Tunnel construction delivery

1. Scope and Applicability

Applies to physical highway, road and railway tunnels and related underground constructions for underground railway traffic. Excludes ordinary vehicular/pedestrian underpasses, underground rail lines as such, mining tunnels, water conduits, construction services and tunnel operation services. The reference is an actually defined completed asset, not a materials bundle or a construction-service transaction (un-cpc).

Retain actual cut-and-cover, mined/SEM, mechanical bored/shield, immersed and box-jacked routes, singly or combined. Ground conditions and accepted design determine applicability; no mandatory explosive, foam, grout, lining type or universal structural recipe. Underground stations/caverns, shafts, cross-passages and portals are included only as identified related construction in the same delivery. Separate road surfacing and rail track/electrification packages by agreed interfaces to avoid overlap with road/rail PCRs. Civil-method context comes from the historical FHWA manual; it is not current design or safety approval (fhwa-tunnel).

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.constructions-and-construction-services.constructions.tunnel-construction-delivery
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 53222 — Tunnels
covered_products	Accepted physical transport tunnel entities and explicitly related underground railway constructions
excluded_products	Underpasses; rail lines; mining tunnels; aqueducts; services; standalone machinery/materials
representative_product	One specified and measured complete tunnel delivery unit
production_route	Actual project excavation/support/lining/installation route, including mixed-route interfaces
market_state	Completed and accepted asset at its declared site; not an assumed operational-service output

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	An enclosed road/rail transport passage and declared related underground structures
How much	One complete delivery unit with measured tunnel length, bore count, clear cross-sections, component extents and capacity configuration
How well	As-built geometry, ground/structural/waterproofing and installed-system specifications reconciled with actual acceptance records
How long or cycle	Actual construction start through acceptance; operation duration and service life are excluded unless separately evidenced and modelled
reference_flow_link	reference_tunnel

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Completed tunnel construction delivery unit
Reference flow property	Number of items 01846770-4cfe-4a25-8ad9-919d8d378345
Reference unit group	Units of items 5beb6eed-33a9-47b8-9ede-1dfe8f679159
Reference unit	item
Required qualifiers	site and coordinates; acceptance/contract ID and date; transport function; measured length and bore count; clear/excavated sections; ground and groundwater; excavation routes; lining/material state; portals/shafts/cross-passages/caverns; drainage/ventilation/fire/lighting/control system scope; road/rail interfaces; complete delivery and temporary-work restoration; boundary stages

Here item is the same count unit as public Item(s); 件 is its Chinese display. Geometry qualifies the physical delivery and does not create a universal per-metre result. Product UUID remains unresolved; use this candidate only with that limitation disclosed.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
delivery_count	reference product	Number of items	item	Use 1 item for one complete accepted declared tunnel entity; collect using cp_delivery. Every exchange uses the same delivery boundary.
geometry	reference product	Length; Area; Volume	m; m2; m3	Collect measured as-built centreline lengths, sections and installed extents; preserve bore/route segmentation. Do not convert an asset count to mass or length without actual scope and measurement evidence.
numerator_units	all inventory rows	Actual selected reference property	row-specific unit	Keep mass, volume, length, count and energy distinct. Density, linear mass, concentration and heating value must come from actual matching batches and state/temperature; no nominal 1000 kg/m3 water density or generic concrete density. Preserve public flow reference properties.
energy_conversion	power_lv; power_mv	Net calorific value	MJ	1 kWh = 3.6 MJ; preserve the original energy-property identity, not Mass. Diesel is separately measured in kg and fuel heat does not imply electricity output.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Declared site and actual existing ground/structures before the recorded construction works; supplied materials/components cross at the stated site gate
starting_condition_role	user_defined_foreground_boundary
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 53222
recursive_input_rule	Existing/reused tunnel parts require explicit inherited condition and prior burdens; do not recurse into another unbounded tunnel or treat an existing asset as burden-free
upstream_dataset_requirement	Match manufacture and delivery transport separately by material/component state, region, date and gate; do not add constituent burdens already in purchased segments/elements
disclosure	Site construction-to-acceptance foreground; disclose every added upstream, transport, treatment and downstream stage. Not complete cradle-to-gate or whole life by default

rule_id	rule	source_ids
boundary_work	Include actual access/launch shafts, excavation and muck haul, ground improvement, support, lining, portals, dewatering, installation, testing, rework and temporary-work restoration attributable to delivery. Each actual work package needs its atomic inventory; examples below are not a universal exhaustive recipe.	fhwa-tunnel
boundary_stage	Separate purchased-material/equipment manufacture, external transport, site works, off-site treatment, later operation, actual maintenance/replacement, demolition and destination. Excluded/unmeasured stages retain coverage gaps; do not claim full-life results or avoided-burden credits.
boundary_interfaces	Record road/rail track and station interfaces from actual acceptance scope; related underground construction belongs here only when explicitly included. Public highway manual supports civil route context, not railway system design or regulatory compliance.	un-cpc; fhwa-tunnel

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
cut_cover	Cut-and-cover excavation and support	conditional	Where actual top-down or bottom-up tunnel works	foreground	per declared reference flow
mined	Mined excavation and initial ground support	conditional	Where drill-and-blast or sequential/mechanical excavation	foreground	per declared reference flow
bored	Bored excavation, muck transfer and conditioning	conditional	Where TBM, EPB or slurry shield is actually used	foreground	per declared reference flow
immersed	Immersed trench preparation, towing, placement and joining	conditional	Where actual immersed-tube construction	foreground	per declared reference flow
jacked	Box jacking, excavation and joint completion	conditional	Where actual jacked-box tunnel construction	foreground	per declared reference flow
lining	Permanent structure, lining, waterproofing and portals	conditional	Actual specified structural and waterproofing work; no assumed universal lining	foreground	per declared reference flow
systems	Permanent drainage and specified installed systems	conditional	Actual delivery scope; record every specified component	foreground	per declared reference flow
site_operation	Cross-work-package energy, water, logistics, waste and releases	required	All actual site work including access, shafts, temporary works and restoration	foreground	per declared reference flow
acceptance	Inspection, testing, completion and physical delivery	required	All accepted tunnel deliveries	foreground	per declared reference flow

Attribute shared site-operation exchanges to actual work packages using meters/logs; their central listing does not imply omission from excavation or lining. Immersed-element prefabrication outside the site is upstream; a project casting basin inside the boundary instead requires its measured constituent and fabrication process inventory. Mechanical shield work distinguishes excavation, face conditioning, slurry separation, muck transport, segment assembly and annular injection. Top-down and bottom-up work retain their actual sequence. Safety/geotechnical observation and acceptance records remain required context, with no invented design loads (fhwa-tunnel).

Process: Cut-and-cover excavation and support (cut_cover)

Inputs

Product flows

Fabricated steel sheet pile for excavation support (support_pile)

Where actual cut-and-cover excavation uses sheet piles; distinguish retained piles from reusable support. Allocate reusable pile manufacture through the same-asset ledger; never charge full manufacture at each project.

• Selected flow: Fabricated steel sheet pile for excavation support
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Separate new supplied piles permanently incorporated or consumed from reusable or previously used piles. For the new-consumed portion use measured attributable gross receipts + opening stock - verified returns/transfers - closing reusable stock, retaining consumed losses, with cp_materials. For reusable or previously used piles use measured asset net mass multiplied by the evidenced dimensionless manufacturing share under the section 8 same-asset manufacturing calculation and cp_assets; returning the physical pile does not cancel its use share. Prior manufacture already assigned is never charged again, including if a previously used pile is finally retained or lost. Keep physical delivery/return/incorporation/loss movements separate and do not count the same pile in both branches.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_assets

Imported uncontaminated mineral soil for tunnel backfill (backfill)

Only imported soil actually used above/around the completed cut-and-cover structure; record moisture, compaction and provenance. Site soil reused internally is not an external input.

• Selected flow: Imported uncontaminated mineral soil for tunnel backfill
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Mined excavation and initial ground support (mined)

Inputs

Product flows

Emulsion Explosive (explosive)

Only drill-and-blast using sensitized ammonium-nitrate water-in-oil emulsion explosive; not ANFO or blasting-service identity. Separate actual detonator and fuse inputs by their specifications. Mechanical excavation does not require explosives.

• Selected flow: Emulsion Explosive eb58ee82-ee46-4306-baef-51dfef1d1ccc
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual charged mass, returned stock, misfires and controlled disposal from blast records.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_blasting

Finished steel rock bolt (rock_bolt)

Where the actual ground support uses steel rock bolts; record grade, profile, dimensions, embedded length and coating. Grout and resin are separate supplies.

• Selected flow: Finished steel rock bolt
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Fabricated steel tunnel support rib (steel_rib)

When installed for staged excavation; count and weigh the supplied configuration, distinguishing initial support from final lining reinforcement.

• Selected flow: Fabricated steel tunnel support rib
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Wet-mix shotcrete before spraying (wet_shotcrete)

Only actual wet-mix supply, with declared mix, fibres, strength specification and included additives. Record rebound and overspray separately; dry-mix route requires its separate actual constituent rows and measured water.

• Selected flow: Wet-mix shotcrete before spraying
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Bored excavation, muck transfer and conditioning (bored)

Inputs

Product flows

Bentonite powder for tunnel slurry (bentonite)

Only slurry-shield or ground-treatment use confirmed by the actual recipe; distinguish purchased powder from carrier water and internally recirculated slurry. EPB excavation does not automatically require bentonite.

• Selected flow: Bentonite powder for tunnel slurry
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Aqueous sodium alkyl ether sulfate soil-conditioning concentrate (conditioning)

Conditional on actual EPB conditioning with this chemically identified concentrate. Collect supplier composition, concentration and dilution; other surfactants/polymers need distinct atomic rows, without inventing a universal foam recipe.

• Selected flow: Aqueous sodium alkyl ether sulfate soil-conditioning concentrate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Complete tunnel boring machine manufacturing share (tbm_share)

Where equipment manufacture is included: use the actual configured machine count multiplied by a dimensionless project share based on supported cumulative activity. Retain cross-project ledger and cumulative shares ≤1. Unknown lifetime activity keeps this contribution under review; no default service life.

• Selected flow: Complete tunnel boring machine manufacturing share
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / item
• Amount rule: Record attributed machine count and supported manufacturing share separately; disclose missing denominator rather than resetting manufacture per tunnel.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_assets

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Immersed trench preparation, towing, placement and joining (immersed)

Inputs

Product flows

Prefabricated reinforced-concrete immersed tunnel element (immersed_element)

For concrete immersed tubes fabricated outside the foreground gate: record complete element dimensions, bulkhead/configuration and included components. Do not duplicate its embodied concrete/rebar; steel-shell tube routes require a separate actual shell element row.

• Selected flow: Prefabricated reinforced-concrete immersed tunnel element
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / item
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Rubber immersion-joint sealing gasket (seal)

Only supplied separately from the prefabricated element; record actual rubber formulation, profile, joint count and installed mass.

• Selected flow: Rubber immersion-joint sealing gasket
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Crushed granite foundation bedding aggregate (bed_stone)

Where this lithology is actually placed in the prepared trench/foundation; state grading, moisture, bed geometry and protective fill distinction. Other bedding materials need separate rows.

• Selected flow: Crushed granite foundation bedding aggregate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Dredged mineral sediment sent for disposal (dredged_sediment)

Only trench sediment leaving as waste; record sampling/contamination status, moisture and receiving site. In-site moved or sold reusable sediment is not this disposal flow.

• Selected flow: Dredged mineral sediment sent for disposal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use dispatch weighbridge quantities and reconcile dredging, reuse, stock and disposal.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste

Elementary flows

Process: Box jacking, excavation and joint completion (jacked)

Inputs

Product flows

Prefabricated reinforced-concrete jacked tunnel box (jacked_box)

Only jacked-box tunnel construction within CPC tunnel scope, not ordinary vehicular/pedestrian underpass. Record box geometry, joining, jacking supports, lubrication and included components independently.

• Selected flow: Prefabricated reinforced-concrete jacked tunnel box
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / item
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Permanent structure, lining, waterproofing and portals (lining)

Inputs

Product flows

Ready-mixed concrete before tunnel placement (concrete)

For site-cast lining, invert, portals, cut-and-cover structure or related underground works: collect grade, recipe, fresh state and included admixtures. Installed concrete and prefabricated-component identities cannot substitute for delivered fresh mix. Site mixing must replace the mix row with separate actual ingredients and mixing energy.

• Selected flow: Ready-mixed concrete before tunnel placement
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Finished reinforcing steel bar for tunnel concrete (rebar)

Record actual alloy, grade, straight/coil/cut/bent supply, mesh distinction and installed schedule; steel inside purchased segments or elements is not added again.

• Selected flow: Finished reinforcing steel bar for tunnel concrete
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Precast reinforced-concrete tunnel lining segment (segment)

For segmental bored-tunnel lining; record geometry, ring assembly, reinforcement, gaskets and bolts included in supply. Separate site assembly energy, annular grout and only separately supplied components.

• Selected flow: Precast reinforced-concrete tunnel lining segment
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / item
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Cementitious tunnel annulus grout before injection (grout)

Only actual injected cementitious annulus grout; record recipe, concentration, injected volume and returned slurry. Rock-bolt anchoring grout and ground treatment differ and require separate rows when used.

• Selected flow: Cementitious tunnel annulus grout before injection
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Finished PVC tunnel waterproofing membrane (membrane)

Where actual lining design uses PVC sheet; record thickness, reinforcement, installed area and supplier mass per area. Other polymers are different rows; overlap and offcuts are measured, not a default loss factor.

• Selected flow: Finished PVC tunnel waterproofing membrane
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Permanent drainage and specified installed systems (systems)

Inputs

Product flows

Perforated HDPE tunnel drainage pipe (drainpipe)

Only where actual permanent drainage uses perforated HDPE pipe; record bore, wall, length, fittings and mass per length. Other drainage pipe materials require separate rows.

• Selected flow: Perforated HDPE tunnel drainage pipe
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Complete tunnel jet ventilation fan (fan)

Where specified for the accepted asset; record model, thrust, power, control and installed count. Construction ventilation consumption is separate from installed equipment and later operation.

• Selected flow: Complete tunnel jet ventilation fan
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / item
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Complete tunnel drainage pump (pump)

Only installed permanent pump; record duty, head, flow rate and actual configuration. Temporary pumping fuel/electricity belongs to site operation. Public mass-based generic pump does not imply a count-to-mass conversion.

• Selected flow: Complete tunnel drainage pump
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / item
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Low-voltage cable (cable)

Only actual CN-supplied GB/T 12706.1-2020 low-voltage cable matching the public product specification. Preserve Length and metres; collect conductor, section, insulation, voltage and cut loss. Other origin/specification cables need another identity without restricting tunnel geography.

• Selected flow: Low-voltage cable 49101b44-20cc-46a0-adfb-af07e4cc8908
• Flow property / unit: Length / m
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Complete LED tunnel luminaire (light)

Conditional on installed LED lighting; record model, power, housing and controls included. Other luminaires, fire equipment and controls require individually specified rows in the actual project inventory.

• Selected flow: Complete LED tunnel luminaire
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / item
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Cross-work-package energy, water, logistics, waste and releases (site_operation)

Inputs

Product flows

Diesel fuel (diesel)

For actual diesel-fired excavation, haulage, generator, crane, tow or construction equipment inside the foreground boundary. Public identity leaves fuel grade/refinery/provider unspecified; dataset must collect grade, blend and supply. Fuel production burden and combustion are separate.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel 9d258d75-6792-4f1c-9856-81602ed8f816
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use tank/delivery/return balance or calibrated equipment consumption; volume-to-mass uses actual batch density and temperature, never a default.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy

Alternating current (power_lv)

Only actual CN user-end supply at <1 kV; separate meter and provider. This row is not universal electricity, plant generation or a different voltage. Other actual supplies require their own identity. Includes attributable pumping, excavation, ventilation, assembly and acceptance tests without double-counting submeter totals.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 50657322-939c-4829-a87b-47c093bfa6a7
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Meter actual attributable consumption; 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ; retain the public Net calorific value property and energy unit group.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy

Alternating current (power_mv)

Only actual CN user-end supply at 1–35 kV; separate meter and provider. This row is not universal electricity, plant generation or a different voltage. Other actual supplies require their own identity. Includes attributable pumping, excavation, ventilation, assembly and acceptance tests without double-counting submeter totals.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Meter actual attributable consumption; 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ; retain the public Net calorific value property and energy unit group.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy

Treated mains water supplied to tunnel construction site (mains_water)

Actual drilling, concrete curing, washing, mixing or dust suppression supply; record location, provider and delivery gate. Internal reuse is not fresh input.

• Selected flow: Treated mains water supplied to tunnel construction site
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water

lubricating oil (pao)

Only actual fully synthetic PAO (poly alpha olefin) lubricant supply; generic comment does not override this route. Mineral oil, grease and different formulations need separate identities.

• Selected flow: lubricating oil aec6f1a5-7b09-4704-870d-434d3ada0edd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Record actual attributable deliveries less returns and stock changes; separate incorporation from loss.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials

Waste flows

Elementary flows

ground water (groundwater)

Only actual fresh-groundwater withdrawal from the environment, public resource-from-water identity; collect aquifer, salinity, extraction country, pumping purpose and abstraction volume. Country-specific scarcity characterization uses the actual process country, never an assumed scarcity class. Dewatering, purchased water and discharged water are separately balanced; do not label water-resource abstraction as wastewater.

• Selected flow: ground water 4f462198-40cd-4184-8733-86648a20dc3f
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Measure actual abstraction volume; keep rainwater, natural ingress and recirculation distinct.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Uncontaminated excavated mineral soil sent for disposal (soil_waste)

Only actual soil waste crossing the site gate. Determine composition, moisture/contamination, legal waste/product status and receiver. Do not merge with other excavated streams or discharges.

• Selected flow: Uncontaminated excavated mineral soil sent for disposal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use actual dispatched quantities and destination records; reconcile with measured supply, incorporation, reuse and stocks.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste

Excavated rock sent for disposal (rock_waste)

Only actual rock waste crossing the site gate. Determine composition, moisture/contamination, legal waste/product status and receiver. Do not merge with other excavated streams or discharges.

• Selected flow: Excavated rock sent for disposal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use actual dispatched quantities and destination records; reconcile with measured supply, incorporation, reuse and stocks.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste

Spent bentonite tunnel excavation slurry sent for treatment (slurry_waste)

Only actual bentonite slurry waste crossing the site gate. Determine composition, moisture/contamination, legal waste/product status and receiver. Do not merge with other excavated streams or discharges.

• Selected flow: Spent bentonite tunnel excavation slurry sent for treatment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use actual dispatched quantities and destination records; reconcile with measured supply, incorporation, reuse and stocks.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste

Hardened concrete construction offcut (concrete_waste)

Only actual hardened concrete waste crossing the site gate. Determine composition, moisture/contamination, legal waste/product status and receiver. Do not merge with other excavated streams or discharges.

• Selected flow: Hardened concrete construction offcut
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use actual dispatched quantities and destination records; reconcile with measured supply, incorporation, reuse and stocks.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste

Contained concrete washout liquid sent for treatment (washout)

Only actual concrete washout liquid waste crossing the site gate. Determine composition, moisture/contamination, legal waste/product status and receiver. Do not merge with other excavated streams or discharges.

• Selected flow: Contained concrete washout liquid sent for treatment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use actual dispatched quantities and destination records; reconcile with measured supply, incorporation, reuse and stocks.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste

Spent PAO lubricating oil sent for treatment (oil_waste)

Only actual spent pao oil waste crossing the site gate. Determine composition, moisture/contamination, legal waste/product status and receiver. Do not merge with other excavated streams or discharges.

• Selected flow: Spent PAO lubricating oil sent for treatment
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use actual dispatched quantities and destination records; reconcile with measured supply, incorporation, reuse and stocks.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste

Elementary flows

Construction drainage water discharged to river (water_return)

Only actual release to the receiving freshwater river; record treatment and actual composition, suspended solids and dissolved constituents as separate measured rows. A contained treatment-bound waste is not this release.

• Selected flow: Water 5e50fc01-19c6-4377-a1cc-bc65a12498ea
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: Measure actual discharge, reconcile ingress/abstraction/reuse and water retained or exported.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water

carbon dioxide (fossil) (co2)

Conditional on fossil-fuel combustion. Immediate emission to air, unspecified subcompartment only where finer receptor compartment is unavailable and disclosed; use a more specific public identity when location supports it. Underground workplace concentration is not automatically an external emission: resolve tunnel ventilation, portal release and captured fractions. Do not infer mandatory emission or species from fuel alone.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use representative site measurement or traceable equipment/process model with actual activity, species, control efficiency and source uncertainty; never invent a factor or split total NOx without speciation evidence.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_emissions

nitrogen monoxide (no)

Conditional on measured/modelled NO from actual combustion or blasting. Immediate emission to air, unspecified subcompartment only where finer receptor compartment is unavailable and disclosed; use a more specific public identity when location supports it. Underground workplace concentration is not automatically an external emission: resolve tunnel ventilation, portal release and captured fractions. Do not infer mandatory emission or species from fuel alone.

• Selected flow: nitrogen monoxide 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-96ee-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use representative site measurement or traceable equipment/process model with actual activity, species, control efficiency and source uncertainty; never invent a factor or split total NOx without speciation evidence.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_emissions

nitrogen dioxide (no2)

Conditional on measured/modelled NO₂ from actual combustion or blasting. Immediate emission to air, unspecified subcompartment only where finer receptor compartment is unavailable and disclosed; use a more specific public identity when location supports it. Underground workplace concentration is not automatically an external emission: resolve tunnel ventilation, portal release and captured fractions. Do not infer mandatory emission or species from fuel alone.

• Selected flow: nitrogen dioxide 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-96e5-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use representative site measurement or traceable equipment/process model with actual activity, species, control efficiency and source uncertainty; never invent a factor or split total NOx without speciation evidence.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_emissions

particles (PM10) (pm10)

Conditional on actual measured/modelled PM10 from excavation, transfer or exhaust. Immediate emission to air, unspecified subcompartment only where finer receptor compartment is unavailable and disclosed; use a more specific public identity when location supports it. Underground workplace concentration is not automatically an external emission: resolve tunnel ventilation, portal release and captured fractions. Do not infer mandatory emission or species from fuel alone.

• Selected flow: particles (PM10) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-91be-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Use representative site measurement or traceable equipment/process model with actual activity, species, control efficiency and source uncertainty; never invent a factor or split total NOx without speciation evidence.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_emissions

Process: Inspection, testing, completion and physical delivery (acceptance)

Inputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Completed tunnel construction delivery unit (reference_tunnel)

One complete declared and accepted physical tunnel entity, with actual measured geometry and component schedule; testing, rework and temporary-work removal within the agreed delivery boundary are included. No hypothetical asset mass or service lifetime.

• Selected flow: Completed tunnel construction delivery unit
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / item
• Amount rule: 1 item
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_delivery

Waste flows

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivide	First subdivide records by work package, bore, route and delivery. Attribute shared electricity, haul and pumping by causal metered energy, measured transported mass-distance or actual pumping activity. Collect the real activity and all beneficiaries; no allocation by arbitrary project cost or default tunnel length. Retain formula, physical units and uncertainty.
allocation_reuse	For machines and reusable piles/formwork, use supported cumulative activity or reuse history of the same asset to assign a dimensionless share of manufacturing burdens. Sum of prior, current and future assigned shares must not exceed one; never reset the full burden per project. Actual machine mass/count, net configuration and ledger are collected separately; missing lifespan/activity denominator stays review, not assumed zero. Keep maintenance and consumption separate.
allocation_excavation	Reconcile excavation volume/mass, internal reuse, off-site reuse/sale, disposal and stock by material and moisture. Excavated rock/soil is not automatically a co-product or a credit. If real co-production remains after subdivision, justify a physical causal allocation with receiving-product evidence; economic fallback needs actual values and sensitivity review. No default avoided landfill or virgin aggregate credit.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_delivery	acceptance	accepted physical tunnel	foreground_record	contract/site; as-built length, bores, sections, routes, quantities, systems; inspection and acceptance; start/end dates; interfaces	Reconcile signed completion/acceptance, measured as-built survey and component schedule for the same complete delivery; no assumed geometry or lifespan	item; m; m2; m3	each task, batch or event and delivery reconciliation	actual construction start through acceptance including rework	same declared site/delivery boundary	per declared reference flow	calibration, raw tickets, as-built survey, certificates and scope reconciliation
cp_materials	all foreground processes	each separate supplied material/component	foreground_record	row_id; supply identity/state/composition; quantity; batch; concentration; grade; included components; receipt/return/stock; unit; density/linear mass where used	Use calibrated delivery measurements and supplier certificates; reconcile installed quantities and losses; each actual chemical/component is independent, including additional actual site-mixed constituents	kg; m3; item; m	each task, batch or event and delivery reconciliation	actual construction start through acceptance including rework	same declared site/delivery boundary	per declared reference flow	calibration, raw tickets, as-built survey, certificates and scope reconciliation
cp_blasting	mined	emulsion explosive	foreground_record	charge kg; blast ID; holes; explosive specification; returns; misfire; detonator/fuse specification; ventilation and fume control	Reconcile actual authorized blast logs and stock balance; no presumed charge per metre or universal emission factor	kg	each task, batch or event and delivery reconciliation	actual construction start through acceptance including rework	same declared site/delivery boundary	per declared reference flow	calibration, raw tickets, as-built survey, certificates and scope reconciliation
cp_energy	site_operation	diesel; electricity and actual additional carriers	foreground_record	row_id; equipment/task; tank/meter ID; energy/fuel; region; voltage; provider; dates; returns/stocks; activity; density/heating value basis	Use calibrated meter and fuel records per task, including standby, ventilation, slurry separation, towing and tests; reconcile submeter totals without double counting	kg; MJ	each task, batch or event and delivery reconciliation	actual construction start through acceptance including rework	same declared site/delivery boundary	per declared reference flow	calibration, raw tickets, as-built survey, certificates and scope reconciliation
cp_water	site_operation	supply; abstraction; drainage; contained liquid	foreground_record	row_id; origin; aquifer/recipient; salinity; meter; volume; reuse; ingress/rain; treatment; sampling; concentration; exports	Meter supply, abstraction and discharge separately; use actual representative sampling for released species and separate contained waste; do not assume all ingress is resource consumption or clean drainage	m3; kg	each task, batch or event and delivery reconciliation	actual construction start through acceptance including rework	same declared site/delivery boundary	per declared reference flow	calibration, raw tickets, as-built survey, certificates and scope reconciliation
cp_waste	site_operation; immersed	each separate physical waste stream	foreground_record	row_id; process; classification; composition; moisture; calibrated weight; destination; receiver; internal reuse; stock	Reconcile weighbridge/receiver evidence per stream; distinguish contaminated soil, sediment, hardened concrete and liquid slurry; no mixed waste label substitutes for actual exchanges	kg	each task, batch or event and delivery reconciliation	actual construction start through acceptance including rework	same declared site/delivery boundary	per declared reference flow	calibration, raw tickets, as-built survey, certificates and scope reconciliation
cp_emissions	site_operation	each actual elementary substance	foreground_record	row_id; species/CAS; fossil/biogenic; medium/submedium; timing; concentration; flow/duration; actual activity; control; model/factor source; uncertainty	Use representative actual measurements or traceable site/equipment-specific models; distinguish portal/environment release from indoor exposure, captured fractions and total NOx; retain missing scope	kg	each task, batch or event and delivery reconciliation	actual construction start through acceptance including rework	same declared site/delivery boundary	per declared reference flow	calibration, raw tickets, as-built survey, certificates and scope reconciliation
cp_assets	all foreground processes	reusable machine/component manufacturing shares	foreground_record	asset ID; actual count/net mass and configuration; manufacturing scope; project activity; supported cumulative activity/use history; prior/current shares; remaining shares; repair ; support_pile new/previously-used status; permanent/consumed versus reusable portion; physical receipts/returns/closing stock/incorporation/loss; prior assigned manufacture	Reconcile same-asset cross-project ledger and supplier records; audit cumulative shares ≤1; unknown denominator or physical conversion requires review without resetting full manufacture For support_pile, reconcile new-consumed material through cp_materials separately from reusable/previously-used asset mass times its conserved share; a returned reusable pile retains this project manufacturing share. A formerly used pile retained or lost may receive only a justified remaining share, never fresh full manufacture. Prevent duplicate attribution between branches and retain physical movements separately.	item; kg; h	each task, batch or event and delivery reconciliation	actual construction start through acceptance including rework	same declared site/delivery boundary	per declared reference flow	calibration, raw tickets, as-built survey, certificates and scope reconciliation

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
delivery_basis	all inventory rows	Aggregate each atomic exchange attributable to the same accepted delivery; report per declared reference flow, preserving each numerator unit. No arbitrary division by mass, kilometre or lifetime.	cp_delivery; cp_materials; cp_blasting; cp_energy; cp_water; cp_waste; cp_emissions	exchange quantity per declared reference flow
complete_output	reference_tunnel	One complete accepted declared entity = 1 item; incomplete/rejected work is not accepted output, but its attributable burden is retained.	cp_delivery	reference_tunnel
physical_conversion	all inventory rows	Use section 4 with actual matching-batch physical records; retain source quantity, units, measured density/linear mass/concentration and temperature, formula and uncertainty. Unsupported relationships remain review.	cp_materials; cp_energy; cp_water; cp_emissions	traceable numerator quantities
asset_attribution	support_pile; tbm_share	Apply section 7 same-asset manufacturing shares to tbm_share and the reusable or previously used portion of support_pile: measured asset count or net mass × evidenced dimensionless share based on supported cumulative activity. Conserve cumulative assigned manufacture ≤1 across all projects/periods; physical return does not set the share to zero, and later retention/loss never resets full manufacture. The new permanently incorporated/consumed support_pile portion follows its separate cp_materials stock balance, not this asset-use formula. Do not replace an unknown denominator or prior ledger with a default.	cp_assets	attributed manufacturing contribution and limitations

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
identity	all inventory rows	Verify substance, composition, route, geography, voltage, gate, physical state, compartment and original reference property/unit; UUID name alone is insufficient.	supplier certificates and public identity originals
coverage	all foreground processes	Reconcile every actual work package and installed component, temporary construction and removal, energy, water, loss, waste and release. Add actual atomic rows not in these conditional examples; distinguish absent, excluded and unmeasured.	bill of quantities and gap ledger
time_ground	all inventory rows	Match actual construction dates, ground/hydrogeology and site supply; historical manual is qualitative process context only, not a current statutory specification or generic factor.	ground records, dates and certificates
noise	site_operation	Collect actual construction noise/vibration monitoring, location and duration separately. dB is not an additive physical mass or sound-energy exchange; without supported property relationship disclose non-LCI evidence and coverage.	environmental monitoring and site records
uncertainty	all inventory rows	Keep measurement, conversion, allocation and background-link uncertainty; no missing-data-to-zero substitution. Retain unresolved identities and unsupported shares for independent review.	calibration, sensitivity and evidence ledger

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	rule
validate_reference	Reference product name equals reference_tunnel selected flow; 1 item represents the same complete accepted delivery in cp_delivery and all inventory bases; geometry and system interfaces are explicit.
validate_routes	Actual construction records determine all route conditions; do not replace tunnel scope with a smaller material or easier geography to match identity. Ground improvement, dry/wet spraying, lining and jacking differences retain complete actual inventories.
validate_balance	Reconcile excavation, reuse, import, disposal, moisture and stock; supplied materials, installed quantities and losses; pump water balance and energy meters; same-asset shares across projects ≤1.
validate_emission	NO, NO₂ and N₂O, PM10 and larger particles, fossil and biogenic carbon, environmental abstraction and waste/discharge are distinct. Verify actual release and medium; no presumed emission factors or indoor-to-environment conversion.
validate_completeness	Missing identity, measurement, tasks, unsupported conversions/shares and separately excluded lifecycle stages remain explicit gaps. Mechanical check success does not approve methodology or engineering acceptance.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Site-specific tunnel construction-to-acceptance foreground data package
downstream_use	Explicitly configured tunnel asset comparison or linkage to separately matched upstream/downstream datasets
allowed_use	Declared physical delivery with measured geometry, actual route and transparent stage coverage
excluded_use	Default whole-life/cradle-to-gate claim; operational transport service; universal per-km value; default lifespan, mass, recipe or compliance approval
required_metadata	PCR/version; qualifiers; acceptance/as-built scope; route/ground; start/end; quantities; source units; allocation; supply gates; installed and excluded systems
required_quality_disclosure	Missing identity/measurements/tasks; background manufacture/transport/treatment coverage; real equipment shares; uncertainty; actual maintenance/demolition coverage; scientific review pending
update_trigger	Design, route, ground, geometry, delivery interfaces, material state, supply, installed systems, construction/testing or lifecycle coverage change

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc	official_guidance	UN Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Explanatory Notes, 30 June 2025, printed/PDF p.279. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf	Transport tunnel inclusion and explicit adjacent-class exclusions; classification only, no quantities
fhwa-tunnel	handbook	FHWA, Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road Tunnels — Civil Elements, FHWA-NHI-09-010, March 2009. Ch.1 p.1-1 (PDF35), Ch.5 p.5-1 (PDF121), Ch.7 p.7-1 (PDF211), Ch.10 p.10-1 (PDF317), Ch.11 p.11-1 (PDF349). https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/tunnel/pubs/nhi09010/tunnel_manual.pdf	Historical qualitative civil-route, excavation support, lining and immersed-element process context; no adopted design loads, quantities, service life or emission factors; actual project specifications control applicability