Electrical resistors (except heating resistors)

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to foreground production of finished electrical resistors in CPC 47120, including fixed resistors and variable resistors such as rheostats and potentiometers, but excluding heating resistors. It covers discrete surface-mount, leaded, chassis-mounted, preset, single-turn, and multi-turn products when their principal function is electrical resistance or adjustable electrical resistance.

The production route begins with purchased constituent materials, parts, and same-category intermediate products at the declared factory gate and ends with tested, marked, packaged finished resistors at the plant gate. The producer must declare the resistor family and technology actually represented; route-specific operations that do not occur must not be modelled as if they did.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.radio-television-and-communication-equipment-and-apparatus.electrical-resistors-except-heating-resistors
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 47120, Electrical resistors (except heating resistors), exact
covered_products	Finished fixed resistors and resistor networks; film, foil, composition, wirewound, and metal-strip resistor technologies; variable resistors including rheostats, potentiometers, presets, and multi-turn types
excluded_products	Heating resistors; unassembled resistive elements or generic resistive and conductive materials; semiconductor devices, capacitors, and other broader electronic-component groups; resistor-containing assemblies whose principal function is not the resistor; installation, use, maintenance, and end-of-life activities
representative_product	A finished, electrically tested resistor conforming to the declared fixed or variable resistor specification
production_route	Production mix, at plant, covering material preparation, resistive-element formation, termination and mechanical assembly, and finishing, testing, marking, and pack-out; non-applicable route steps are declared
market_state	Finished product, manufactured and released for sale at the plant gate

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Finished electrical resistors, except heating resistors, with the declared product and performance specification
How much	1 kg net mass of accepted finished resistor product
How well	Conforming to the declared fixed or variable type, technology, resistance value or adjustment range, tolerance, rated dissipation, temperature coefficient or stability class, termination, housing or package, and applicable electrical inspection criteria
How long or cycle	One production lot or reporting-period production campaign represented at the plant gate; service life is not part of the reference quantity
reference_flow_link	The functional unit is realized by the Tiangong product flow and mass reference below; the foreground package normalizes accepted output to 1 kg

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Electrical resistors (except heating resistors) 9bee079d-ab55-44db-b1a4-72d61a856d61
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	fixed or variable resistor family; resistive-element technology; surface-mount, leaded, chassis-mounted, preset, single-turn, or multi-turn form; resistance value or adjustment range; tolerance; rated dissipation; temperature coefficient or stability class; termination and housing or package; production geography and period; production mix; plant gate; net product mass; conformity basis

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	accepted finished resistor output	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Normalize all inventory quantities to 1 kg net mass of accepted finished product at the declared plant gate; packaging is inventoried separately and is not included in net product mass.
piece_to_mass_conversion	records available only as item counts	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Convert counts to mass using a measured, product-specific average net mass from a documented sample of the represented lot; record sample size, total sample mass, scale identity, and calculation.
wet_or_solution_mass	process chemicals reported as solutions	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record delivered solution mass and concentration separately; do not substitute active-substance mass for total purchased solution mass without an explicit calculation record.
internal_rework_mass	internally recirculated resistor material or units	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Track internal rework separately from external inputs and saleable output so that recirculation is not double-counted.

5. System Boundary

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_gate_to_gate	foreground production	Include constituent-material and part receiving and preparation, resistive-element formation, termination and mechanical assembly, route-applicable coating or encapsulation, electrical testing, marking, and pack-out through accepted product at the plant gate.	vishay-fixed-resistor-basics-2008
boundary_route_declaration	all represented product families	Declare whether the product is fixed or variable and identify the actual technology and form; include contact, wiper, adjustment-mechanism, shaft, housing, or multi-turn assembly only when present, and do not add absent route steps.	iec-60115-1-2020; iec-60393-1-2008; vishay-fixed-resistor-basics-2008
boundary_upstream_links	purchased products and services	Link purchased substrates, cores, resistive materials, wires or foils, termination and contact materials, housings, coatings, encapsulants, process chemicals, packaging, energy carriers, water, and external treatment services to suitable upstream datasets; retain supplier-primary data where available.	eu-pef-2021-2279
boundary_direct_releases	site-controlled operations	Include measured or permitted direct air emissions, wastewater releases, and wastes caused by included processes, with the treatment or destination declared.	eu-pef-2021-2279
boundary_exclusions	downstream and capital activities	Exclude distribution beyond the plant gate, installation, use, maintenance, and end of life. Exclude capital goods only when the study method permits and disclose that exclusion; do not exclude material or energy flows merely because they are small.	eu-pef-2021-2279

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	purchased constituent materials, parts, utilities, and any same-category intermediate resistor product received at the manufacturing site
starting_condition_role	foreground gate-to-gate starting inventory with upstream links and declared supplier or internal-production status
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 47120, including fixed and variable electrical resistors and excluding heating resistors
recursive_input_rule	A same-category resistor input is recorded as an explicit product input with its mass and production status; its upstream burden is linked once and is not recreated by recursively applying this PCR inside the same foreground package.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geographically, temporally, and technologically representative upstream datasets for all material purchased inputs, utilities, packaging, and external treatment services; disclose proxies and data gaps.
disclosure	Declare product family, technology, form, plant location, reporting period, included production stages, same-category inputs, outsourced steps, packaging basis, exclusions, and upstream dataset choices.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
material_receiving_and_preparation	Material receiving and preparation	required		foreground material preparation	kg prepared constituent materials and parts
resistive_element_formation	Resistive-element formation	required	Include the declared film, foil, composition, wirewound, metal-strip, or other qualifying resistor route; route-specific deposition, printing, pressing, winding, etching, cutting, and trimming operations apply only when performed.	foreground component manufacture	kg accepted formed resistive elements
termination_and_mechanical_assembly	Termination and mechanical assembly	required	Include fixed-resistor termination and body assembly; additionally include contact, wiper, adjustment mechanism, shaft, housing, or multi-turn assembly for applicable variable resistors.	foreground product assembly	kg assembled resistors before final finishing and testing
finishing_testing_and_packout	Finishing, electrical testing, marking, and pack-out	required	Include route-applicable coating, encapsulation, curing, plating, marking, screening, final inspection, and packaging.	foreground finishing and release	kg accepted finished electrical resistors

Process: Material receiving and preparation (material_receiving_and_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Purchased constituent materials and parts (purchased_constituent_materials_and_parts)

Record all purchased substrates or cores, resistive materials, wire, foil or strip, termination and contact materials, housings, adjustment parts, coatings, encapsulants, process chemicals, and other parts that enter production. Preserve product-family and supplier-lot identity.

• Selected flow: Select supplier- and material-specific product flows for each constituent material or part
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured received or issued mass, corrected for documented returns and stock changes
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted prepared material and parts issued to included production
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_receiving_material_records
• Sources: vishay-fixed-resistor-basics-2008
• Range: Provisional material-input screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.1
  • Upper: 20
  • Unit: kg/kg accepted prepared material and parts
  • Basis: per kg accepted prepared material and parts issued to production; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared materials and parts issued to production (prepared_materials_and_parts)

Record weighed materials and parts released from receiving, preparation, mixing, cutting, or kitting to the next included process. Keep route-specific material groups separately identifiable.

• Selected flow: Select material- or part-specific intermediate product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured issued mass plus documented prepared stock change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: process reference
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_prepared_material_output
• Sources:

Waste flows

Rejected incoming material and preparation waste (receiving_and_preparation_waste)

Record rejected, spilled, trimmed, expired, or otherwise discarded material leaving the process, separated by material and treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Select material- and treatment-specific waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dispatch mass or reconciled container mass by waste stream
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted prepared material and parts issued to production
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_receiving_waste_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional receiving-waste screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg/kg accepted prepared material and parts
  • Basis: per kg accepted prepared material and parts issued to production; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Process: Resistive-element formation (resistive_element_formation)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared resistive-element materials (prepared_resistive_element_materials)

Record the prepared ceramic or other base, resistive film or paste constituents, composition compound, resistance wire, foil, or metal strip used by the declared route.

• Selected flow: Select technology-specific prepared material product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured issue mass by material and production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted formed resistive elements
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_element_material_records
• Sources: vishay-fixed-resistor-basics-2008
• Range: Provisional element-material screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.1
  • Upper: 20
  • Unit: kg/kg accepted formed resistive elements
  • Basis: per kg accepted formed resistive elements; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Formation-process electricity (element_formation_electricity)

Record metered electricity for route-applicable deposition, printing, pressing, curing, winding, etching, cutting, or laser and mechanical trimming operations.

• Selected flow: Select geography- and voltage-specific electricity supply flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered consumption, or documented allocation from a calibrated shared meter using machine operating time and rated or measured load
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted formed resistive elements
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_element_utility_records
• Sources: vishay-fixed-resistor-basics-2008
• Range: Provisional formation-electricity screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.01
  • Upper: 1000
  • Unit: kWh/kg accepted formed resistive elements
  • Basis: per kg accepted formed resistive elements; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted formed resistive elements (accepted_formed_resistive_elements)

Record the measured mass of accepted formed elements transferred to termination and assembly after route-applicable trimming or intermediate inspection.

• Selected flow: Select the technology-specific formed resistor-element intermediate product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted transfer mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: process reference
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_element_output_records
• Sources:
• Range: Process quantitative-reference identity
  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg accepted formed resistive elements used as the process quantitative reference
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
  • Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Waste flows

Element-formation scrap and residues (element_formation_scrap_and_residues)

Record trimmings, spent paste or solution, rejected elements, sludge, and other residues by material composition and treatment destination. Internal return to the same process is tracked as rework, not external waste.

• Selected flow: Select material- and treatment-specific waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured waste shipment or container mass reconciled to lot-level scrap records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted formed resistive elements
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_element_waste_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional element-waste screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg/kg accepted formed resistive elements
  • Basis: per kg accepted formed resistive elements; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Direct releases from element formation (element_formation_direct_releases)

Record measured or permit-calculated direct releases to air or water from route-applicable coating, printing, etching, cleaning, drying, curing, cutting, and trimming operations; do not substitute purchased chemical mass for an emitted amount.

• Selected flow: Select substance- and compartment-specific elementary flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or calculation from monitored concentration and treated exhaust or effluent volume
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted formed resistive elements
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_element_release_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279
• Range: Provisional direct-release screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg/kg accepted formed resistive elements
  • Basis: per kg accepted formed resistive elements; replace with measured or permit-calculated records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Termination and mechanical assembly (termination_and_mechanical_assembly)

Inputs

Product flows

Formed resistive elements (formed_elements_for_assembly)

Record accepted formed elements entering termination and assembly, preserving technology and lot identity.

• Selected flow: Select the matching technology-specific formed resistor-element intermediate product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg assembled resistors before final finishing and testing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_assembly_input_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional formed-element input screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.1
  • Upper: 20
  • Unit: kg/kg assembled resistors
  • Basis: per kg assembled resistors before final finishing and testing; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Termination, contact, and mechanical parts (termination_contact_and_mechanical_parts)

Record terminals, lead wires, end caps, metallization or plating chemicals, conductive joining materials, and body or housing parts. For variable resistors, additionally record contacts, wipers, tracks, adjustment mechanisms, shafts, and multi-turn parts when present.

• Selected flow: Select part- and material-specific product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured issue mass or count converted with documented product-specific part mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg assembled resistors before final finishing and testing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_assembly_part_records
• Sources: iec-60393-1-2008; vishay-fixed-resistor-basics-2008

Assembly electricity (assembly_electricity)

Record metered electricity for welding, brazing, soldering, pressing, fastening, plating, curing, and mechanical adjustment performed in this process.

• Selected flow: Select geography- and voltage-specific electricity supply flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered consumption, or documented allocation from a calibrated shared meter using machine operating time and rated or measured load
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg assembled resistors before final finishing and testing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_assembly_utility_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional assembly-electricity screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.01
  • Upper: 1000
  • Unit: kWh/kg assembled resistors
  • Basis: per kg assembled resistors before final finishing and testing; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Outputs

Product flows

Assembled resistors before final finishing and testing (assembled_resistors)

Record the measured mass of assembled fixed or variable resistors transferred to final finishing and testing.

• Selected flow: Select the matching assembled-resistor intermediate product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted transfer mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: process reference
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_assembly_output_records
• Sources:
• Range: Process quantitative-reference identity
  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg assembled resistors used as the process quantitative reference
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
  • Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Waste flows

Assembly scrap and rejected parts (assembly_scrap_and_rejected_parts)

Record rejected elements, termination and lead scrap, contact and housing rejects, joining residues, and plating waste by material and treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Select material- and treatment-specific waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured waste mass reconciled to production rejects and external dispatch records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg assembled resistors before final finishing and testing
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_assembly_waste_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional assembly-waste screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg/kg assembled resistors
  • Basis: per kg assembled resistors before final finishing and testing; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Process: Finishing, electrical testing, marking, and pack-out (finishing_testing_and_packout)

Inputs

Product flows

Assembled resistors for finishing (assembled_resistors_for_finishing)

Record assembled fixed or variable resistors entering route-applicable coating, encapsulation, curing, plating, marking, electrical testing, and pack-out.

• Selected flow: Select the matching assembled-resistor intermediate product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_input_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional assembled-product input screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.1
  • Upper: 20
  • Unit: kg/kg accepted finished electrical resistors
  • Basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Finishing, marking, and packaging materials (finishing_marking_and_packaging_materials)

Record route-applicable coatings, encapsulants, lacquers, marking media, cleaning chemicals, carriers, reels, trays, bags, cartons, and other packaging separately from net product mass.

• Selected flow: Select material-specific product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured issue or purchase mass corrected for documented stock change and returns
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_material_records
• Sources: vishay-fixed-resistor-basics-2008
• Range: Provisional finishing-material screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 20
  • Unit: kg/kg accepted finished electrical resistors
  • Basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Finishing and test electricity (finishing_and_test_electricity)

Record metered electricity for coating or encapsulation, curing, marking, electrical screening, inspection, handling, and packaging equipment.

• Selected flow: Select geography- and voltage-specific electricity supply flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: submetered consumption, or documented allocation from a calibrated shared meter using machine operating time and rated or measured load
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_utility_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional finishing-and-test electricity screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0.01
  • Upper: 1000
  • Unit: kWh/kg accepted finished electrical resistors
  • Basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted finished electrical resistors (accepted_finished_electrical_resistors)

Record accepted output after electrical testing, inspection, marking, and release. Normalize the complete foreground inventory to 1 kg net mass of this output.

• Selected flow: Electrical resistors (except heating resistors) 9bee079d-ab55-44db-b1a4-72d61a856d61
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net mass of accepted finished product; normalize the reported dataset to 1 kg
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg accepted finished electrical resistors
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_final_product_and_qc_records
• Sources: iec-60115-1-2020; iec-60393-1-2008
• Range: Reference-flow identity
  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: per 1 kg accepted finished electrical resistors used as the reference flow
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
  • Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279

Waste flows

Off-specification product and finishing waste (off_specification_product_and_finishing_waste)

Record off-specification units not internally reworked, coating and encapsulation residues, spent cleaning materials, marking waste, and packaging scrap by material and treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Select material- and treatment-specific waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured rejected or dispatched waste mass after subtracting documented internal rework
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_waste_records
• Sources:
• Range: Provisional finishing-waste screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg/kg accepted finished electrical resistors
  • Basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors; replace with collected records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Direct releases from finishing (finishing_direct_releases)

Record measured or permit-calculated air and water releases from coating, encapsulation, curing, cleaning, marking, and other included finishing operations.

• Selected flow: Select substance- and compartment-specific elementary flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured release or calculation from monitored concentration and treated exhaust or effluent volume
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_release_records
• Sources: eu-pef-2021-2279
• Range: Provisional finishing-release screening estimate
  • Range role: Default estimate (default_estimate)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg/kg accepted finished electrical resistors
  • Basis: per kg accepted finished electrical resistors; replace with measured or permit-calculated records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid_by_subdivision	independently measurable products, lines, or batches	Avoid allocation by subdividing product families, production lines, batches, and process records whenever inputs and outputs can be measured separately.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_internal_rework	internal rework and recirculation	Keep rework inside the process where it is reused, record its mass, and count only additional inputs, utilities, direct releases, and final losses caused by rework; do not treat the recirculated mass as a new external input or saleable co-product.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_shared_utilities	shared meters and common services	Allocate shared electricity, fuel, compressed air, water, and common treatment first by measured process consumption; when measurement is unavailable, use a documented causal physical driver such as machine operating time multiplied by measured or rated load.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_co_products	jointly produced saleable products	After subdivision has been exhausted, use a documented physical relationship that reflects the causal production relationship; if no defensible physical relationship can be established, use economic allocation based on a representative price period and report the sensitivity.	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocation_scrap	recoverable scrap and residues	Record treatment up to the foreground gate and disclose the applied recycling or substitution convention. Do not assign an avoided-product credit or zero burden without the governing study method and explicit evidence.	eu-pef-2021-2279

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_receiving_material_records	material_receiving_and_preparation	Purchased constituent materials and parts	purchase, receiving, issue, and inventory records	material or part id; supplier; lot; mass or count; concentration when applicable; receipt and issue dates; opening and closing stock; returns	calibrated weighing or count converted with documented part mass, reconciled to inventory	kg	per receipt and issue	representative reporting period, normally at least twelve consecutive months unless a shorter campaign is justified	declared manufacturing site	sum by material and lot; add opening stock and subtract closing stock and returns; normalize to prepared output	scale calibration; supplier specification; inventory reconciliation
cp_prepared_material_output	material_receiving_and_preparation	Prepared materials and parts issued to production	preparation and issue record	material id; lot; issued mass; prepared stock change; destination process	calibrated weighing and inventory issue record	kg	per lot or issue	same period as represented production	declared manufacturing site	sum accepted issues and stock change by route	scale calibration; signed issue record
cp_receiving_waste_records	material_receiving_and_preparation	Rejected incoming material and preparation waste	waste log and dispatch record	waste id; composition; mass; date; destination; internal rework status	calibrated scale or reconciled container mass	kg	per waste movement	same period as represented production	declared manufacturing site	sum external waste by stream; exclude documented internal rework	waste manifest; scale calibration
cp_element_material_records	resistive_element_formation	Prepared resistive-element materials	batch issue record	material id; lot; issue mass; returned mass; route; batch id	calibrated weighing and batch reconciliation	kg	per batch	same period as represented production	element-formation area at declared site	net issued mass by material and route	scale calibration; batch record
cp_element_utility_records	resistive_element_formation	Formation-process electricity	submeter or equipment energy record	meter id; start and end reading; machine id; operating time; measured or rated load; batch id	calibrated submeter preferred; otherwise documented causal allocation	kWh	continuous, shift, or batch	same period as represented production	element-formation area at declared site	subtract readings and allocate only documented shared consumption	meter calibration; allocation worksheet
cp_element_output_records	resistive_element_formation	Accepted formed resistive elements	transfer and inspection record	lot; technology; gross mass; accepted mass; rejected mass; date	calibrated weighing at transfer	kg	per lot	same period as represented production	element-formation area at declared site	sum accepted transfer mass by technology	scale calibration; inspection release
cp_element_waste_records	resistive_element_formation	Element-formation scrap and residues	scrap log, waste manifest, and inventory reconciliation	waste id; composition; mass; date; destination; rework quantity	calibrated weighing or container reconciliation	kg	per batch and dispatch	same period as represented production	element-formation area at declared site	sum external waste by stream after removing documented rework	waste manifest; mass-balance reconciliation
cp_element_release_records	resistive_element_formation	Direct releases from element formation	monitoring and permit record	substance; compartment; concentration; exhaust or effluent volume; time; treatment status	direct monitoring or concentration-volume calculation	kg	per monitoring event with reporting-period coverage	same period as represented production	controlled emission points at declared site	calculate and sum releases by substance and compartment	laboratory report; instrument calibration; calculation sheet
cp_assembly_input_records	termination_and_mechanical_assembly	Formed resistive elements	transfer record	lot; technology; transferred mass; date	calibrated weighing	kg	per lot	same period as represented production	assembly area at declared site	sum transferred mass by represented product family	scale calibration; transfer record
cp_assembly_part_records	termination_and_mechanical_assembly	Termination, contact, and mechanical parts	issue and bill-of-material records	part or material id; lot; mass or count; product-specific part mass; returned quantity; product family	calibrated weighing or count-to-mass conversion with documented sample	kg	per lot or batch	same period as represented production	assembly area at declared site	net issue by part and product family	scale calibration; bill of materials; sampling record
cp_assembly_utility_records	termination_and_mechanical_assembly	Assembly electricity	submeter or equipment energy record	meter id; readings; machine id; operating time; load; batch id	calibrated submeter preferred; otherwise documented causal allocation	kWh	continuous, shift, or batch	same period as represented production	assembly area at declared site	subtract readings and allocate only documented shared consumption	meter calibration; allocation worksheet
cp_assembly_output_records	termination_and_mechanical_assembly	Assembled resistors before final finishing and testing	transfer and inspection record	lot; product family; gross mass; accepted mass; rejected mass; date	calibrated weighing at transfer	kg	per lot	same period as represented production	assembly area at declared site	sum accepted transfer mass by product family	scale calibration; inspection release
cp_assembly_waste_records	termination_and_mechanical_assembly	Assembly scrap and rejected parts	scrap log and waste manifest	waste id; composition; mass; date; destination; rework quantity	calibrated weighing or container reconciliation	kg	per batch and dispatch	same period as represented production	assembly area at declared site	sum external waste by stream after removing documented rework	waste manifest; mass-balance reconciliation
cp_finishing_input_records	finishing_testing_and_packout	Assembled resistors for finishing	transfer record	lot; product family; transferred mass; date	calibrated weighing	kg	per lot	same period as represented production	finishing area at declared site	sum transferred mass by product family	scale calibration; transfer record
cp_finishing_material_records	finishing_testing_and_packout	Finishing, marking, and packaging materials	issue, purchase, and stock record	material id; lot; issue mass; purchase mass; opening and closing stock; returns; packaging type	calibrated weighing and inventory reconciliation	kg	per issue with period reconciliation	same period as represented production	finishing and pack-out areas at declared site	net consumption by material; packaging reported separately from product mass	scale calibration; inventory reconciliation
cp_finishing_utility_records	finishing_testing_and_packout	Finishing and test electricity	submeter or equipment energy record	meter id; readings; machine id; operating time; load; batch id	calibrated submeter preferred; otherwise documented causal allocation	kWh	continuous, shift, or batch	same period as represented production	finishing, test, and pack-out areas at declared site	subtract readings and allocate only documented shared consumption	meter calibration; allocation worksheet
cp_final_product_and_qc_records	finishing_testing_and_packout	Accepted finished electrical resistors	production, weighing, and quality release record	product code; lot; fixed or variable family; technology; form; resistance or range; tolerance; rated dissipation; stability descriptor; net accepted mass; packaging mass; test status; date	calibrated net-mass weighing linked to electrical test and release records	kg	per released lot	same period as represented production	declared manufacturing site and plant gate	sum accepted net product mass; normalize all included flows to 1 kg	scale and test-equipment calibration; lot release; product specification
cp_finishing_waste_records	finishing_testing_and_packout	Off-specification product and finishing waste	reject, rework, and waste dispatch record	product or waste id; composition; mass; rework quantity; date; destination	calibrated weighing and reject reconciliation	kg	per lot and dispatch	same period as represented production	finishing and pack-out areas at declared site	sum external waste after subtracting documented internal rework	reject log; waste manifest; mass balance
cp_finishing_release_records	finishing_testing_and_packout	Direct releases from finishing	monitoring and permit record	substance; compartment; concentration; exhaust or effluent volume; time; treatment status	direct monitoring or concentration-volume calculation	kg	per monitoring event with reporting-period coverage	same period as represented production	controlled emission points at declared site	calculate and sum releases by substance and compartment	laboratory report; instrument calibration; calculation sheet

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
normalize_to_reference_mass	all included inventory rows	normalized amount = reporting-period amount / accepted finished net product mass × 1 kg	aggregated protocol record; accepted net product mass from cp_final_product_and_qc_records	amount per 1 kg accepted finished electrical resistors	eu-pef-2021-2279
convert_count_to_mass	part or product records available as counts	mass = item count × measured product-specific mean item mass; the mean is total calibrated sample mass divided by sample count	count record; sampled item count; calibrated sample mass	kg material, parts, or accepted product
calculate_direct_release	concentration-and-volume emission records	released mass = monitored concentration × treated exhaust or effluent volume, with explicit compatible-unit conversion and treatment status	concentration; flow or volume; monitoring period; unit conversion	kg substance released to the declared compartment	eu-pef-2021-2279
reconcile_process_mass	each process and reporting period	mass discrepancy = external material inputs + opening work-in-progress − accepted transfers − external wastes − closing work-in-progress; internal rework is reported but cancels from the external balance	material, output, waste, stock, and rework protocols	documented mass-balance discrepancy and investigation status	eu-pef-2021-2279
allocate_shared_energy	shared electricity or fuel meter	process energy = shared-meter consumption × documented causal driver for the process / sum of the same driver for all users	meter readings; operating time; measured or rated load, or another justified physical driver	kWh or MJ assigned to the included process	eu-pef-2021-2279

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product and production mix	Preserve product code and lot linkage to fixed or variable family, technology, form, resistance or range, tolerance, rated dissipation, stability descriptor, termination, housing or package, and conformity result.	product specification; bill of materials; route sheet; lot release record
dq_technological_representativeness	foreground and upstream data	Foreground records must represent the declared resistor technologies and forms; upstream datasets must match material grade and production technology where material. Document any proxy.	technology coverage matrix; supplier data; proxy justification
dq_geographical_representativeness	utilities, upstream inputs, and treatment	Use datasets and mixes representative of the declared manufacturing site and supplier or treatment geography; document mismatches.	site address; supplier origin; utility contract; dataset metadata
dq_time_representativeness	reporting-period data	Prefer a continuous representative period covering seasonal and production-mix variation, normally at least twelve consecutive months; justify a shorter campaign and disclose data age.	reporting calendar; production schedule; dated records
dq_measurement_and_precision	measured mass, energy, and releases	Identify measurement equipment, calibration status, resolution, sampling method, and calculation steps sufficient to reproduce material amounts and direct releases.	calibration certificates; sampling plan; calculation workbook
dq_completeness_and_balance	all included processes	Reconcile material inputs, accepted transfers, product, work-in-progress changes, internal rework, wastes, and direct releases; investigate material discrepancies and disclose unresolved gaps without applying an undocumented cut-off.	process mass balances; exception log; completeness review
dq_primary_and_secondary_data	foreground collection and upstream links	Use site- or company-specific primary data for directly controlled foreground processes and document the source, representativeness, and quality of each secondary dataset.	meter and production records; supplier records; secondary-dataset register; data-quality rating
dq_restricted_substances	products placed on regulated markets	When applicable, maintain current material declarations, exemption status, and risk-based analytical evidence for restricted substances; screening and confirmatory testing must use the applicable current IEC 62321 parts and jurisdictional requirements.	supplier declarations; bill of materials; exemption register; accredited laboratory report

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_category_identity	product category and reference flow	The represented output must be a finished fixed or variable electrical resistor within CPC 47120 and must not be a heating resistor, generic resistive material, unassembled element, broader electronic-component mix, or resistor-containing assembly with another principal function.	unsd-cpc-3-0-structure; iec-60115-1-2020; iec-60393-1-2008
validate_reference_flow	functional unit and quantitative reference	The reference output must use product flow 9bee079d-ab55-44db-b1a4-72d61a856d61, Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, and kg, normalized to exactly 1 kg net accepted finished product.
validate_required_qualifiers	foreground package metadata	Every required qualifier in section 3 must be present and consistent with product, bill-of-material, route, test, and release records.	iec-60115-1-2020; iec-60393-1-2008
validate_process_route	process map and inventory	Each included route step and conditional variable-resistor assembly must match the declared product family and technology; absent operations must not receive invented flows, and outsourced operations must be linked and disclosed.	vishay-fixed-resistor-basics-2008
validate_collection_links	collected or calculated inventory rows	Every collected or calculated amount must link to a listed collection protocol and retain the specified raw fields, period, site scope, aggregation, and quality evidence.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_mass_balance	each process and full foreground system	Material inputs, accepted transfers, stock changes, internal rework, product, wastes, and direct releases must be reconciled; any unresolved discrepancy must be quantified and makes validation inconclusive.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_allocation	shared processes, co-products, and recoverable scrap	Applied subdivision, causal driver, allocation basis, price period, recycling convention, and sensitivity must comply with section 7 and be disclosed wherever relevant.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_completeness	included inventory	No material, energy, water, direct-release, waste, or treatment flow may be omitted solely because it is small; all exclusions, data gaps, and proxies must be disclosed and justified.	eu-pef-2021-2279
validate_restricted_substance_evidence	regulated-market conformity disclosure	If restricted-substance conformity is claimed, the applicable jurisdiction, current exemptions, supplier evidence, test method, laboratory, sample, date, and result must be documented; a screening result alone must not be presented as universal legal compliance.	eu-rohs-2011-65-eu; iec-62321-series

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	foreground_product_system; unit_process_or_aggregated_process_dataset
downstream_use	foreground_data_package; process; lifecyclemodel; comparative or non-comparative LCA subject to matching scope
allowed_use	Production of finished electrical resistors except heating resistors when product family, technology, form, performance qualifiers, geography, period, production mix, and plant gate match the represented data
excluded_use	Heating resistors; raw or unassembled resistive materials; generic electronic components; downstream distribution, installation, use, maintenance, or end-of-life modelling without additional datasets
required_metadata	canonical PCR id; CPC 3.0 code; reference flow UUIDs; required qualifiers; plant and geography; reporting period; production mix; process coverage; outsourced steps; upstream datasets; allocation and recycling conventions; conformity basis
required_quality_disclosure	protocol coverage; primary-data share; technological, geographical, and time representativeness; measurement and sampling evidence; mass-balance results; proxies; gaps; exclusions; allocation sensitivity; restricted-substance evidence when claimed
update_trigger	Change in product scope, resistor technology or form, plant or route, bill of materials, energy or treatment system, allocation convention, applicable regulation or standard, Tiangong identity, or data older than the declared representativeness period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-3-0-structure	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 3.0 structure, CPC 47120, 2023, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Meetings/UNCEISC2023/8-3_Background3_CPC3_Structure.pdf, retrieved 2026-08-09	official product-category identity and exclusion of heating resistors
iec-60115-1-2020	standard	IEC 60115-1:2020, Fixed resistors for use in electronic equipment — Part 1: Generic specification, https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/28476, retrieved 2026-08-09	fixed-resistor scope, terminology, performance qualifiers, inspection, and test context
iec-60393-1-2008	standard	IEC 60393-1:2008, Potentiometers for use in electronic equipment — Part 1: Generic specification, https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/2017, retrieved 2026-08-09	variable-resistor and potentiometer scope, forms, terminology, inspection, and test context
vishay-fixed-resistor-basics-2008	handbook	Vishay, Basics of Linear Fixed Resistors, Technical Note TN0002, revision 23 October 2008, https://www.vishay.com/docs/28771/basics.pdf, retrieved 2026-08-09	fixed-resistor technology families, materials, formation, termination, trimming, coating, marking, and test route evidence
eu-rohs-2011-65-eu	standard	Directive 2011/65/EU on restriction of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, current consolidated text, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/65/2026-07-01/eng, retrieved 2026-08-09	jurisdiction-dependent restricted-substance conformity and exemption evidence
iec-62321-series	standard	IEC 62321 series, Determination of certain substances in electrotechnical products; current IEC 62321-3-1:2026 screening methods page, https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/66313, retrieved 2026-08-09	risk-based restricted-substance screening and analytical-method disclosure
eu-pef-2021-2279	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on the use of Environmental Footprint methods, consolidated text, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:02021H2279-20211230, retrieved 2026-08-09	foreground primary data, subdivision and allocation, no undocumented cut-off, calculation, representativeness, completeness, and data-quality rules