Compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines, of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground manufacturing data packages for new compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines supplied for propulsion of road and other non-rail vehicles. It covers component manufacture and machining performed by the engine producer, assembly and finishing, and factory acceptance testing through the manufacturer gate. Purchased materials, components, electricity, heat, water, fuels, and chemicals remain visible product inputs linked to upstream datasets.

It does not cover spark-ignition engines, railway or tramway propulsion engines, aircraft engines, marine or stationary engines, parts sold separately, remanufacturing, vehicle integration, vehicle operation, maintenance, or end-of-life. A producer shall disclose outsourced operations and shall not claim cradle-to-gate completeness when an upstream input lacks a valid linked dataset.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.general-purpose-machinery.compression-ignition-internal-combustion-piston-engines-of-a-kind-used-for-the-propulsi-9c3f4844
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 43123 (exact category identity)
covered_products	New compression-ignition piston engines designed for propulsion of road or other non-rail vehicles, delivered as complete factory-tested engines
excluded_products	Spark-ignition engines; railway or tramway propulsion engines; aircraft, marine, or stationary engines; engine parts sold separately; remanufactured engines
representative_product	A complete diesel-cycle vehicle-propulsion engine at the engine manufacturer's gate
production_route	Component manufacture or machining, engine assembly and finishing, and factory acceptance testing; outsourced stages are disclosed and linked
market_state	New, complete, factory-tested engine before vehicle installation; dry or wet mass state must be declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provision of a new, complete, factory-tested compression-ignition piston engine suitable for non-rail vehicle propulsion
How much	1 kg of complete engine mass at the engine manufacturer's gate
How well	Meets the declared engine-family specification, rated power and speed, applicable emission stage, and declared accessory and aftertreatment configuration
How long or cycle	One production and factory-acceptance cycle; engine service life is outside this gate-to-gate reference
reference_flow_link	reference_engine_output

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Compression-ignition vehicle-propulsion piston engine
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	engine model or family; displacement; rated power and rated speed; applicable emission stage and market; dry or wet mass state; included turbocharger, fuel system, controls, aftertreatment, starter, alternator, and other accessories; manufacturing geography and reference period; new rather than remanufactured state

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	complete engine reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Weigh the delivered engine in the declared dry or wet state; normalize every exchange to 1 kg of that same state.
material_mass	material, chemical, fuel, scrap, waste oil, wastewater, coating waste, and gaseous or particulate emissions	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use calibrated mass records; conversions from volume require recorded density, temperature, and concentration where material.
energy_quantity	electricity and purchased heat	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	MJ	Convert metered kWh to MJ using 3.6 MJ per kWh and preserve the meter boundary; do not convert purchased heat to fuel without evidence.
exhaust_test_basis	acceptance-test emissions	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Aggregate measured mass over the declared test cycle and allocate only to engines actually tested; disclose cycle, sampling location, detection limits, and any below-detection treatment.

5. System Boundary

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_factory_gate	foreground engine manufacturing	Include producer-controlled component manufacture or machining, assembly, finishing, acceptance testing, internal material movement, rework, and treatment of foreground wastes through the manufacturer gate.	rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca
boundary_upstream_links	purchased inputs	Keep every purchased material, component, energy carrier, water, fuel, and chemical as an explicit product input linked to a geographically and technologically appropriate upstream dataset.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
boundary_outsourced_operations	outsourced manufacturing	Include outsourced operations through explicit service or intermediate-product links and disclose their geography and data quality; do not silently omit them.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
boundary_exclusions	downstream life cycle	Exclude vehicle assembly, engine operation, maintenance, replacement, vehicle use, and end-of-life unless a separate downstream model explicitly adds them without altering this manufacturing inventory.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Purchased material, component, energy, water, fuel, and chemical inputs received at the engine-manufacturing boundary, with upstream datasets linked separately
starting_condition_role	Defines the foreground gate and prevents upstream production from being embedded as untraceable totals
product_classification_scope	Complete CPC 43123 engines only; parts and same-category intermediate engines remain separate inputs until incorporated
recursive_input_rule	If a CPC 43123 engine is incorporated as an input, record it as a distinct product input with supplier, mass state, and upstream dataset rather than recursively applying this PCR inside the same process
upstream_dataset_requirement	Each purchased input requires a representative upstream dataset or an explicit documented data gap
disclosure	Declare producer-controlled versus outsourced stages, dry or wet reference state, included engine accessories, test share, allocation, cut-offs, geography, technology, and reference period

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
component_manufacturing	Component manufacture and machining	required	Include producer-controlled casting, forming, heat treatment, machining, and cleaning; represent outsourced components as linked purchased inputs	Converts metal feedstocks into engine components	Per 1 kg complete engine output
assembly_and_finishing	Engine assembly and finishing	required	Include mechanical assembly, washing, coating, drying, fluid filling, rust protection, rework, and internal handling actually performed	Produces a finished engine ready for test	Per 1 kg complete engine output
factory_acceptance_test	Factory acceptance test	required	Include the documented routine or sampled engine test and allocate sampled-test burdens over the represented production lot	Confirms engine conformity and produces the reference output	Per 1 kg complete engine output

Process: Component manufacture and machining (component_manufacturing)

Inputs

Product flows

Cast iron feedstock (cast_iron)

Record the cast iron incorporated into producer-made blocks, heads, housings, or other cast components from purchasing and stock records.

• Selected flow: Cast iron
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net purchased mass entering included component manufacture, corrected for stock change and separately recorded scrap
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_materials
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Alloy steel feedstock (alloy_steel)

Record alloy steel incorporated into producer-made shafts, gears, fasteners, or other machined components.

• Selected flow: Alloy steel
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net purchased mass entering included component manufacture, corrected for stock change and separately recorded scrap
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_materials
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Aluminium alloy (aluminium_alloy)

Record aluminium alloy feedstock used in producer-made cast or machined engine components.

• Selected flow: Aluminium alloy 28b47d6d-68b4-4810-b764-01a1fc1352dc
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net purchased mass entering included component manufacture, corrected for stock change and separately recorded scrap
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_component_materials
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Cutting fluid (cutting_fluid)

Record make-up cutting fluid crossing the boundary into machining, not recirculated internal volume.

• Selected flow: Cutting Fluid 576d250f-4f36-4385-939d-0f03b8f95a10
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Purchased make-up plus opening inventory minus closing inventory, excluding recovered internal recirculation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_machining_consumables
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Electricity (component_electricity)

Record metered electricity for included component operations and their allocated auxiliaries.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered electricity converted to MJ and allocated using documented equipment time or production mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_water
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Process Water (component_process_water)

Record process water supplied to producer-controlled machining and parts cleaning in this process.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered or invoiced water entering this process, converted to mass with documented density when measured by volume
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_water
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Heat (component_heat)

Record purchased heat delivered to included heat treatment or component operations; direct on-site fuels must be recorded as their own atomic inputs instead.

• Selected flow: Heat 260672cc-62f0-48c3-b09e-22e71519be74
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered purchased heat attributable to the process, net of documented return energy where the supplier bill uses that basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_water
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Steel scrap for recycling (steel_scrap)

Record segregated ferrous machining and forming scrap transferred for recycling.

• Selected flow: Steel scrap, for recycling 6b1343f5-929b-4a1b-8459-f741ed19ebd2
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed outbound ferrous scrap attributed to included engine production
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_wastes
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Aluminium Scrap (aluminium_scrap)

Record segregated aluminium machining or casting scrap transferred from the foreground system.

• Selected flow: Aluminium Scrap 96c5f842-ea53-419b-b1cd-c02c479efb45
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed outbound aluminium scrap attributed to included engine production
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_wastes
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Waste cutting oil (waste_cutting_oil)

Record spent cutting oil removed from the recirculating machining system for external treatment.

• Selected flow: Waste cutting oil 80d926e3-0f76-4a19-9b1e-ffec9deb1216
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or manifest-recorded spent cutting oil leaving the foreground boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_wastes
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Elementary flows

Process: Engine assembly and finishing (assembly_and_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Liquid Detergent (liquid_detergent)

Record liquid detergent supplied for aqueous washing of engine components or assembled engines.

• Selected flow: Liquid Detergent c1214ed0-28a4-4273-a8c9-a4f29351747a
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Purchased make-up corrected for stock change and dilution water recorded separately
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_materials
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Industrial Maintenance Coatings (industrial_maintenance_coating)

Record protective coating solids and carrier as the purchased coating product crossing the finishing boundary.

• Selected flow: Industrial Maintenance Coatings 46c99c8a-0ae9-4be8-972f-a2b9ab3baaf5
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Coating issued to the line minus documented recoverable return, with formulation and solids fraction declared
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_materials
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Rust-preventive oil (rust_preventive_oil)

Record oil applied specifically for temporary corrosion protection before shipment.

• Selected flow: Rust-preventive oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Issued mass minus recoverable return; record zero only when absence is documented for the represented product
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_materials
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

lubricating oil (lubricating_oil)

Record lubricating oil filled into the engine before factory testing and shipment.

• Selected flow: lubricating oil aec6f1a5-7b09-4704-870d-434d3ada0edd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net filled mass including test top-up, less separately measured recovered oil
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_fluid_filling
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Coolant (coolant)

Record coolant filled into the engine or its closed factory-test circuit when it crosses the process boundary.

• Selected flow: Coolant 92c6fd56-f8a2-45ed-bb52-c4238cf8927c
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net new coolant make-up; exclude internally recirculated inventory and declare formulation and concentration
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_fluid_filling
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Electricity (assembly_electricity)

Record metered electricity for assembly, washing, coating, drying, handling, and allocated auxiliaries.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered electricity converted to MJ and allocated using documented equipment time or production mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_water
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Process Water (assembly_process_water)

Record water supplied for washing, coating preparation, and finishing operations, excluding closed-loop recirculation.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered or invoiced water entering assembly and finishing, converted to mass with documented density
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_water
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Oily industrial wastewater (oily_industrial_wastewater)

Record aqueous effluent contaminated by oil from washing or finishing when it leaves for treatment.

• Selected flow: Oily industrial wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered discharge mass attributable to engine production, with oil concentration and treatment destination declared
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_wastes
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Waste paint (waste_paint)

Record coating residue collected from mixing, application, overspray capture, or equipment cleaning for external treatment.

• Selected flow: Waste paint 877e5a04-76c8-4c5b-ac4c-062f5beeb2bd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or manifest-recorded waste paint leaving the foreground boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_wastes
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Elementary flows

Process: Factory acceptance test (factory_acceptance_test)

Inputs

Product flows

Diesel fuel (test_diesel_fuel)

Record diesel fuel combusted during routine or sampled factory acceptance tests.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel 9d258d75-6792-4f1c-9856-81602ed8f816
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Test-cell fuel-meter difference over represented test cycles, allocated across the documented production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_acceptance_test
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Electricity (test_electricity)

Record electricity for test-cell equipment, controls, ventilation, pumps, and allocated auxiliaries.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered test-cell electricity converted to MJ and allocated across the represented production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_acceptance_test
• Sources: rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Complete compression-ignition vehicle-propulsion engine (reference_engine_output)

Record the complete conforming engine at the manufacturer gate in the declared dry or wet state.

• Selected flow: Compression-ignition vehicle-propulsion piston engine
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Fixed normalization output of 1 kg, scaled from the weighed conforming engine mass
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_reference_product
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025

Waste flows

Elementary flows

carbon dioxide (fossil) (test_carbon_dioxide_fossil)

Record fossil carbon dioxide emitted from test-engine exhaust during the represented acceptance-test cycles.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured exhaust mass over represented cycles, or a declared carbon balance from measured fuel carbon when direct measurement is unavailable
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_test_emissions
• Sources: eu-reg-582-2011-consolidated-2021

carbon monoxide (fossil) (test_carbon_monoxide_fossil)

Record fossil carbon monoxide emitted from test-engine exhaust during the represented acceptance-test cycles.

• Selected flow: carbon monoxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-924e-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Analyzer-derived mass integrated over the represented test cycles
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_test_emissions
• Sources: eu-reg-582-2011-consolidated-2021

Nitrogen oxides to air (nitrogen_oxides_to_air)

Record nitrogen oxides emitted from test-engine exhaust using the declared regulatory or factory test convention.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Analyzer-derived mass integrated over represented cycles; declare whether reported as NO2 equivalent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_test_emissions
• Sources: eu-reg-582-2011-consolidated-2021

Particulate matter, particle size unspecified (particulate_matter_to_air)

Record measured particulate matter mass emitted from test-engine exhaust; do not substitute particle number without a documented conversion method.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, particle size unspecified 0ce3dedb-caca-407b-a856-a90470eb8ec0
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Filter- or instrument-derived particulate mass integrated over represented test cycles
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg complete engine output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_test_emissions
• Sources: eu-reg-582-2011-consolidated-2021

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid	separable engine models, lines, or process steps	First subdivide meters, batches, lines, test cells, rework, and waste records wherever technically feasible.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
allocation_physical	unavoidable shared burdens	When subdivision is not feasible, allocate using a causal physical driver such as machine time, test duration, metered energy, processed mass, or engine count; document the driver and calculation.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
allocation_recycling	metal scrap and recovered materials	Record scrap as a waste output at the foreground boundary and apply the chosen downstream recycling method consistently outside this inventory; do not subtract avoided primary production from foreground input quantities.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
allocation_test_sampling	sampled acceptance tests	Allocate sampled-test fuel, electricity, and emissions across the exact production lot represented by the sampling plan, preserving rejected-engine and retest burdens.	rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_component_materials	component_manufacturing	metal feedstocks	purchase, stock, recipe, and scrap records	material grade; opening stock; receipts; closing stock; scrap; engine model; conforming output mass	Reconcile material ledger to production orders and weigh representative components	kg	monthly or batch	At least 12 representative months or full campaign	All included component areas	Sum net material by grade and divide by conforming reference-product mass	invoices; stock ledger; scales; bill of material; reconciliation
cp_machining_consumables	component_manufacturing	cutting fluid	issue and tank inventory records	product; concentration; opening inventory; additions; closing inventory; recovered quantity	Reconcile purchased make-up and tank inventory; exclude internal recirculation	kg	batch or monthly	Same period as production	Included machining systems	Net make-up divided by conforming output mass	purchase records; tank logs; concentration tests
cp_energy_water	component_manufacturing; assembly_and_finishing	electricity, heat, and process water	meters and invoices	meter id; start/end reading; unit; time; area; allocation driver; production mass	Read calibrated submeters; use invoices only with documented allocation	MJ; kg	shift, batch, or monthly	Same representative period for numerator and output	All included production and auxiliary areas	Sum by process, convert units, subtract documented non-engine loads, normalize by output mass	meter calibration; invoices; allocation worksheet
cp_manufacturing_wastes	component_manufacturing	segregated scrap and spent cutting oil	scales and waste manifests	waste identity; mass; date; origin; destination; recovery or treatment route	Weigh each outbound waste stream and reconcile storage change	kg	shipment and monthly	Same period as production	Included component areas	Outbound plus closing inventory minus opening inventory, normalized by output mass	weighbridge tickets; manifests; waste-store ledger
cp_finishing_materials	assembly_and_finishing	detergent, coating, and rust-preventive oil	issue, return, and formulation records	product; issued mass; returned mass; concentration; solids fraction; engine family	Reconcile line issues and returns; record water separately	kg	batch or monthly	Same period as production	Included washing and coating lines	Net issued product divided by conforming output mass	formulation sheet; issue logs; purchase records
cp_fluid_filling	assembly_and_finishing	lubricating oil and coolant	fill-station meters and inventory	fluid identity; formulation; concentration; fill; recovery; top-up; engine serial	Meter new fluid crossing the boundary and exclude closed-loop inventory	kg	engine or batch	Same period as production	Included fill and test circuits	Net new fluid divided by conforming output mass	calibrated dispenser; serial records; inventory reconciliation
cp_finishing_wastes	assembly_and_finishing	oily wastewater and waste paint	effluent meters, sampling, scales, and manifests	mass or volume; density; oil concentration; paint residue mass; destination	Meter discharge and weigh residues; reconcile holding-tank inventory	kg	discharge or shipment	Same period as production	Included washing and finishing areas	Net boundary output divided by conforming output mass	meter calibration; laboratory report; manifest; tank ledger
cp_acceptance_test	factory_acceptance_test	test fuel and electricity	test-cell meters and logs	engine serial; model; cycle; duration; fuel readings; electricity readings; lot represented	Link calibrated meters to each test and sampling plan	kg; MJ	each test	Same period as represented production	All included test cells and auxiliaries	Sum tests, include retests, allocate over represented lot, normalize by output mass	test log; meter calibration; sampling plan
cp_reference_product	factory_acceptance_test	conforming engine output	production and weighing records	engine serial; dry or wet state; included accessories; measured mass; conformity status	Weigh conforming engines and reconcile production count	kg	each model or representative batch	Same period as inventory	Manufacturer gate	Sum conforming engine mass; exclude rejected output but retain its burdens	calibrated scale; bill of material; conformity record
cp_test_emissions	factory_acceptance_test	exhaust emissions	analyzer and particulate measurement files	engine serial; cycle; pollutant; concentration or mass; exhaust flow; detection limit; calibration; lot represented	Integrate calibrated measurements over each test cycle and link to the sampling plan	kg	each measured test	Same period as represented production	Test-cell exhaust boundary	Sum measured mass including retests, allocate over represented lot, normalize by output mass	raw analyzer file; filter record; calibration; test report

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	every exchange	normalized exchange = period exchange / conforming complete-engine mass for the identical period and declared mass state	period exchange; conforming engine mass	kg, MJ, or kg emission per kg reference product	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
calc_electricity_conversion	electricity	electricity_MJ = metered_kWh × 3.6	metered kWh	MJ electricity	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
calc_stock_reconciliation	materials, chemicals, fluids, and stored wastes	boundary amount = purchases or generation + opening inventory - closing inventory - documented recoverable return	invoices; opening and closing stock; returns	net boundary mass	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
calc_test_allocation	sampled acceptance test	allocated test amount = total included test amount / total conforming engine mass represented by the documented sampling plan	test totals; represented lot; output mass	test exchange per kg engine	rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca
calc_exhaust_mass	gaseous and particulate exhaust	integrate validated analyzer or filter mass over the test cycle; if concentration and exhaust flow are used, preserve time alignment, dry/wet correction, and reference conditions	calibrated measurement series; exhaust flow; cycle duration	pollutant mass per represented production lot	eu-reg-582-2011-consolidated-2021

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_temporal_alignment	all foreground exchanges	Numerators and conforming engine output shall cover the same representative period; disclose shutdowns, ramp-up, and abnormal production.	dated records and period reconciliation
dq_technology_geography	all inputs and processes	Declare engine family, manufacturing technology, site geography, supplier geography where known, and upstream dataset representativeness.	dataset metadata and supplier records
dq_meter_traceability	metered energy, water, fluids, and emissions	Identify meters and analyzers, calibration status, resolution, missing-data treatment, and allocation to included equipment.	calibration certificates and raw logs
dq_mass_balance	materials and wastes	Reconcile material inputs, product incorporation, stock change, scrap, waste, and documented losses; investigate material discrepancies.	signed mass-balance worksheet
dq_cutoff_disclosure	all exchanges	Avoid cut-offs; any unquantified input or output requires identity, reason, expected direction of bias, and improvement plan.	data-gap register
dq_verification	complete data package	An independent reviewer shall trace sampled values from published normalized exchanges back to raw records and calculations.	verification log and sampled audit trail

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_identity	reference product	The product shall be a new complete CPC 43123 compression-ignition piston engine for non-rail vehicle propulsion, with all required qualifiers declared.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
validation_reference_mass	reference flow	The output reference_engine_output shall equal 1 kg after normalization and use the same declared dry or wet state as every denominator.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
validation_inventory_atomicity	process inventory	Every exchange shall represent one atomic material, chemical, energy, waste, or emission flow; combined utilities, fuels, wastes, or emission groups are nonconforming.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
validation_boundary_completeness	system boundary	All producer-controlled and outsourced manufacturing stages shall be included or explicitly disclosed with upstream links and quantified data gaps.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
validation_test_traceability	factory acceptance test	Fuel, electricity, emission measurements, sampling plan, retests, and represented production mass shall reconcile by engine serial or lot.	eu-reg-582-2011-consolidated-2021
validation_allocation	shared burdens	Subdivision attempts, chosen physical driver, allocation calculation, and sensitivity to material alternatives shall be documented.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects
validation_no_unverified_ranges	all exchanges	Site-specific collection remains mandatory unless a reviewed range with compatible boundary, functional unit, product state, and at least two independent original sources is added later.	jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground manufacturing data package for one declared compression-ignition vehicle-engine family and manufacturing configuration
downstream_use	Projection to Tiangong flow, process, and lifecyclemodel records and connection to upstream material and energy datasets
allowed_use	Manufacturer-gate comparisons and downstream vehicle models when reference state, engine specification, geography, technology, time, and boundary are compatible
excluded_use	Direct representation of stationary, rail, aircraft, marine, spark-ignition, remanufactured, use-phase, maintenance, or end-of-life systems
required_metadata	PCR id and version; engine family and model; displacement; rated power and speed; emission stage and market; dry or wet state; included accessories and aftertreatment; site geography; reference period; process ownership; upstream datasets; test sampling; allocation
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data share; meter and analyzer calibration; temporal coverage; data gaps; cut-offs; mass-balance closure; allocation; upstream representativeness; uncertainty and verification status
update_trigger	Material change in engine design, mass state, emission stage, manufacturing route, site, supplier mix, energy mix, test practice, allocation, or a data source outside the declared validity period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, official CSV, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv	Exact CPC 43123 product-category identity and exclusion of rail or tramway propulsion engines
rouhento-2018-diesel-engine-lca	literature	Rouhento, Manufacturing of a Non-road Diesel Engine from the Life Cycle Perspective, Tampere University of Technology, 2018, https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tty-201808142130	Original-text manufacturing-stage decomposition and identification of machining, assembly, washing, painting, drying, testing, fluids, energy, water, and waste exchanges
eu-reg-582-2011-consolidated-2021	standard	European Commission, Regulation (EU) No 582/2011, consolidated text 1 January 2021, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02011R0582-20210101	Original-text factory-test exhaust measurement context and pollutant coverage for compression-ignition engines
jrc-2025-ef-method-key-aspects	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Key aspects of the product and organisation environmental footprint methods, JRC129907, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC129907/JRC129907_01.pdf	Original-text functional-unit dimensions, data-quality and verification expectations, cut-off avoidance, and allocation hierarchy