Fuel oils n.e.c.

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground data packages for marketable fuel oils that fall in CPC 3.0 class 33370 and are not assigned to a more specific CPC fuel category. It covers refinery residual and heavy fuel oils, heavy gas oils sold as fuel, and qualifying blends of refinery residues, distillate cutter stocks, or other declared fuel components. It applies at the refinery or blending-facility gate before downstream transport, distribution, storage at the user, or combustion.

The PCR is route-neutral. A dataset must declare whether the product is obtained from primary separation, conversion residues, treating, blending of purchased components, or a combination. Marine, industrial, power-generation, and other market grades remain in scope only when the product identity satisfies CPC 33370; market-specific standards supplement, but do not replace, this category boundary.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.other-transportable-goods-except-metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.coke-oven-products-refined-petroleum-products-nuclear-fuel.fuel-oils-n-e-c
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 33370, Fuel oils n.e.c.
covered_products	Marketable residual fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, heavy gas oil sold as fuel, and fuel-oil blends not elsewhere classified whose declared composition and market identity remain within CPC 33370.
excluded_products	Crude petroleum; gasoline; aviation and turbine fuels; kerosene; gas oil or diesel assigned to CPC 33360; lubricants; petroleum gases; bitumen used as a material; pure biofuels or other products outside the declared CPC petroleum-product boundary; refinery intermediates not yet saleable as fuel oil.
representative_product	A marketable residual or heavy fuel-oil blend released by quality control at the refinery or blending-facility gate.
production_route	Declared combination of refinery separation, residue conversion or treating, component receipt, blending, quality control, storage, and transfer.
market_state	Bulk liquid fuel at the producing or blending facility gate, with grade, composition basis, energy content, and applicable quality specification declared.

Prior CPC explanatory material is used only to interpret the continuing fuel-oil category, not to replace the repository's CPC 3.0 identity. Narrow grades and application-specific specifications must be represented through qualifiers rather than by silently narrowing the PCR.

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Net calorific energy contained in marketable CPC 33370 fuel oil released at the refinery or blending-facility gate.
How much	1 MJ of net calorific value.
How well	The batch or reporting-period output meets its declared fuel-oil grade or contractual specification and reports sulfur content, density, viscosity with test temperature, water and sediment, net calorific value method, and route.
How long or cycle	One production batch or one internally consistent reporting period, normally not longer than 12 months.
reference_flow_link	The functional unit is realized by the Tiangong product flow 6908344a-d905-4a65-a5e6-9511198fde88, constrained by the CPC 33370 classification and all Required qualifiers below.

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	fuels 6908344a-d905-4a65-a5e6-9511198fde88
Reference flow property	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit group	Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	MJ
Required qualifiers	CPC 33370 product identity; commercial grade or specification; residual, distillate, or blend type; component and feedstock basis; production and treating route; sulfur content; density and reference temperature; kinematic viscosity and test temperature; water and sediment; net calorific value and measurement or calculation method; biogenic, synthetic, recycled, or waste-derived share if present; production geography; facility-gate condition; batch or reporting period

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package. The generic Tiangong flow name does not authorize use for another fuel category.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_energy_ncv	reference product and all normalized inventory	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Normalize all inventory to 1 MJ of saleable output using the net calorific value for the same product batch or reporting-period weighted average.
product_mass_energy_link	saleable product and fuel components	Net calorific value and mass	MJ and kg	Record product mass and net calorific value separately; calculate output energy as saleable mass multiplied by batch-matched net calorific value. Do not substitute gross calorific value without a documented conversion.
volume_mass_conversion	volume-metered liquid inputs and outputs	Volume, density, and mass	reported volume unit, kg/m3, and kg	Convert volume to mass only with density measured or contractually reported for the same material and reference temperature; retain the raw volume, density, temperature, and conversion record.
quality_test_conditions	viscosity, density, water, sediment, sulfur, and other grade properties	Property-specific test result	declared test unit	Report the test method, sample or batch identity, test temperature where applicable, detection limit for censored results, and whether the value is measured or supplier-reported.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Identify every starting feed or purchased component as crude or unfinished oil, refinery intermediate, residual stream, distillate cutter stock, additive, or market fuel component; state whether it is produced on site or received across the foreground boundary.
starting_condition_role	The starting condition determines which separation, conversion, treating, and upstream supplier processes are foreground and which are linked upstream product systems.
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0:33370 only; another fuel category, unfinished intermediate, or non-fuel petroleum product must not be relabelled to use this PCR.
recursive_input_rule	A purchased input that itself qualifies as CPC 33370 is recorded as a product input with its own upstream dataset and declared grade; its production is not recreated inside the receiving blending process.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link crude oil, refinery intermediates, hydrogen, electricity, heat, water, chemicals, additives, and transport to representative upstream datasets, preserving supplier-specific data when available.
disclosure	Declare facility and geography, reporting period, product grade, feed and component basis, route units used, allocation approach, storage and transfer boundary, and any excluded refinery infrastructure or shared operation.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_route_completeness	foreground route	Include every on-site operation needed to convert the declared starting condition into released fuel oil: applicable separation, conversion, treating, blending, quality control, storage, transfer, utilities, direct emissions, wastewater, and wastes.	us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining
boundary_purchased_components	received refinery streams and fuel components	Treat received components as product inputs with upstream datasets; do not claim cradle-to-gate coverage when their production is omitted.	unsd-cpc-33370
boundary_recursive_fuel_oil	CPC 33370 input used in blending	Stop recursion at the received product input, retain its upstream dataset, and disclose the input and output grades so blending does not duplicate upstream production.	mass-balance-identity
boundary_downstream_exclusion	downstream life cycle	Exclude transport beyond the facility gate, distributor or user storage, combustion, ash management, and end-use equipment unless the study explicitly extends the boundary and reports those stages separately.	unsd-cpc-33370
boundary_market_specification	marine and other regulated grades	Apply market-specific quality and sulfur requirements only to the relevant declared grade; do not use a marine or heating-fuel specification to narrow the entire CPC category.	iso-8217-2024; imo-sulphur-2020; astm-d396-21

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
primary_refining	Primary separation and residue production	conditional	Include when crude oil or unfinished feed is processed within the foreground facility.	foreground production	mass and net calorific energy of separated refinery streams
conversion_and_treating	Residue conversion and treating	conditional	Include each visbreaking, cracking, coking, hydrotreating, desulfurization, sweetening, or equivalent unit that supplies or conditions the product components.	foreground production and conditioning	mass of treated blend component
blending_and_quality_control	Component blending and product release	required	Always include the operations that formulate and release the saleable CPC 33370 product.	foreground production	1 MJ net calorific value of released fuel oil
storage_and_transfer	Product storage and transfer to facility gate	required	Always include storage, circulation, pumping, inventory change, and loading up to the declared facility gate.	foreground storage and delivery to gate	1 MJ net calorific value transferred at gate
onsite_utilities_and_treatment	On-site utilities and residual treatment	conditional	Include attributable boilers, furnaces, steam, electricity generation, hydrogen production, sulfur recovery, flaring, wastewater treatment, or waste treatment when inside the foreground boundary.	foreground support and treatment	service delivered to foreground processes

Process: Primary separation and residue production (primary_refining)

Inputs

Product flows

Crude oil or unfinished refinery feed (crude_or_unfinished_feed)

Record each feed crossing into the foreground separation system by source, grade, mass, density, and energy-content record where relevant.

• Selected flow: Feed-specific Tiangong product flow selected for the declared crude oil or unfinished refinery stream
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured receipt plus opening inventory minus closing inventory for the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 MJ net calorific value of released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_refining_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Primary-refining utilities (primary_refining_utilities)

Record metered electricity, steam, process fuel, and water attributable to separation and residue production; do not include a shared utility twice.

• Selected flow: Utility-specific Tiangong product flow selected for each metered utility
• Flow property / unit: utility-specific property / metered unit
• Amount rule: measured or invoice-reconciled utility use allocated to the included unit operations
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per process output, subsequently normalized to 1 MJ released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_refining_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Residual and heavy blend components (residual_heavy_components)

Record each separated residue or heavy gas-oil component by batch or tank transfer, including disposition to the reference product, another product, or inventory.

• Selected flow: Component-specific Tiangong product flow selected from the declared refinery stream identity
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass reconciled to feed, co-products, inventory change, wastes, and losses
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per primary-refining process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_refining_records
• Sources: mass-balance-identity; unsd-cpc-33370

Waste flows

Primary-refining wastewater and residues (primary_refining_wastes)

Record oily water, sludges, tank or desalter residues, and other wastes leaving the process by named waste stream and destination.

• Selected flow: Waste-specific Tiangong waste flow selected during dataset construction
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer, treatment log, or documented mass-balance calculation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per process output, subsequently normalized to 1 MJ released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_refining_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Elementary flows

Process: Residue conversion and treating (conversion_and_treating)

Inputs

Product flows

Conversion or treating feed (conversion_feed)

Record each residue, heavy fraction, or intermediate entering an included conversion or treating unit, preserving its source process and transfer mass.

• Selected flow: Feed-specific Tiangong product flow selected for the declared refinery intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured unit feed reconciled to transfer and tank records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per treated blend-component output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_conversion_treating_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Hydrogen, chemicals, catalysts, and utilities (conversion_auxiliaries)

Record hydrogen, treating chemicals, catalyst make-up, electricity, steam, and process fuel separately for every included unit.

• Selected flow: Substance- or utility-specific Tiangong product flow selected during dataset construction
• Flow property / unit: material- or energy-specific property / recorded unit
• Amount rule: measured consumption, purchasing reconciliation, or catalyst make-up record attributable to the unit
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per treated blend-component output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_conversion_treating_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Treated fuel-oil blend component (treated_blend_component)

Record the treated or converted component, its measured mass, sulfur and relevant quality changes, and the quantity transferred to blending.

• Selected flow: Component-specific Tiangong product flow selected for the declared treated refinery stream
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass reconciled by unit mass balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per conversion or treating process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_conversion_treating_records
• Sources: mass-balance-identity; us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Recovered sulfur and other co-products (conversion_coproducts)

Record saleable sulfur, gases, distillates, coke, or other co-products separately; retain measured quantities and the allocation decision.

• Selected flow: Co-product-specific Tiangong product flow selected during dataset construction
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured co-product output and inventory reconciliation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per treated blend-component output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_conversion_treating_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Waste flows

Spent catalysts, sludges, and treatment wastes (conversion_wastes)

Record spent catalysts, sludges, spent caustic, and other named treatment wastes with treatment or recovery destination.

• Selected flow: Waste-specific Tiangong waste flow selected during dataset construction
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dispatch or treatment record
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per treated blend-component output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_conversion_treating_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from included conversion units (conversion_fossil_co2)

Record direct fossil carbon dioxide from unit-specific monitoring or a documented carbon and fuel calculation; upstream electricity emissions remain upstream.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or calculated value from collected fuel and carbon records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per treated blend-component output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_conversion_treating_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Sulfur dioxide from included conversion units (conversion_sulfur_dioxide)

Record direct sulfur dioxide by emission point, distinguishing monitored releases from calculations and retaining sulfur-balance inputs.

• Selected flow: sulfur dioxide fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-ac48-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or calculated value from collected sulfur and control records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per treated blend-component output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_conversion_treating_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Nitrogen oxides from included conversion units (conversion_nitrogen_oxides)

Record direct nitrogen oxides from monitored points or documented unit-specific calculations.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides f79d0f8f-2b0e-49cb-bed0-b1ea0fbd8625
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or calculated value from collected operating and emission-control records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per treated blend-component output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_conversion_treating_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Process: Component blending and product release (blending_and_quality_control)

Inputs

Product flows

Fuel-oil blend components (blend_components)

Record every on-site or purchased component by tank or batch, mass, density, net calorific value where used, and sulfur and viscosity contribution.

• Selected flow: Component-specific Tiangong product flow selected for each declared blend component
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured batch charge or transfer mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per blending batch, subsequently normalized to 1 MJ released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_blending_release_records
• Sources: unsd-cpc-33370; mass-balance-identity

Cutter stocks, additives, and blending energy (blend_auxiliaries)

Record cutter stocks separately from additives and record metered heating, circulation, and pumping energy for the batch or reporting period.

• Selected flow: Material- or utility-specific Tiangong product flow selected during dataset construction
• Flow property / unit: material- or energy-specific property / recorded unit
• Amount rule: measured batch charge, purchasing reconciliation, or metered utility use
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per blending batch, subsequently normalized to 1 MJ released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_blending_release_records
• Sources: astm-d396-21; iso-8217-2024

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Released reference fuel oil (released_reference_fuel_oil)

Only saleable output passing the declared release specification is normalized to the reference flow. Off-specification material retained for rework is not saleable output.

• Selected flow: fuels 6908344a-d905-4a65-a5e6-9511198fde88
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: exactly 1 MJ after batch-matched saleable mass and net calorific value normalization
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 MJ net calorific value of released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_blending_release_records
• Sources: mass-balance-identity; astm-d396-21; iso-8217-2024

Off-specification material returned to rework (off_spec_rework)

Record material returned to blending or another process as an internal transfer; material leaving the product system must instead be recorded as a waste or co-product according to its disposition.

• Selected flow: Product-specific internal flow selected for the declared off-specification material
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured rework transfer mass and inventory reconciliation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per blending batch
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_blending_release_records
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Product storage and transfer to facility gate (storage_and_transfer)

Inputs

Product flows

Released fuel oil entering storage (released_fuel_to_storage)

Record the released batch transferred to saleable storage and retain tank identity, mass or volume, density, and energy content.

• Selected flow: fuels 6908344a-d905-4a65-a5e6-9511198fde88
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: measured transfer energy calculated from batch mass and net calorific value
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per storage and transfer process output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_transfer_records
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Storage heating and transfer electricity (storage_energy)

Record tank heating, circulation, pumping, and loading energy attributable to the included product tanks and transfer period.

• Selected flow: alternating current 3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163 for purchased electricity; route-specific product flow for other energy carriers
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ or kWh within Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
• Amount rule: submetered use or documented equipment-level allocation from collected operating records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 MJ fuel oil transferred at the facility gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_transfer_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Fuel oil transferred at facility gate (fuel_oil_at_gate)

Record net saleable energy transferred at the gate after inventory reconciliation, excluding downstream transport and user storage.

• Selected flow: fuels 6908344a-d905-4a65-a5e6-9511198fde88
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: exactly 1 MJ after gate-transfer and inventory-loss normalization
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 MJ net calorific value transferred at the facility gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_transfer_records
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Waste flows

Tank bottoms, drainage, and contaminated material (storage_wastes)

Record tank bottoms, drainage, oily water, spill recovery, and contaminated absorbents by measured quantity and destination.

• Selected flow: Waste-specific Tiangong waste flow selected during dataset construction
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured removal or documented inventory reconciliation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 MJ fuel oil transferred at the facility gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_transfer_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Elementary flows

Storage and transfer air releases (storage_air_releases)

Record substance-specific measured or modelled breathing, working, loading, and fugitive emissions. Do not report one unidentified aggregate VOC flow when substance-resolved data are available.

• Selected flow: Substance-specific Tiangong elementary flow selected for each reported air emission
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or documented tank and transfer model calculated from collected throughput, tank, product, and control data
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 MJ fuel oil transferred at the facility gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_storage_transfer_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Process: On-site utilities and residual treatment (onsite_utilities_and_treatment)

Inputs

Product flows

Utility fuels, electricity, water, and treatment chemicals (onsite_utility_inputs)

Record all inputs to included on-site utility and treatment systems, then allocate only the attributable service share to the foreground fuel-oil route.

• Selected flow: Input-specific Tiangong product flow selected for each utility or treatment input
• Flow property / unit: material- or energy-specific property / recorded unit
• Amount rule: metered, purchased, or stock-reconciled input assigned to delivered service
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per unit of utility or treatment service delivered
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_onsite_utility_treatment_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Utility and treatment services delivered (onsite_services)

Record steam, heat, electricity, hydrogen, sulfur-recovery, wastewater-treatment, or other service delivered to each foreground process without double counting purchased supply.

• Selected flow: Service-specific Tiangong product flow selected during dataset construction
• Flow property / unit: service-specific property / service unit
• Amount rule: metered service delivery or engineering calculation from collected operating records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per unit of service delivered
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_onsite_utility_treatment_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Waste flows

Wastewater, sludge, ash, and treatment residues (onsite_treatment_outputs)

Record treated or untreated wastewater, sludge, ash, recovered residues, and final disposal flows separately with destination and treatment status.

• Selected flow: Waste-specific Tiangong waste flow selected during dataset construction
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured discharge, dispatch, or documented treatment mass balance
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per delivered utility or treatment service, then allocated to 1 MJ released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_onsite_utility_treatment_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from included on-site utility systems (onsite_fossil_co2)

Record attributable direct fossil carbon dioxide from measured releases or calculations based on collected fuel and carbon records.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or calculated value from collected fuel and carbon records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per delivered utility service, then allocated to 1 MJ released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_onsite_utility_treatment_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Sulfur dioxide from included on-site utility systems (onsite_sulfur_dioxide)

Record attributable direct sulfur dioxide using monitored emissions or a documented sulfur and control calculation.

• Selected flow: sulfur dioxide fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-ac48-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or calculated value from collected sulfur and control records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per delivered utility service, then allocated to 1 MJ released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_onsite_utility_treatment_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

Nitrogen oxides from included on-site utility systems (onsite_nitrogen_oxides)

Record attributable direct nitrogen oxides from monitoring or a documented unit-specific calculation.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides f79d0f8f-2b0e-49cb-bed0-b1ea0fbd8625
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or calculated value from collected operating and emission-control records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per delivered utility service, then allocated to 1 MJ released fuel oil
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_onsite_utility_treatment_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid	shared refinery and blending operations	First avoid allocation by unit-process subdivision, separate metering, batch or tank tracing, or expanding the system for a separately modelled function when justified.	eu-recommendation-2021-2279
allocation_physical	unavoidable multi-output process	When subdivision or system expansion is not feasible, allocate using a demonstrated physical relationship that reflects how inputs and emissions change with the co-products, such as mass, energy content, or another causal process parameter.	eu-recommendation-2021-2279
allocation_other_relationship	process without a defensible physical relationship	Use an economic or other relationship only after documenting why physical allocation is not representative; state prices, geography, period, currency basis, and perform sensitivity to a plausible physical alternative.	eu-recommendation-2021-2279
allocation_internal_rework	off-specification internal return	Treat internal rework as an internal transfer without co-product credit; include the additional blending, utility, storage, and loss burdens incurred.	mass-balance-identity
allocation_disclosure	all allocated burdens	Report each shared process, co-product, allocation key, denominator, assigned share, excluded flow, and sensitivity result so totals can be reproduced.	eu-recommendation-2021-2279

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_primary_refining_records	primary_refining	feeds, utilities, components, wastes	meter, tank, laboratory, invoice, and waste records	material id; source; opening and closing inventory; receipt; transfer; mass or volume; density; temperature; NCV; destination	reconcile meters and tank movements to unit operating logs	recorded mass, volume, energy, and test units	batch and monthly reconciliation	same period as product output	included separation units and associated tanks	sum by material and unit; calculate inventory-adjusted totals; normalize after allocation	calibrated meters; tank tables; laboratory certificates; signed reconciliation
cp_conversion_treating_records	conversion_and_treating	feeds, auxiliaries, outputs, wastes, direct emissions	unit feed and output meters; chemical logs; catalyst records; continuous monitoring; stack tests; waste manifests	unit id; operating hours; feed; output; hydrogen; utilities; sulfur; controls; emissions; waste	reconcile unit records and emission calculations by operating campaign	recorded material, energy, concentration, and emission units	continuous or batch records aggregated monthly	same period as product output	each included conversion or treating unit	aggregate only homogeneous routes; retain unit-level calculations before allocation	calibration; laboratory data; monitoring QA; calculation worksheets; waste receipts
cp_blending_release_records	blending_and_quality_control	components, auxiliaries, released product, rework	blend ticket, tank transfer, laboratory release, meter, invoice	batch id; component ids and quantities; density; viscosity and temperature; sulfur; water; sediment; NCV; specification; pass or fail	reconcile batch recipe, tank movement, and release certificate	kg, recorded volume unit, MJ/kg, and property-specific test units	every released batch	all batches in reporting period	blending assets and release laboratory	calculate saleable output only from passing batches; mass-weight reporting-period properties where valid	controlled recipe; calibrated meter; accredited or documented test method; release approval
cp_storage_transfer_records	storage_and_transfer	stored product, energy, gate output, wastes, air releases	tank gauges, transfer meters, loading tickets, energy meters, maintenance and emission-model inputs	tank id; opening and closing stock; receipts; dispatch; density; temperature; NCV; heating energy; waste removal; tank and control parameters	reconcile stock and transfer records and apply documented substance-specific emission method	kg, recorded volume unit, MJ, kWh, and kg emission	each transfer with monthly reconciliation	same period as product output	included product tanks, pumps, and loading points	gate output equals dispatch adjusted to consistent mass and energy basis; allocate tank emissions by defensible throughput or causal driver	meter calibration; tank table; loading ticket; model input review; inventory sign-off
cp_onsite_utility_treatment_records	onsite_utilities_and_treatment	utility inputs, services, treatment outputs, direct emissions	fuel and utility meters, operating logs, monitoring, discharge records, waste manifests	system id; inputs; service output; fuel composition; emission controls; emissions; wastewater; sludge; destination	calculate service efficiencies and attributable outputs from reconciled operating records	recorded material, energy, service, discharge, and emission units	continuous or shift records aggregated monthly	same period as product output	included on-site support systems	allocate delivered service and residuals using section 7 hierarchy	calibrated instruments; laboratory and monitoring QA; operator sign-off; disposal receipts

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_saleable_energy	released product batch	saleable energy (MJ) = saleable product mass (kg) × batch net calorific value (MJ/kg)	passing-batch mass; batch-matched NCV	MJ saleable output	mass-balance-identity
calc_reference_normalization	every foreground inventory amount	normalized amount = allocated reporting-period amount ÷ total saleable output energy; multiply by 1 MJ reference amount	allocated amount; saleable output MJ	amount per 1 MJ NCV output	mass-balance-identity
calc_liquid_mass	volume-metered liquid	mass = corrected volume × density at the same reference condition; do not mix density and volume reference temperatures	raw volume; meter correction; density; reference temperature	kg material	astm-d396-21
calc_mass_reconciliation	each unit, blend batch, and storage system	inputs + opening inventory = products + co-products + wastes + measured releases + closing inventory + quantified unexplained difference	measured input, output, waste, release, and stock records	balanced mass and disclosed residual	mass-balance-identity

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_technological	route and equipment	Describe actual separation, conversion, treating, blending, storage, utility, and control technologies; do not combine materially different routes without separate results or weighting.	unit list, process diagram, operating records, and route weights
dq_geographical	foreground and upstream data	Use facility geography for direct operations and representative supplier geography for purchased inputs; disclose geographic proxies.	site address, supplier origin, dataset geography, and proxy rationale
dq_temporal	all foreground records	Use one internally consistent period not normally longer than 12 months, covering representative operating conditions; disclose shutdowns, start-ups, and abnormal flaring.	timestamps, production calendar, operating hours, and exception log
dq_precision_completeness	meters, tests, and balances	Report meter and test method, calibration or QA status, sampling frequency, missing-data treatment, mass-balance residual, and coverage of material and emission points.	calibration records, laboratory QA, completeness table, and reconciliation workbook
dq_method_consistency	allocation and normalization	Apply one declared allocation hierarchy and the NCV reference basis consistently across all processes; retain unrounded calculation inputs.	allocation workbook, NCV records, and normalization checks

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_category_identity	product and reference flow	Fail if the dataset lacks CPC 33370 identity and all Required qualifiers, or if the product is an unfinished stream or belongs to a more specific fuel category.	unsd-cpc-33370; astm-d396-21; iso-8217-2024
validate_reference_identity	Tiangong reference flow	Require product flow 6908344a-d905-4a65-a5e6-9511198fde88, NCV property 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, energy unit group 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, and reference unit MJ without embedded dataset version.
validate_route_completeness	process map	Require both required processes and every conditional process triggered by the declared route; fail if a route unit, direct emission point, waste, or attributable utility is omitted without quantified justification.	us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining
validate_energy_normalization	reference output	Recalculate saleable MJ from passing-batch mass and NCV and confirm every inventory row uses the same allocated denominator.	mass-balance-identity
validate_mass_balance	unit, blend, and storage balances	Recalculate the mass reconciliation; report the signed residual and fail when it exceeds the facility's reviewed measurement uncertainty without investigation and approval.	mass-balance-identity
validate_allocation	co-products and shared systems	Confirm the allocation hierarchy, reproduce assigned shares, and require sensitivity when an economic or non-physical fallback is used.	eu-recommendation-2021-2279
validate_emission_resolution	direct air and water releases	Require substance-specific flows, source or calculation method, control status, and no double counting between process units and on-site utilities.	us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining
validate_market_requirements	declared regulated grade	Apply the declared market specification and sulfur limit only to the relevant product; for marine fuel, verify declared MARPOL area and applicable sulfur requirement.	iso-8217-2024; imo-sulphur-2020
validate_data_quality	foreground package	Report checks performed, checks skipped, findings, completeness, temporal and geographic fit, technological representativeness, precision, and unresolved evidence gaps.	eu-recommendation-2021-2279

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production data package for marketable CPC 33370 fuel oil at a refinery or blending-facility gate.
downstream_use	Construction of Tiangong flow, process, and lifecyclemodel projections and comparative or accounting studies that preserve the declared grade and route.
allowed_use	Use for the represented facility, period, route, product grade, allocation, and gate condition; broader use requires an explicit representativeness assessment.
excluded_use	Do not use as a generic combustion dataset, crude-oil dataset, diesel or gas-oil dataset, marine-fuel default without matching qualifiers, or substitute for a route or geography not represented.
required_metadata	PCR id; CPC code; product and commercial grade; reference UUIDs; facility and geography; period; route; feed and component basis; NCV; sulfur; density and temperature; viscosity and test temperature; water and sediment; specification; allocation; gate; data owner and review status.
required_quality_disclosure	Primary versus proxy data shares; source and age of upstream datasets; meter and laboratory QA; missing-data treatment; mass-balance residuals; allocation sensitivities; excluded operations; abnormal events; unresolved identity and quantitative-evidence gaps.
update_trigger	Material change in product grade, component basis, route technology, sulfur or other specification, facility or geography, allocation, reference-flow identity, reporting period representativeness, or governing classification and market requirements.

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-33370	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 2.1 detail for code 33370, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Structure/Detail/EN/1074/33370	Official explanatory scope for fuel oil, residual fuel oils, heavy fuel oil, heavy gas oil, and blends; interpreted under the repository's CPC 3.0 identity.
us-epa-ap42-petroleum-refining	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, AP-42, Chapter 5.1 Petroleum Refining, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/documents/5.1_petroleum_refining.pdf	Refinery process decomposition, storage and transfer, utility systems, and direct-emission inventory points.
eu-recommendation-2021-2279	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on environmental footprint methods, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/2021-12-30	Allocation hierarchy and technological, geographical, temporal, and precision data-quality criteria.
iso-8217-2024	standard	ISO 8217:2024, Products from petroleum, synthetic and renewable sources — Fuels (class F) — Specifications of marine fuels, https://www.iso.org/standard/80579.html	Marine-grade qualifiers and quality-property disclosure; not used to narrow the whole CPC category.
imo-sulphur-2020	official_guidance	International Maritime Organization, IMO 2020 — cutting sulphur oxide emissions, https://www.imo.org/en/mediacentre/hottopics/pages/sulphur-2020.aspx	Marine-fuel sulfur compliance qualifier by MARPOL operating area.
astm-d396-21	standard	ASTM D396-21, Standard Specification for Fuel Oils, https://doi.org/10.1520/D0396-21	Fuel-oil grade and test-record qualifiers, including density, viscosity, sulfur, water, sediment, and release quality.
mass-balance-identity	method_factor	Conservation of mass and batch energy-normalization identities stated in section 8	Mass reconciliation, liquid mass conversion control, saleable energy, reference normalization, and internal rework treatment.