued LDPE-film mass minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010; tetrapak-butter-handbook

HDPE packaging pail (`hdpe_packaging_pail`)

High-density polyethylene pails are recorded as one rigid packaging component when used.

Selected flow: High-density polyethylene packaging pail
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Issued HDPE-pail mass minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010; tetrapak-butter-handbook

Steel packaging drum (`steel_packaging_drum`)

Steel drums used for bulk milkfat are recorded independently from polymer pails.

Selected flow: Steel packaging drum
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Issued steel-drum mass minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010; tetrapak-amf-handbook

Packaging and storage electricity (`packaging_electricity`)

Electricity for filling, sealing, handling and cold storage is recorded for this stage.

Selected flow: Electricity, low voltage
Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
Amount rule: Measured or time-and-throughput allocated electricity
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook

Packaging purchased steam (`packaging_purchased_steam`)

Purchased steam used in filling or sanitation is recorded separately from hot water and fuels.

Selected flow: Purchased steam
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured purchased steam assigned to this stage when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook

Packaging purchased hot water (`packaging_purchased_hot_water`)

Purchased hot water is recorded with supply conditions as a distinct carrier.

Selected flow: Purchased hot water
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured purchased hot water assigned to this stage when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: tetrapak-butter-handbook

Packaging natural gas (`packaging_natural_gas`)

Natural gas combusted for filling or storage support is recorded separately from diesel and LPG.

Selected flow: Natural gas
Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
Amount rule: Metered natural-gas use with documented calorific value when used
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Packaging diesel (`packaging_diesel`)

Diesel used by directly operated handling or standby equipment is recorded independently.

Selected flow: Diesel fuel
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Metered or stock-reconciled diesel use when applicable
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Packaging LPG (`packaging_lpg`)

LPG used by included filling or storage equipment is recorded independently.

Selected flow: Liquefied petroleum gas
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Stock-reconciled LPG use when applicable
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Packaging process water (`packaging_process_water`)

Process water used in filling and storage-area operations is recorded separately from CIP chemicals.

Selected flow: Process water
Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
Amount rule: Measured process-water intake assigned to this stage
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004

Packaging and storage R-717 refrigerant make-up (`packaging_r717_makeup`)

R-717 make-up is conditional on ammonia refrigeration serving product storage.

Selected flow: Ammonia refrigerant (R-717)
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated net R-717 make-up assigned to packaging and storage
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Packaging and storage R-134a refrigerant make-up (`packaging_r134a_makeup`)

R-134a make-up is conditional on equipment using that substance and is balanced separately from R-717.

Selected flow: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane refrigerant (R-134a)
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated net R-134a make-up assigned to packaging and storage
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Packaging sodium hydroxide CIP solution (`packaging_sodium_hydroxide_cip`)

Sodium hydroxide cleaning solution used on the filling line is recorded separately.

Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide cleaning solution
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued solution minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Packaging nitric acid CIP solution (`packaging_nitric_acid_cip`)

Nitric acid cleaning solution is recorded independently from alkaline cleaner.

Selected flow: Nitric acid cleaning solution
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued solution minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Packaging peracetic acid disinfectant (`packaging_peracetic_acid_cip`)

Peracetic acid disinfectant is recorded separately from both CIP cleaners.

Selected flow: Peracetic acid disinfectant
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg formulated product
Amount rule: Measured issued disinfectant minus documented unused return
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: codex-cxc-57-2004; tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Net saleable anhydrous milkfat reference product (`reference_product_output`)

This is the verified reference product flow at the processor gate, measured net of packaging.

Selected flow: Anhydrous milk fat 7f8eef6e-3ea0-4f74-bf72-c6f95af2c3fc
Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
Amount rule: Exactly 1 kg net conforming saleable product, excluding packaging
Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
Normalization basis: PCR reference flow
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973

Waste flows

Off-spec packaged butter waste (`offspec_packaged_butter_waste`)

Off-spec packaged butter leaving under a waste-management obligation is weighed separately from milkfat products.

Selected flow: Off-spec packaged cattle-milk butter waste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured off-spec packaged butter mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Off-spec packaged anhydrous milkfat waste (`offspec_packaged_anhydrous_milkfat_waste`)

Off-spec packaged anhydrous milkfat is recorded as its own waste flow.

Selected flow: Off-spec packaged anhydrous milkfat waste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured off-spec anhydrous-milkfat mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Off-spec packaged butter-oil waste (`offspec_packaged_butter_oil_waste`)

Off-spec packaged butter oil is recorded separately from other product losses.

Selected flow: Off-spec packaged cattle-milk butter-oil waste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured off-spec butter-oil mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Off-spec packaged ghee waste (`offspec_packaged_ghee_waste`)

Off-spec packaged ghee is recorded as a distinct product-loss waste.

Selected flow: Off-spec packaged cattle-milk ghee waste
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured off-spec ghee mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Waste aluminium foil (`waste_aluminium_foil`)

Discarded aluminium foil is weighed independently from paperboard and plastic packaging waste.

Selected flow: Waste aluminium foil butter wrapper
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured discarded aluminium-foil mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Waste paperboard carton (`waste_paperboard_carton`)

Discarded paperboard cartons are recorded as their own packaging waste.

Selected flow: Waste bleached paperboard carton
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured discarded paperboard-carton mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Waste LDPE packaging film (`waste_ldpe_packaging_film`)

Discarded LDPE film is weighed independently from rigid plastic packaging waste.

Selected flow: Waste low-density polyethylene packaging film
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured discarded LDPE-film mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Waste HDPE packaging pail (`waste_hdpe_packaging_pail`)

Discarded HDPE pails are recorded separately from film and metal drums.

Selected flow: Waste high-density polyethylene packaging pail
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured discarded HDPE-pail mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Waste steel packaging drum (`waste_steel_packaging_drum`)

Discarded steel drums are recorded as a distinct metal packaging waste.

Selected flow: Waste steel packaging drum
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured discarded steel-drum mass sent to the documented route
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Packaging and storage wastewater (`packaging_storage_wastewater`)

Wastewater from filling-line cleaning is measured separately from product and packaging losses.

Selected flow: Milkfat filling-line wastewater
Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
Amount rule: Measured discharge adjusted for documented internal recycle
Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
Collection protocol: cp_packaging_and_storage
Sources: tetrapak-dairy-effluent

Elementary flows

Packaging fossil carbon dioxide emission (`packaging_carbon_dioxide_air`)

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from fuel combustion assigned to packaging and storage is reported separately.

Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated from each measured fuel quantity and a documented substance-specific factor
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Packaging nitrogen oxides emission (`packaging_nitrogen_oxides_air`)

Nitrogen oxides from included combustion are recorded as their own air exchange.

Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg NO2-equivalent
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from fuel and equipment-specific records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Packaging sulfur dioxide emission (`packaging_sulfur_dioxide_air`)

Sulfur dioxide from included combustion is reported separately from nitrogen oxides.

Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from fuel sulfur content and equipment records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Packaging fine particulate emission (`packaging_pm25_air`)

Fine particulate matter from included combustion is reported by size.

Selected flow: Particulate matter, <2.5 um, to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Measured or calculated from equipment-specific operating records
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_process_utilities
Sources:

Packaging and storage R-717 emission (`packaging_r717_air`)

Unrecovered R-717 assigned to packaging and storage is reported independently.

Selected flow: Ammonia to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated unrecovered R-717 from the substance-specific stock balance
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Packaging and storage R-134a emission (`packaging_r134a_air`)

Unrecovered R-134a assigned to packaging and storage is reported independently from R-717.

Selected flow: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to air
Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
Amount rule: Calculated unrecovered R-134a from the substance-specific stock balance
Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable declared product
Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
Sources: fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Raw downloads

These files are byte-identical to the canonical files for this revision in the repository.

pcr.en-US.md118 KB · 18cc5650c011…
manifest.yaml32 KB · 7e4f43b9a0f0…
pcr.zh-CN.md105 KB · 9172b3ae0264…
structured.yaml141 KB · 04b861d1d168…

Structured rule index

This index comes from verified structured.yaml and retains the canonical English rule text.

System boundary rules · 5

Rule ID	Applies to	Rule	Source IDs
`boundary_route_selection`	Foreground process selection	Include reception and preparation, exactly one applicable product-formation route, and filling or packaging and storage. Exclude a listed operation only with evidence that it is upstream, not used, or outside the declared product specification.	tetrapak-butter-handbook, tetrapak-amf-handbook
`boundary_upstream_linkage`	Received milk, cream or butter	Link received dairy material and other purchased inputs to upstream datasets; do not treat them as burden-free. If cattle farming, milk collection or cream separation is within the reporting organization but outside the foreground unit process, retain it as a linked upstream process.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010
`boundary_on_site_completeness`	Dairy processing plant	Include on-site electricity, fuels or purchased thermal energy, refrigeration, water, cleaning and sanitation, ingredients, product and co-product outputs, product losses, wastewater and solid waste associated with included operations.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010, codex-cxc-57-2004, tetrapak-dairy-effluent
`boundary_downstream_exclusion`	Processor-gate dataset	Exclude distribution beyond the processor gate, retail, consumer storage and use, and end-of-life unless the study explicitly expands the boundary and reports those modules separately.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010
`boundary_cutoff_disclosure`	Inventory completeness	Do not omit a known mass or energy flow solely because it lacks a UUID or secondary dataset. Record the amount, state the identity gap, and disclose any justified cut-off and its effect on mass, energy and environmental completeness.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Allocation rules · 5

Rule ID	Applies to	Rule	Source IDs
`allocation_avoid_by_subdivision`	Multi-product dairy processing	First subdivide reception, cream preparation, butter manufacture, concentrated milkfat manufacture and packaging using process meters, batch records and transfer measurements so directly attributable inputs and outputs are assigned without allocation.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010, fao-dairy-accounting
`allocation_internal_recycle`	Rework and recycled water or product	Keep internally recycled material inside the system and record only net external inputs and outputs; do not assign an avoided-product credit to internal recycle.	fao-dairy-accounting, tetrapak-dairy-effluent
`allocation_buttermilk_and_nonfat_coproducts`	Buttermilk and separated non-fat phases with product status	After subdivision, allocate only residual shared burdens among saleable co-products. Use the governing programme method when one exists; otherwise apply a documented physical relation that reflects the production relationship, and test an economic alternative when the choice is material. Report quantities, factor basis, prices or composition data, reference period and sensitivity.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010
`allocation_waste_boundary`	Wastewater, off-spec material and residues	A material is a co-product only when it has a documented beneficial use and product status. Otherwise model its treatment as waste and do not use revenue alone to erase treatment burdens.	tetrapak-dairy-effluent
`allocation_upstream_consistency`	Upstream cattle-milk or cream datasets	Preserve the allocation method and co-product boundary disclosed by upstream dairy datasets; do not reallocate upstream burdens inside this foreground dataset without complete underlying inventory and an explicit sensitivity case.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010

Validation rules · 9

Rule ID	Applies to	Rule	Source IDs
`validation_reference_identity`	Reference flow	The dataset shall declare one covered product form, cattle-milk origin and all required qualifiers. The UUID 7f8eef6e-3ea0-4f74-bf72-c6f95af2c3fc is accepted only for anhydrous-milkfat or explicitly equivalent concentrated forms; ordinary butter requires a form-specific resolved UUID.	codex-cxs-279-1971, codex-cxs-280-1973
`validation_reference_amount`	Quantitative reference	The net reference output shall equal exactly 1 kg on Mass property 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 in kg from unit group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, excluding packaging.
`validation_product_composition`	Finished product	Butter shall have at least 80% m/m milkfat, no more than 16% m/m water and no more than 2% m/m milk solids-not-fat. Anhydrous milkfat or anhydrous butter oil shall have at least 99.8% m/m milkfat and no more than 0.1% m/m water; other CXS 280 forms shall satisfy their applicable declared limits.	codex-cxs-279-1971, codex-cxs-280-1973
`validation_process_selection`	Process map	reception_and_cream_preparation and product_packaging_and_storage shall be included, and at least one of butter_manufacture or concentrated_milkfat_manufacture shall be included consistently with the declared product form.	tetrapak-butter-handbook, tetrapak-amf-handbook
`validation_mass_and_fat_closure`	Foreground process records	Each included process shall report mass-balance and milkfat-balance residuals with measurement uncertainty and an explanation for material residuals; balance closure shall not be fabricated by inserting an unmeasured loss.	fao-dairy-accounting
`validation_inventory_coverage`	Foreground inventory	Require one atomic exchange card for each used or generated identity: cattle milk, cattle-milk cream, cattle-milk butter, process water, each named ingredient or processing aid, each CIP chemical, electricity, purchased steam, purchased hot water, natural gas, diesel, LPG, R717 make-up, R134a make-up, each named product and co-product, wastewater, each solid or packaging waste, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, PM2.5, R717 emission and R134a emission. A selector or combined flow name shall fail validation; a genuinely absent exchange shall be documented as non-applicable rather than represented by an aggregate card.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010, codex-cxc-57-2004, tetrapak-dairy-effluent
`validation_collection_links`	Collected and calculated inventory rows	Every row with collected_record or calculated_from_collection evidence shall reference an implemented collection protocol, and every calculated row shall identify its calculation rule or reproducible worksheet.
`validation_allocation`	Co-products and shared operations	Direct burdens shall be subdivided before allocation; residual allocation factors shall sum to 1, use one disclosed basis across the reporting period and include a sensitivity result when the method materially affects the product result.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010
`validation_no_double_counting`	Utilities, recycle and upstream processes	Verify that purchased steam and boiler fuel, recycled water and fresh water, rework and new input, refrigerant loss assignments, and upstream dairy production are each counted once.	fao-idf-dairy-lca-2010, fao-dairy-accounting

Processes and inputs/outputs · 4

Process ID	Process name	Input flows	Output flows
`reception_and_cream_preparation`	Reception and cream preparation	15	14
`butter_manufacture`	Butter manufacture by churning and working	17	12
`concentrated_milkfat_manufacture`	Concentrated milkfat manufacture	15	14
`product_packaging_and_storage`	Product filling, packaging and storage	21	17

Complete field inspector

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Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk of cattle

Content languages

Readiness

Classification mapping

Source

1. Scope and Applicability

2. Product Category Identity

3. Reference Flow

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

Process: Reception and cream preparation (reception_and_cream_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Received cattle milk (cattle_milk_received)

Received cattle-milk cream (cattle_milk_cream_received)

Received cattle-milk butter (cattle_milk_butter_received)

Reception electricity (reception_electricity)

Reception purchased steam (reception_purchased_steam)

Reception purchased hot water (reception_purchased_hot_water)

Reception natural gas (reception_natural_gas)

Reception diesel (reception_diesel)

Reception LPG (reception_lpg)

Reception process water (reception_process_water)

Reception R-717 refrigerant make-up (reception_r717_makeup)

Reception R-134a refrigerant make-up (reception_r134a_makeup)

Reception sodium hydroxide CIP solution (reception_sodium_hydroxide_cip)

Reception nitric acid CIP solution (reception_nitric_acid_cip)

Reception peracetic acid disinfectant (reception_peracetic_acid_cip)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared cattle-milk cream (prepared_cattle_milk_cream)

Prepared cattle-milk butter (prepared_cattle_milk_butter)

Separated cattle skim milk (separated_cattle_skim_milk)

Waste flows

Rejected cattle milk (rejected_cattle_milk)

Rejected cattle-milk cream (rejected_cattle_milk_cream)

Rejected cattle-milk butter (rejected_cattle_milk_butter)

Reception and cream-preparation wastewater (reception_wastewater)

Reception filter residue (reception_filter_residue)

Elementary flows

Reception fossil carbon dioxide emission (reception_carbon_dioxide_air)

Reception nitrogen oxides emission (reception_nitrogen_oxides_air)

Reception sulfur dioxide emission (reception_sulfur_dioxide_air)

Reception fine particulate emission (reception_pm25_air)

Reception R-717 emission (reception_r717_air)

Reception R-134a emission (reception_r134a_air)

Process: Butter manufacture by churning and working (butter_manufacture)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared cattle-milk cream input (butter_cream_input)

Butter starter culture (butter_starter_culture)

Butter sodium chloride (butter_sodium_chloride)

Butter formulation water (butter_formulation_water)

Butter beta-carotene color preparation (butter_beta_carotene)

Butter-route electricity (butter_electricity)

Butter-route purchased steam (butter_purchased_steam)

Butter-route purchased hot water (butter_purchased_hot_water)

Butter-route natural gas (butter_natural_gas)

Butter-route diesel (butter_diesel)

Butter-route LPG (butter_lpg)

Butter-route process water (butter_process_water)

Butter-route R-717 refrigerant make-up (butter_r717_makeup)

Butter-route R-134a refrigerant make-up (butter_r134a_makeup)

Butter-route sodium hydroxide CIP solution (butter_sodium_hydroxide_cip)

Butter-route nitric acid CIP solution (butter_nitric_acid_cip)

Butter-route peracetic acid disinfectant (butter_peracetic_acid_cip)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Unpacked cattle-milk butter (unpacked_cattle_milk_butter)

Unpacked cattle-milk butterfat (unpacked_cattle_milk_butterfat)

Buttermilk co-product (buttermilk_coproduct)

Waste flows

Butter-manufacturing wastewater (butter_wastewater)

Process: Reception and cream preparation (`reception_and_cream_preparation`)

Received cattle milk (`cattle_milk_received`)

Received cattle-milk cream (`cattle_milk_cream_received`)

Received cattle-milk butter (`cattle_milk_butter_received`)

Reception electricity (`reception_electricity`)

Reception purchased steam (`reception_purchased_steam`)

Reception purchased hot water (`reception_purchased_hot_water`)

Reception natural gas (`reception_natural_gas`)

Reception diesel (`reception_diesel`)

Reception LPG (`reception_lpg`)

Reception process water (`reception_process_water`)

Reception R-717 refrigerant make-up (`reception_r717_makeup`)

Reception R-134a refrigerant make-up (`reception_r134a_makeup`)

Reception sodium hydroxide CIP solution (`reception_sodium_hydroxide_cip`)

Reception nitric acid CIP solution (`reception_nitric_acid_cip`)

Reception peracetic acid disinfectant (`reception_peracetic_acid_cip`)

Prepared cattle-milk cream (`prepared_cattle_milk_cream`)

Prepared cattle-milk butter (`prepared_cattle_milk_butter`)

Separated cattle skim milk (`separated_cattle_skim_milk`)

Rejected cattle milk (`rejected_cattle_milk`)

Rejected cattle-milk cream (`rejected_cattle_milk_cream`)

Rejected cattle-milk butter (`rejected_cattle_milk_butter`)

Reception and cream-preparation wastewater (`reception_wastewater`)

Reception filter residue (`reception_filter_residue`)

Reception fossil carbon dioxide emission (`reception_carbon_dioxide_air`)

Reception nitrogen oxides emission (`reception_nitrogen_oxides_air`)

Reception sulfur dioxide emission (`reception_sulfur_dioxide_air`)

Reception fine particulate emission (`reception_pm25_air`)

Reception R-717 emission (`reception_r717_air`)

Reception R-134a emission (`reception_r134a_air`)

Process: Butter manufacture by churning and working (`butter_manufacture`)

Prepared cattle-milk cream input (`butter_cream_input`)

Butter starter culture (`butter_starter_culture`)

Butter sodium chloride (`butter_sodium_chloride`)

Butter formulation water (`butter_formulation_water`)

Butter beta-carotene color preparation (`butter_beta_carotene`)

Butter-route electricity (`butter_electricity`)

Butter-route purchased steam (`butter_purchased_steam`)

Butter-route purchased hot water (`butter_purchased_hot_water`)

Butter-route natural gas (`butter_natural_gas`)

Butter-route diesel (`butter_diesel`)

Butter-route LPG (`butter_lpg`)

Butter-route process water (`butter_process_water`)

Butter-route R-717 refrigerant make-up (`butter_r717_makeup`)

Butter-route R-134a refrigerant make-up (`butter_r134a_makeup`)

Butter-route sodium hydroxide CIP solution (`butter_sodium_hydroxide_cip`)

Butter-route nitric acid CIP solution (`butter_nitric_acid_cip`)

Butter-route peracetic acid disinfectant (`butter_peracetic_acid_cip`)

Unpacked cattle-milk butter (`unpacked_cattle_milk_butter`)

Unpacked cattle-milk butterfat (`unpacked_cattle_milk_butterfat`)

Buttermilk co-product (`buttermilk_coproduct`)

Butter-manufacturing wastewater (`butter_wastewater`)

Off-spec cattle-milk butter waste (`offspec_butter_waste`)

Butter filter residue (`butter_filter_residue`)

Butter-route fossil carbon dioxide emission (`butter_carbon_dioxide_air`)

Butter-route nitrogen oxides emission (`butter_nitrogen_oxides_air`)

Butter-route sulfur dioxide emission (`butter_sulfur_dioxide_air`)

Butter-route fine particulate emission (`butter_pm25_air`)

Butter-route R-717 emission (`butter_r717_air`)

Butter-route R-134a emission (`butter_r134a_air`)

Process: Concentrated milkfat manufacture (`concentrated_milkfat_manufacture`)

Cattle-milk cream input (`concentrated_cream_input`)

Cattle-milk butter input (`concentrated_butter_input`)

Concentration-route electricity (`concentrated_electricity`)

Concentration-route purchased steam (`concentrated_purchased_steam`)

Concentration-route purchased hot water (`concentrated_purchased_hot_water`)

Concentration-route natural gas (`concentrated_natural_gas`)

Concentration-route diesel (`concentrated_diesel`)

Concentration-route LPG (`concentrated_lpg`)

Concentration-route process water (`concentrated_process_water`)

Concentration filter aid (`concentrated_diatomaceous_earth`)

Concentration-route R-717 refrigerant make-up (`concentrated_r717_makeup`)

Concentration-route R-134a refrigerant make-up (`concentrated_r134a_makeup`)

Concentration sodium hydroxide CIP solution (`concentrated_sodium_hydroxide_cip`)

Concentration nitric acid CIP solution (`concentrated_nitric_acid_cip`)

Concentration peracetic acid disinfectant (`concentrated_peracetic_acid_cip`)

Unpacked anhydrous milkfat (`unpacked_anhydrous_milkfat`)

Unpacked butter oil (`unpacked_butter_oil`)

Unpacked ghee (`unpacked_ghee`)

Separated non-fat cattle-milk phase (`separated_nonfat_cattle_milk_phase`)