Butter and Other Fats and Oils Derived from Milk of Buffalo

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies only to butter and other fats and oils derived exclusively from buffalo milk or buffalo-milk products. It covers buffalo-milk butter, dairy spreads, butterfat whether or not fractionated, anhydrous milkfat, butter oil, ghee, and other product forms within CPC 3.0 subclass 22242. The declared product form and production route determine which conditional processes apply.

Products derived from cattle milk (CPC 22241), milk of animals other than cattle or buffalo (CPC 22249), mixed-species milk, and products in which non-milk constituents replace milk constituents are outside scope. Codex CXS 279-1971, CXS 280-1973, and CXS 206-1999 support product identity and route distinctions; their composition, quality, contaminant, additive, and labelling limits are not default life-cycle inventory amounts.

The foreground data package covers the declared facility route from receipt of traceable buffalo milk, buffalo cream, or an eligible buffalo-milk intermediate through fat separation or concentration, finishing, packaging, storage, on-site utilities, cleaning, and waste or wastewater handling to the declared plant gate. Upstream buffalo farming and milk production remain linked upstream datasets unless directly controlled and explicitly added to the foreground boundary.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.dairy-products-and-egg-products.butter-and-other-fats-and-oils-derived-from-milk-of-buffalo
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 22242, exact
covered_products	Butter and other fats and oils derived exclusively from buffalo milk or buffalo-milk products, including butter, dairy spread, butterfat, fractionated milkfat, anhydrous milkfat, butter oil, and ghee
excluded_products	Cattle-milk products under CPC 22241; products from other animals under CPC 22249; mixed-species milk products; vegetable-fat or other non-milk substitutes; products whose true identity is not a buffalo-milk fat product
representative_product	Packaged buffalo-milk butter or declared buffalo-milk fat product at the facility gate
production_route	Receipt and species verification; optional cream separation or standardisation; churning, fat concentration, recombination, fractionation, dehydration, or ghee finishing as applicable; packaging; storage; utility, cleaning, and wastewater support
market_state	Packaged or bulk product at the declared facility gate; physical state, salt/culture status, fat-product designation, packaging format, and storage condition declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Buffalo-milk butter or another declared fat or oil product derived exclusively from buffalo milk
How much	1 kg net product
How well	Product family, buffalo-only origin, physical state, formulation or salt status, packaging state, and applicable product-identity claim are declared
How long or cycle	One production batch through the declared facility gate; no use-phase duration is represented
reference_flow_link	The 1 kg net product is represented by the Tiangong product flow and mass references below

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Buffalo-milk butter and fats 554cfc76-a4ac-4cda-9e06-d60256918b58
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	buffalo-only milk origin; product designation; production route; batch or campaign; net or dry mass basis; water-content or solids basis when used for conversion; salted, cultured, recombined, fractionated, dehydrated, or ghee status as applicable; packaging format; storage condition; facility gate; geography; reference period

When constructing a foreground data package, every required qualifier must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent data-package field. Missing qualifiers make the reference flow incomplete.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report the reference product as net product mass in kg and state whether packaging is excluded from that mass.
mass_basis_conversion	Material inputs, intermediates, co-products, and wastes	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Preserve measured wet, dry, fat, water, or solids basis; convert only with batch-specific measured composition data and retain the original measurement and conversion record.
energy_carrier_units	Electricity, fuels, steam, hot water, and refrigeration	Energy or mass/volume property selected for the carrier	declared source unit and normalized unit	Preserve meter, invoice, and fuel units; document every conversion factor and normalize the resulting amount to 1 kg net reference product.
water_stream_units	Process, cleaning, cooling, condensate, and wastewater streams	Volume or mass selected for the stream	m3 or kg	Keep water streams separated by purpose and treatment need; state density assumptions when converting mass and volume.

5. System Boundary

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
buffalo_origin_boundary	Product and dairy inputs	Include only lots documented as buffalo milk or buffalo-milk products; exclude cattle, other-animal, and mixed-species dairy inputs from this PCR dataset.	unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-206-1999
foreground_gate_boundary	Foreground facility	Include receiving, species and lot verification, storage, applicable separation or standardisation, fat concentration or churning, applicable finishing or dehydration, packaging, storage, cleaning, utilities, and on-site waste or wastewater operations through the declared facility gate.	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
upstream_link_boundary	Purchased inputs	Link traceable upstream datasets for buffalo milk or buffalo-milk intermediates, energy carriers, process water, ingredients, cleaning agents, refrigerants, packaging, and outsourced treatment or transport when those activities are outside direct foreground control.	eu-pef-2021-2279
direct_emission_boundary	Foreground releases	Include measured or calculated direct releases to air and water, refrigerant losses, wastewater sent off site, residues, rejects, and packaging waste without converting Codex quality criteria or BAT performance levels into inventory values.	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
route_condition_boundary	Product variants	Apply only the unit processes actually used for the declared product: churning for butter, near-total removal of water and non-fat solids for the CXS 280 product families, and any recombination, fractionation, salting, culturing, or ghee finishing that occurred.	codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Traceable buffalo milk, buffalo cream, or eligible buffalo-milk intermediate accepted at the foreground facility gate, with species origin, supplier, lot, mass, composition basis, temperature or storage state, and acceptance status recorded
starting_condition_role	Upstream-linked dairy product input and first foreground custody point
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 subclass 22242 only; cattle 22241, other animals 22249, and mixed-species inputs are excluded
recursive_input_rule	An input already meeting this same PCR category remains an explicit product input with supplier dataset and batch linkage; do not recursively reopen its prior production inside the receiving process unless the boundary is intentionally expanded
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use a species-specific buffalo-milk or buffalo-milk-intermediate upstream dataset with geography, technology, reference period, composition basis, allocation, and data-quality disclosure; generic or cattle-milk proxies require explicit non-conformance disclosure and are not treated as exact buffalo data
disclosure	Declare starting dairy material, excluded upstream activities, included facility processes, product route, co-products, allocation decisions, outsourced operations, packaging state, storage, and plant-gate endpoint

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
receipt_and_storage	Buffalo dairy input receipt and storage	required		Foreground custody, identity verification, and chilled or controlled storage	accepted buffalo dairy input and transferred mass
fat_separation_standardisation	Fat separation and standardisation	conditional	Include when whole buffalo milk is separated, cream is standardised, or fat content is adjusted at the facility	Foreground dairy fractionation and intermediate preparation	mass of dairy input and each separated output
butter_or_fat_formation	Butter or milkfat formation	required		Foreground churning, concentration, recombination, or other declared formation step	mass of product intermediate and co-products
dehydration_fractionation_finishing	Dehydration, fractionation, and route-specific finishing	conditional	Include for anhydrous milkfat, butter oil, ghee, fractionated, melted, salted, cultured, or otherwise finished variants	Foreground route-specific finishing	mass of input intermediate and finished bulk product
packaging_and_product_storage	Packaging and product storage	required		Foreground final packing, cold or controlled storage, and plant-gate output	1 kg net reference product
utilities_cleaning_wastewater	Utilities, cleaning, and wastewater management	required		Shared foreground support and direct environmental exchanges	allocated service to 1 kg net reference product

Process: Buffalo Dairy Input Receipt and Storage (receipt_and_storage)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted buffalo dairy material (buffalo_dairy_input)

Record every accepted lot of buffalo milk, buffalo cream, or eligible buffalo-milk intermediate crossing the facility gate. Supplier and species documentation must exclude mixed-species material.

• Selected flow: Buffalo milk, buffalo cream, or declared buffalo-milk intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured accepted mass by lot on the recorded wet, dry, fat, or solids basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dairy_mass_traceability
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-206-1999

Receipt and storage energy (receipt_storage_energy)

Record metered or allocated electricity, fuel, steam, or refrigeration service used for unloading, pumping, cooling, and storage before transfer to production.

• Selected flow: Declared electricity, fuel, steam, or refrigeration service
• Flow property / unit: Carrier-specific energy, mass, or volume / declared source unit
• Amount rule: Metered amount where submetering exists; otherwise a documented allocation from the shortest representative facility interval
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_fuel
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Waste flows

Rejected or spilled dairy material (receipt_dairy_rejects)

Record rejected lots, spills, and line-clearance dairy material by destination without netting them against accepted input.

• Selected flow: Buffalo dairy reject or spill to declared recovery, treatment, or disposal
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or mass-balance-derived quantity by incident and destination
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_mass
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Transferred buffalo dairy material (accepted_dairy_to_production)

Record the mass and composition basis transferred from storage to the next applicable process.

• Selected flow: Accepted buffalo dairy material transferred to production
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured transfer mass reconciled to accepted input, storage change, rejects, and spills
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per receipt batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dairy_mass_traceability
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Fat Separation and Standardisation (fat_separation_standardisation)

Inputs

Product flows

Buffalo dairy material to separation (separation_dairy_input)

Record the transferred buffalo milk, cream, or intermediate and its batch-specific composition basis.

• Selected flow: Buffalo dairy material to separator or standardisation step
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured batch input mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per process batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dairy_mass_traceability
• Sources: codex-cxs-206-1999

Separation and standardisation energy (separation_energy)

Record energy used by separators, pumps, heat treatment, cooling, and holding equipment in this step.

• Selected flow: Declared electricity, fuel, steam, or refrigeration service
• Flow property / unit: Carrier-specific energy, mass, or volume / declared source unit
• Amount rule: Metered process amount or documented interval allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg declared process output and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_fuel
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Buffalo cream or standardised fat intermediate (buffalo_fat_intermediate)

Record the buffalo-milk fat intermediate transferred to the formation step, including mass and measured composition basis.

• Selected flow: Buffalo cream or standardised buffalo-milk fat intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured output mass by batch
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per separation batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dairy_mass_traceability
• Sources:

Buffalo skim-milk co-product (buffalo_skim_coproduct)

Record each marketable or internally used buffalo skim-milk fraction separately from the fat intermediate.

• Selected flow: Buffalo skim milk or other declared dairy co-product
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured co-product mass by batch and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per separation batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_mass
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Waste flows

Separation residues and losses (separation_residues)

Record non-product residues, separator sludge, and unrecovered dairy losses by destination.

• Selected flow: Separation residue or dairy loss to declared destination
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed quantity or batch mass-balance residual, with derivation retained
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per separation batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_mass
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Process: Butter or Milkfat Formation (butter_or_fat_formation)

Inputs

Product flows

Buffalo dairy feed to formation (formation_dairy_input)

Record the batch of buffalo cream, buffalo-milk fat intermediate, or eligible buffalo-milk input entering churning, concentration, recombination, or other declared formation equipment.

• Selected flow: Declared buffalo dairy feed to formation
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured batch input mass and composition basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per formation batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dairy_mass_traceability
• Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973

Formation energy (formation_energy)

Record electricity, heat, cooling, compressed air, or other energy services used by the declared formation route.

• Selected flow: Declared electricity, fuel, steam, cooling, or compressed-air service
• Flow property / unit: Carrier-specific energy, mass, or volume / declared source unit
• Amount rule: Metered process amount or documented interval allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg formation output and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_fuel
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Water, salt, culture, or route ingredient (formation_auxiliaries)

Record only potable water, salt, culture, or another declared route input actually added. Do not infer an amount from a Codex permitted-ingredient or composition provision.

• Selected flow: Declared process water or route ingredient
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume selected for the material / kg or m3
• Amount rule: Measured batch addition from scale, dosing, or issue records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per formation batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_cip_ingredients
• Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Formed buffalo-milk fat product (formed_buffalo_fat_product)

Record the butter or milkfat intermediate transferred to optional finishing or directly to packaging.

• Selected flow: Formed buffalo-milk butter or fat intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured batch output mass and declared product family
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per formation batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dairy_mass_traceability
• Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973

Buttermilk or aqueous dairy co-product (formation_dairy_coproduct)

Record buttermilk or another separately used aqueous dairy stream as a co-product only when it has a documented beneficial use or market destination.

• Selected flow: Buttermilk or declared aqueous buffalo dairy co-product
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured co-product mass by batch and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per formation batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_mass
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Waste flows

Formation losses and non-product dairy stream (formation_losses)

Record product loss, flush material, and non-beneficial dairy streams by treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Formation loss or non-product dairy stream
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed amount or batch mass-balance residual
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per formation batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_mass
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Process: Dehydration, Fractionation, and Route-Specific Finishing (dehydration_fractionation_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Buffalo-milk fat intermediate to finishing (finishing_product_input)

Record the batch transferred to melting, dehydration, fractionation, recombination, salting, culturing, flavour development, or another declared finishing route.

• Selected flow: Buffalo-milk fat intermediate to finishing
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured batch input mass and composition basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per finishing batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dairy_mass_traceability
• Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973

Finishing energy and auxiliaries (finishing_energy_auxiliaries)

Record route-specific heat, vacuum, cooling, electricity, water, and actual additives or ingredients without applying a generic recipe.

• Selected flow: Declared energy service, process water, or route auxiliary
• Flow property / unit: Carrier-specific energy, mass, or volume / declared source unit
• Amount rule: Metered, weighed, or batch-issued amount for the actual finishing route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg finishing output and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_fuel
• Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Finished bulk buffalo-milk fat product (finished_bulk_product)

Record finished bulk butter, milkfat, butter oil, ghee, fraction, or other in-scope product transferred to packaging.

• Selected flow: Declared finished bulk buffalo-milk fat product
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured net bulk output mass by batch
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per finishing batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dairy_mass_traceability
• Sources: codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973

Waste flows

Removed aqueous or non-fat material (finishing_removed_material)

Record water, non-fat solids, off-spec material, and residues removed during finishing, classified by actual recovery, treatment, or release route.

• Selected flow: Removed aqueous or non-fat material to declared destination
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: Measured quantity or batch mass-balance-derived quantity
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per finishing batch and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_mass
• Sources: codex-cxs-280-1973

Elementary flows

Process: Packaging and Product Storage (packaging_and_product_storage)

Inputs

Product flows

Finished bulk product to packaging (bulk_product_to_packaging)

Record the mass of in-scope finished bulk product entering the packaging line.

• Selected flow: Finished bulk buffalo-milk butter or fat product
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured batch or packaging-run input mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per packaging run and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dairy_mass_traceability
• Sources:

Primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging (packaging_materials)

Record each packaging material and reusable transport item separately by material, mass, recycled-content claim where relevant, and packaging level.

• Selected flow: Declared packaging material or reusable transport item
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg, or count converted with measured item mass
• Amount rule: Purchasing and line-issue records less documented returns, normalized with packaging-run output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Packaging and storage energy (packaging_storage_energy)

Record packaging-line electricity, compressed air, cold-room or controlled-storage energy, and related utility demand through the declared gate.

• Selected flow: Declared electricity, fuel, refrigeration, or compressed-air service
• Flow property / unit: Carrier-specific energy, mass, or volume / declared source unit
• Amount rule: Metered amount or documented allocation over the packaging and storage interval
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product and declared storage duration
• Basis kind: Storage duration (storage_duration)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_fuel
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Net reference product at facility gate (reference_product_output)

The output is the declared buffalo-milk butter or fat product meeting the reference-flow qualifiers. Packaging mass is not part of the 1 kg net product.

• Selected flow: Buffalo-milk butter and fats 554cfc76-a4ac-4cda-9e06-d60256918b58
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg net reference product
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Generic (generic)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg net reference product at the declared facility gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)
• Collection protocol:
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-0-2025

Waste flows

Packaging rejects and product loss (packaging_rejects)

Record packaging trim, damaged packs, off-spec packed product, and recovered or discarded product separately by destination.

• Selected flow: Declared packaging reject or packed-product loss
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or inventory-reconciled amount by packaging run and destination
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Refrigerant releases (refrigerant_release)

Record direct refrigerant loss associated with in-scope cooling and storage from service records and inventory reconciliation.

• Selected flow: Declared refrigerant emission to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Refrigerant mass balance from opening stock, additions, recoveries, closing stock, and documented equipment transfer
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product over the declared reference period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_effluent
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Process: Utilities, Cleaning, and Wastewater Management (utilities_cleaning_wastewater)

Inputs

Product flows

Shared energy and fuel (shared_energy_fuel)

Record fuels, electricity, steam generation inputs, compressed air, cooling, and other shared utilities serving the in-scope route.

• Selected flow: Declared shared electricity, fuel, steam, cooling, or compressed-air input
• Flow property / unit: Carrier-specific energy, mass, or volume / declared source unit
• Amount rule: Metered site or utility-system amount allocated to the in-scope route using documented causal meters or service drivers
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_and_fuel
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031; eu-pef-2021-2279

Cleaning water and chemicals (cleaning_water_chemicals)

Record water and each cleaning or disinfection chemical used for tanks, pipes, separators, churns, finishing equipment, packaging equipment, and floors. Retain CIP cycle and dosing records.

• Selected flow: Process water or declared cleaning and disinfection chemical
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: Metered water and measured chemical issue or dosing amount by cleaning cycle
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per cleaning cycle and per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_cip_ingredients
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Waste flows

Wastewater sent to treatment (wastewater_to_treatment)

Record segregated process, cleaning, cooling, and sanitary wastewater streams by volume, destination, and whether treatment is on site or off site.

• Selected flow: Declared wastewater stream to treatment
• Flow property / unit: Volume or mass / m3 or kg
• Amount rule: Metered or water-balance-derived flow by stream and destination
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_effluent
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Treatment sludge and separated residues (treatment_residues)

Record wastewater-treatment sludge, screenings, recovered fat, and other separated residues by wet or dry basis and destination.

• Selected flow: Declared treatment sludge or separated residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed amount or documented treatment inventory balance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_waste_mass
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Direct releases to water (direct_water_releases)

For on-site discharge, record effluent volume and each monitored pollutant load as separate elementary exchanges. Off-site wastewater remains a waste flow to the receiving treatment process.

• Selected flow: Declared elementary emission to water
• Flow property / unit: Pollutant-specific mass / kg
• Amount rule: Monitoring-period load calculated from matched effluent flow and concentration records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product over the matched reporting period
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_effluent
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

Direct combustion or process releases to air (direct_air_releases)

Record relevant measured or calculation-supported direct air releases from in-scope utility and process equipment. Do not substitute BAT-associated performance values for site data.

• Selected flow: Declared elementary emission to air
• Flow property / unit: Pollutant-specific mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched stack monitoring, fuel record and approved factor, or other documented site calculation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net reference product over the matched reporting period
• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_effluent
• Sources: eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	Separation, formation, finishing, packaging, and shared utilities	First use process subdivision, separate meters, batch records, and route-specific inventories to avoid allocation wherever the directly attributable flows can be isolated.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_system_expansion_check	Multi-functional processes	If subdivision is not possible, evaluate whether system expansion represents the additional co-product functions; report the expanded function and do not present an individual-product result as though no expansion occurred.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_physical_relationship	Buffalo skim milk, buttermilk, recovered fat, and other co-products	When subdivision and system expansion are not applied, use a relevant, quantifiable physical relationship only when it reflects the causal relationship between inputs, outputs, and the functions provided; retain batch composition and mass evidence.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_other_relationship	Remaining multi-functionality	Use another relationship such as economic allocation only after documenting why subdivision, system expansion, and a relevant physical relationship are not applicable; use process-stage, geography, and reference-period-specific records and disclose sensitivity.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_no_default_factor	All co-product systems	This PCR provides no universal allocation factor: the selected method, co-product status, data sources, calculation, and consistency across upstream and foreground dairy stages must be disclosed for the actual facility and reference period.	eu-pef-2021-2279

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_dairy_mass_traceability	receipt_and_storage; fat_separation_standardisation; butter_or_fat_formation; dehydration_fractionation_finishing; packaging_and_product_storage	Dairy input, intermediate, and product mass and identity	Scale ticket, tank gauge, batch sheet, laboratory composition record, supplier certificate	supplier; farm or processor; animal species; lot; product designation; gross and tare mass; net mass; wet/dry/fat/solids basis; sample time; test method; transfer time; destination	Calibrated scale or tank measurement linked to batch and species documentation	kg plus declared composition basis	Every receipt, transfer, and finished batch	Complete reference period, including start/end inventory	Each included facility, tank, and line	Reconcile opening stock + receipts - transfers - rejects - closing stock by batch; normalize completed route to net product mass	Calibration status; chain-of-custody record; species declaration; sample and test record; reconciliation sign-off
cp_energy_and_fuel	receipt_and_storage; fat_separation_standardisation; butter_or_fat_formation; dehydration_fractionation_finishing; packaging_and_product_storage; utilities_cleaning_wastewater	Electricity, fuel, heat, refrigeration, and compressed-air demand	Submeter, main meter, invoice, fuel delivery, boiler or refrigeration log	meter id; carrier; opening/closing reading; multiplier; fuel quantity; calorific or conversion basis; operating hours; process line; downtime; production mass	Prefer process submetering; otherwise shortest representative interval with documented causal allocation	source unit and normalized kWh, MJ, kg, or m3	Continuous or each billing/production interval	Complete reference period with inventory changes	Each included utility and production line	Sum matched consumption, subtract documented exports, allocate shared service with a causal driver, normalize to net product	Meter calibration; invoice reconciliation; conversion source; operating log; allocation review
cp_water_cip_ingredients	butter_or_fat_formation; dehydration_fractionation_finishing; utilities_cleaning_wastewater	Process water, ingredients, cleaning water, and chemicals	Water meter, CIP log, dosing record, batch issue record	stream; meter; cycle id; chemical or ingredient; concentration as purchased; dose; return/reuse; rinse endpoint; batch; line; product mass	Metered water and calibrated dosing or weighed issue linked to cycle and batch	m3 or kg	Every batch or CIP cycle; continuous where metered	Complete reference period including atypical cleaning	Each included line, CIP circuit, and utility area	Sum by purpose and stream; deduct documented reuse only once; normalize to net product	Meter and dosing calibration; CIP trace; purchase reconciliation; reuse record; hygiene release
cp_coproduct_waste_mass	receipt_and_storage; fat_separation_standardisation; butter_or_fat_formation; dehydration_fractionation_finishing; packaging_and_product_storage; utilities_cleaning_wastewater	Co-products, rejects, residues, sludge, and product losses	Scale ticket, batch balance, waste manifest, recovery or sales record	stream identity; mass; wet/dry basis; batch; destination; beneficial-use evidence; waste code where applicable; calculation inputs	Direct weighing preferred; otherwise documented mass balance from matched batch records	kg	Every batch, shipment, or waste collection	Complete reference period	Each included process and destination	Sum separately by product, co-product, waste, and destination; do not net beneficial outputs against inputs	Scale calibration; destination receipt; mass-balance closure; classification approval
cp_packaging_records	packaging_and_product_storage	Packaging inputs, reusable items, rejects, and packed output	Purchasing, item specification, line issue, return, reject, and finished-goods record	material; supplier; item mass; count; packaging level; recycled-content claim; reuse count; issued; returned; rejected; packed net product	Weigh representative item or use verified specification; reconcile counts and line issues	kg and count	Every packaging run; specification change checked when it occurs	Complete reference period	Each packaging line and product format	Convert counts using verified item mass; subtract documented returns; report each material separately per net product	Item-mass sample; supplier specification; issue/return reconciliation; reject record
cp_direct_emissions_effluent	packaging_and_product_storage; utilities_cleaning_wastewater	Refrigerant loss, wastewater flow and pollutants, and direct air emissions	Refrigerant service log, effluent flow meter, laboratory result, stack test, fuel record, permit report	substance; equipment or outlet; opening/closing stock; additions; recovery; flow; concentration; sample time; method; operating state; fuel use; factor source	Mass balance, direct monitoring, or calculation from temporally matched measured activity and approved factor	kg, m3, concentration unit, and kg load	At each service event and at legally or technically appropriate monitoring intervals	Matched to production reference period and operating state	Each in-scope equipment item, stack, and discharge point	Calculate substance-specific mass; concentration × matched flow for water load; normalize only after temporal matching	Service invoice; chain of custody; laboratory accreditation; meter calibration; factor/version record; permit report

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
normalize_to_reference_product	All quantitative inventory rows	normalized amount = matched foreground amount / matched net reference-product mass; preserve the unnormalized record and basis	foreground amount; net reference-product mass; batch or interval linkage	amount per 1 kg net reference product	eu-pef-2021-2279
dairy_batch_mass_balance	Receipt, separation, formation, finishing, and packaging	opening inventory + inputs = outputs + closing inventory + measured losses + reconciled residual; investigate rather than silently distribute a material residual	opening and closing inventory; input/output/co-product/waste masses; composition basis	signed batch balance and documented residual
water_pollutant_load	Direct releases to water	pollutant load = temporally matched effluent volume × concentration after unit conversion; report each substance separately	flow; concentration; sampling period; conversion factors	pollutant mass by outlet and period	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
refrigerant_mass_balance	Refrigeration equipment	release = opening stock + additions - recovered amount - closing stock - documented equipment transfer, with sign and stock reconciliation	refrigerant stock, additions, recoveries, transfers	refrigerant mass released by substance	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
multifunctionality_decision	Co-products and shared services	apply subdivision or system expansion first; if neither is applied, calculate burdens using a justified physical relationship, otherwise another disclosed relationship with sensitivity	process map; separate records; co-product quantities and properties; market data if used	allocated or expanded inventory with method record	eu-pef-2021-2279

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_species_identity	All dairy inputs and products	Maintain lot-level evidence that dairy material is buffalo-only; any cattle, other-animal, or mixed-species lot is excluded from this PCR dataset.	Supplier declaration, chain of custody, receiving record, product specification, and applicable verification test
dq_completeness	Foreground inventory	Cover all applicable mapped processes and all material, energy, water, co-product, waste, direct-emission, packaging, and storage records for the reference period; explain omissions.	Process flow sheet, record inventory, meter list, mass and water balances, and completeness review
dq_representativeness	Foreground and upstream datasets	Disclose technological, geographical, and time representativeness and precision; use higher-quality data for material processes and do not represent a cattle-milk proxy as exact buffalo data.	Data-quality assessment, dataset metadata, source record, and proxy justification
dq_temporal_matching	Activity and emission data	Match production, utilities, inventories, wastewater, direct emissions, co-products, and waste to the same batch or defensible reporting interval.	Timestamped records, interval reconciliation, operating log, and normalization workbook
dq_measurement_traceability	Measured and calculated amounts	Retain raw readings, calibration status, unit conversions, calculation formulas, factor identities and versions, reviewer, and correction history.	Calibration certificate, raw export, controlled calculation, factor reference, and review sign-off
dq_no_generic_performance_values	Product specifications and BAT evidence	Do not use Codex composition or quality limits, or BAT-associated consumption or emission performance values, as a generic foreground LCI. Use site, batch, supplier, or approved factor records.	Source-use review and row-level evidence-kind audit

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	Reference flow	The reference product flow UUID must be 554cfc76-a4ac-4cda-9e06-d60256918b58, the Mass UUID must be 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, the Units of mass UUID must be 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, and the unit must be kg, with no dataset versions appended.
validate_buffalo_only_scope	Product and dairy inputs	Every dairy input and the reference product must be documented as buffalo-only; reject cattle-milk, other-animal, mixed-species, and substitute-fat records from this PCR dataset.	unsd-cpc-3-0-2025; codex-cxs-206-1999
validate_product_route	Product identity and process map	The declared product designation and actual route must select the applicable butter, milkfat, butter-oil, ghee, fractionation, recombination, salting, culturing, dehydration, packaging, and storage processes without treating a Codex permission as proof that a process occurred.	codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973
validate_reference_amount	Quantitative inventory	The product output must equal 1 kg net product after normalization; packaging mass must remain separate and all wet, dry, fat, water, or solids conversions must retain batch-specific evidence.
validate_process_and_record_coverage	Foreground inventory	Every required and applicable conditional process must have linked foreground records for material, energy, water, co-products, wastes, direct emissions, packaging, and storage, or a documented non-applicability reason.	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
validate_mass_and_stream_balance	Dairy and water systems	Receipt-to-output dairy mass balances and separated water-stream balances must reconcile within a site-defined, documented measurement uncertainty; unexplained residuals are findings, not hidden allocations.	eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
validate_allocation_hierarchy	Multi-functional processes	The dataset must document subdivision and system-expansion checks before physical or other allocation, identify every co-product and shared service, and retain the selected relationship and sensitivity evidence.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_source_use	Numerical and method claims	Every non-foreground numerical factor must identify its source and version; Codex composition or quality limits and BAT performance values must not appear as default LCI amounts.	codex-cxs-279-1971; codex-cxs-280-1973; eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031
validate_data_quality	Dataset profile	Completeness, methodological consistency, technological, geographical and temporal representativeness, precision, documentation, nomenclature, and review status must be disclosed.	eu-pef-2021-2279

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground unit-process or aggregated gate-to-gate dataset for a declared buffalo-milk butter or fat-product route
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	LCA modelling of the declared CPC 22242 buffalo-milk product when species origin, product form, route, geography, technology, reference period, boundary, allocation, packaging, storage, and data quality are compatible
excluded_use	Cattle-milk products; other-animal products; mixed-species products; generic dairy-fat averages presented as buffalo-specific; substitute-fat products; cradle-to-gate claims when required upstream buffalo milk datasets are absent; comparisons that ignore material boundary or allocation differences
required_metadata	PCR id; Tiangong reference UUIDs; buffalo-only evidence; product designation and qualifiers; facility and geography; reference period; route and technology; included and excluded processes; upstream dataset links; co-products and allocation; packaging; storage; record coverage; normalization workbook; source and factor versions
required_quality_disclosure	Completeness; methodological consistency; technological, geographical, and temporal representativeness; precision; measurement uncertainty; missing records; proxy use; mass and water balance results; allocation sensitivity; review status; deviations from this PCR
update_trigger	Species-origin evidence changes; product or route change; material process, technology, energy, water, packaging, storage, waste treatment, co-product use, or allocation change; reference-period rollover; material data-quality improvement; source revision; or replacement of a provisional or proxy input with verified foreground or buffalo-specific data

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-3-0-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Explanatory Notes, subclass 22242, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf (accessed 2026-08-12)	Exact buffalo-milk category identity, included product forms, and exclusions of CPC 22241 and 22249
codex-cxs-279-1971	standard	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 279-1971, Standard for Butter, official standards register: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/all-standards/en/ (accessed 2026-08-12)	Butter identity, milk-only derivation, water-in-oil route concept, and possible route ingredients; composition and quality values are not LCI defaults
codex-cxs-280-1973	standard	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 280-1973, Standard for Milkfat Products, official standards register: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/all-standards/en/ (accessed 2026-08-12)	Identity and route distinction for anhydrous milkfat, milkfat, butter oil, and ghee; composition and quality values are not LCI defaults
codex-cxs-206-1999	standard	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 206-1999, General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms, official standards register: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/all-standards/en/ (accessed 2026-08-12)	Dairy product identity, animal-origin declaration, recombined or reconstituted status, and exclusion of misleading mixed or substitute products
eu-pef-2021-2279	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on Environmental Footprint methods, ELI: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj/eng (accessed 2026-08-12)	Functional-unit structure, reference flow, system boundary, allocation hierarchy, data collection materiality, and data-quality disclosure
eu-fdm-bat-2019-2031	official_guidance	Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2031 establishing BAT conclusions for the food, drink and milk industries, ELI: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2019/2031/oj (accessed 2026-08-12)	Process flow inventory, water, energy, raw material, wastewater, waste-gas and residue records, monitoring strategy, cleaning/CIP, and resource-efficiency practices; BAT performance values are not LCI defaults