Flat-rolled products of alloy steel (except of silicon-electrical or high-speed steel), not further worked than hot-rolled, of a width of less than 600 mm

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers factory-gate production of hot-rolled alloy-steel flat products whose finished width is less than 600 mm and which have not been worked beyond hot rolling. It covers coils, strip, sheets, or cut lengths within that boundary, including stainless and other alloy grades when they meet the stated product condition. It excludes non-alloy steel, silicon-electrical steel, high-speed steel, products 600 mm or wider, cold-rolled products, and products subsequently pickled, clad, plated, coated, polished, or otherwise further worked. The declared dataset shall identify the grade family and shall not use low-alloy evidence as a proxy for stainless or another high-alloy grade.

The model is cradle-to-gate. Foreground records cover the selected steelmaking and casting route and the hot-rolling line; upstream production and transport of purchased materials and energy are linked through geographically and technologically appropriate datasets. Use and end-of-life are outside the reported cradle-to-gate result and may be reported only as separate scenarios.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.flat-rolled-products-of-alloy-steel-except-of-silicon-electrical-or-high-speed-steel-no-e89d565b
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41214
covered_products	Hot-rolled flat products of alloy steel, including stainless and other alloy grades, finished at less than 600 mm width and not further worked than hot-rolled
excluded_products	Non-alloy steel; silicon-electrical steel; high-speed steel; width of 600 mm or more; cold-rolled, pickled, clad, plated, coated, polished, or otherwise further-worked products
representative_product	Uncoated hot-rolled alloy-steel strip at the steelworks gate, less than 600 mm wide
production_route	Declared BF-BOF or EAF steelmaking with grade-appropriate secondary metallurgy and casting, followed by hot rolling; other routes require separate methodological review
market_state	Dry, uncoated coil, strip, sheet, or cut length at the steelworks gate, with grade, width, thickness, surface condition, and delivery form declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Hot-rolled alloy-steel flat product within the covered product boundary
How much	1,000 kg net saleable product
How well	Conforming to the declared steel grade and product specification, less than 600 mm wide, and not further worked than hot-rolled
How long or cycle	One production reporting period; no use duration is assigned at the factory gate
reference_flow_link	rolling_reference_product

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg
Reference product flow	Flat-rolled products of alloy steel (except of silicon-electrical or high-speed steel), not further worked than hot-rolled, of a width of less than 600 mm 882747cb-449c-401b-89b1-2ff03c819442
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	steel designation and governing product standard; alloy and grade family, including stainless or other alloy; chemical composition or grade certificate; finished width and thickness; coil, strip, sheet, or cut-length form; uncoated and not-further-worked surface condition; steelmaking route and secondary-refining technology; plant geography; reporting period; moisture and oil treatment where relevant; factory-gate boundary

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent data-package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference-flow definition incomplete.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference product and all mass-normalized exchanges	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report net saleable product mass after crop ends, offcuts, scale, and rejected product are removed. Normalize all exchanges to 1,000 kg net reference product.
route_output_mass	cast slab outputs and hot-rolling slab input	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Preserve measured wet or dry state consistently, reconcile the selected steelmaking-route slab output with rolling input, and disclose storage or transfer changes.
gas_reference_conditions	industrial oxygen, argon, and natural gas	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Record metered volume together with temperature, pressure, dry or wet basis, purity, and any standard-volume conversion; do not combine gases.
energy_accounting	purchased electricity	Energy	MJ	Preserve the meter unit and conversion record, identify voltage and supply boundary, and avoid double counting electricity generated from recovered process gas.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Natural resources, prepared ores, purchased scrap and metallics, alloy additions, fluxes, electrodes, gases, process water, fuels, and electricity enter through documented upstream supply datasets; internal slab enters hot rolling only from the declared steelmaking route.
starting_condition_role	cradle input and steelworks foreground start
product_classification_scope	Alloy-steel flat products less than 600 mm wide, not further worked than hot-rolled, excluding silicon-electrical and high-speed steel
recursive_input_rule	Internal slab, scrap, scale, process gas, steam, or electricity recirculated inside the same steelworks is represented once as an internal transfer and is not linked again as a purchased product; externally sourced material uses an upstream dataset.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use supplier-specific or geographically and technologically representative datasets for purchased materials, scrap preparation, fuels, gases, electricity, water, transport, and external waste treatment; disclose substitutions and data age.
disclosure	Declare plant, reporting period, grade family, selected BF-BOF or EAF route, secondary-refining steps, casting route, hot-rolling line, reheating fuel, internal energy recovery, scrap boundary, co-product status, cut-offs, and whether any end-of-life scenario is reported separately.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_cradle_to_gate	product system	Include upstream production and transport of purchased inputs, steelmaking, grade-appropriate secondary metallurgy, casting, reheating, descaling, hot rolling, cooling, coiling or cutting, finishing limited to the covered market state, internal transport, water treatment, waste treatment, and direct releases through the factory gate.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017, eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013, eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022
boundary_route_selection	steelmaking routes	Model BF-BOF and EAF as separate conditional routes. Include exactly the route or measured output-weighted route mix used for the reference product; identify AOD, VOD, vacuum degassing, or other secondary metallurgy when used.	eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013, worldstainless-general-introduction-lci
boundary_hot_rolling_steps	hot rolling	Include surface rectification when performed, reheating, descaling, rolling, cooling, coiling or cutting, and finishing that does not change the covered not-further-worked market state.	eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022
boundary_cutoff	completeness	Record all energetic inputs. An excluded material flow shall be below 1% of mass, energy, and environmental relevance for its unit process, and all excluded flows together shall remain below 5%; document the screening basis and do not use cut-off to omit hazardous or legally monitored releases.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
boundary_end_of_life	downstream modelling	Exclude fabrication, use, and end-of-life from the cradle-to-gate result. Report recycling burdens or credits only as a separate, explicitly identified scenario and prevent double counting with downstream models.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
bf_bof_alloy_steelmaking_casting	BF-BOF alloy-steel production and casting	conditional	Include when the reference product uses integrated blast-furnace/basic-oxygen steelmaking; include measured secondary metallurgy and casting for the declared grade.	foreground steelmaking and cast-slab production	1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab transferred to hot rolling
eaf_alloy_steelmaking_casting	EAF alloy-steel production and casting	conditional	Include when the reference product uses electric-arc-furnace steelmaking; include measured AOD, VOD, ladle metallurgy, degassing, and casting steps that apply to the declared grade.	foreground steelmaking and cast-slab production	1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab transferred to hot rolling
hot_rolling_narrow_flat_product	Hot rolling to narrow alloy-steel flat product	required	Always include; the slab grade and route shall match one selected steelmaking route or a documented measured route mix.	foreground reheating, descaling, rolling, cooling, coiling or cutting	1,000 kg net saleable reference product

Process: BF-BOF alloy-steel production and casting (bf_bof_alloy_steelmaking_casting)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared iron-bearing feed (bf_iron_ore)

Record the iron ore product actually charged to the integrated route, without combining pellets, sinter, or lump ore in one supplier record.

• Selected flow: Agglomerated iron ore
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry mass charged and attributed to eligible cast slab
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials_products
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Metallurgical coke (bf_metallurgical_coke)

Record the dry metallurgical coke charged to the blast furnace.

• Selected flow: Metallurgical coke
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry mass charged and attributed to eligible cast slab
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials_products
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Pulverized coal for blast-furnace injection (bf_pulverized_coal)

Record injected coal separately from coke when pulverized-coal injection is used.

• Selected flow: Pulverized coal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry mass injected; record zero with the technology reason when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials_products
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Limestone flux (bf_limestone)

Record limestone charged as flux on its declared moisture and carbonate basis.

• Selected flow: Limestone
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass attributed to eligible cast slab
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials_products
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Purchased steel scrap (bf_steel_scrap)

Record externally sourced ferrous scrap separately from internal returns and declare grade, preparation, and consumer status.

• Selected flow: Prepared steel scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: scale-ticket mass of purchased scrap charged to the BOF route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials_products
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Ferro-manganese alloy addition (bf_ferromanganese)

Record the actual ferro-manganese grade used to meet the product recipe.

• Selected flow: Ferro-manganese
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: batch charge-record mass attributed to eligible cast slab
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials_products
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Industrial oxygen (bf_industrial_oxygen)

Record oxygen delivered to the BOF and other included route operations with purity and reference conditions.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered oxygen volume attributed to eligible cast slab
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_energy_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Purchased electricity (bf_electricity)

Record site- and voltage-specific purchased electricity net of separately recorded internal generation.

• Selected flow: Steelworks purchased electricity
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: revenue-meter electricity allocated to the included BF-BOF and casting operations
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_energy_utilities
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Process water supply (bf_process_water)

Record make-up process water crossing the route boundary, excluding recirculated internal water.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: make-up water meter volume attributed to eligible cast slab
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_energy_utilities
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Cast alloy-steel slab (bf_cast_alloy_steel_slab)

Record net accepted slab transferred to hot rolling with grade, dimensions, and surface state.

• Selected flow: Cast alloy-steel slab
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted slab mass transferred from casting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials_products
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Waste flows

Blast-furnace slag (bf_blast_furnace_slag)

Record blast-furnace slag separately with treatment and waste or co-product status.

• Selected flow: Blast-furnace slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry mass leaving the blast-furnace slag system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_residues_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013, worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Basic-oxygen-furnace slag (bf_basic_oxygen_furnace_slag)

Record BOF slag separately with treatment and waste or co-product status.

• Selected flow: Basic-oxygen-furnace slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry mass leaving the BOF slag system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_residues_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013, worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Blast-furnace dust (bf_blast_furnace_dust)

Record captured blast-furnace dust at the recovery or treatment boundary.

• Selected flow: Blast-furnace dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry captured dust mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_residues_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Basic-oxygen-furnace dust (bf_basic_oxygen_furnace_dust)

Record captured BOF dust separately from blast-furnace dust.

• Selected flow: Basic-oxygen-furnace dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry captured dust mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_residues_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide to air (bf_fossil_co2)

Record stack and process fossil carbon dioxide directly emitted by the included BF-BOF route without claiming a more specific air compartment.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured emissions or carbon-balance calculation reconciled to fuel, reductant, carbonate, and carbon-bearing process-gas records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_residues_emissions
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Process: EAF alloy-steel production and casting (eaf_alloy_steelmaking_casting)

Inputs

Product flows

Purchased steel scrap (eaf_steel_scrap)

Record externally sourced scrap by grade family, preparation, contamination, and consumer status.

• Selected flow: Prepared steel scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: scale-ticket mass of purchased scrap charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017, worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Direct-reduced iron (eaf_direct_reduced_iron)

Record DRI or hot-briquetted iron only when charged and declare metallization, carbon content, and form.

• Selected flow: Direct-reduced iron
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charge mass; record zero with the charge-recipe reason when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Pig iron (eaf_pig_iron)

Record pig iron only when included in the EAF charge and declare composition and delivery state.

• Selected flow: Pig iron
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charge mass; record zero with the charge-recipe reason when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Quicklime flux (eaf_quicklime)

Record quicklime on its declared chemistry and moisture basis.

• Selected flow: Quicklime
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Dolomitic flux (eaf_dolomite)

Record dolomite or dolomitic lime separately from quicklime and declare calcination state.

• Selected flow: Dolomite
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured charged mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Graphite electrode (eaf_graphite_electrode)

Record net graphite-electrode consumption from stock and change records.

• Selected flow: Graphite electrode
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: opening stock plus receipts minus closing stock and recoverable remnants
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Ferrochromium alloy addition (eaf_ferrochromium)

Record the actual ferrochromium grade when used for the declared recipe.

• Selected flow: Ferrochromium
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: batch charge-record mass; record zero with the grade-recipe reason when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Ferronickel alloy addition (eaf_ferronickel)

Record ferronickel only when used, with grade and nickel content.

• Selected flow: Ferronickel
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: batch charge-record mass; record zero with the grade-recipe reason when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Ferro-manganese alloy addition (eaf_ferromanganese)

Record the actual ferro-manganese grade when used for the declared recipe.

• Selected flow: Ferro-manganese
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: batch charge-record mass; record zero with the grade-recipe reason when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Argon for secondary refining (eaf_argon)

Record argon separately when used for AOD, VOD, ladle stirring, or degassing.

• Selected flow: Industrial argon
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered volume; record zero with the refining-technology reason when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_energy_utilities
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Industrial oxygen (eaf_industrial_oxygen)

Record oxygen used by the EAF burners, lances, and included secondary-refining operations with purity and reference conditions.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered oxygen volume attributed to eligible cast slab
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_energy_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013, worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Purchased electricity (eaf_electricity)

Record site- and voltage-specific purchased electricity net of separately recorded internal generation.

• Selected flow: Steelworks purchased electricity
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: revenue-meter electricity allocated to EAF, secondary metallurgy, and casting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_energy_utilities
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017, worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Natural gas (eaf_natural_gas)

Record natural gas when used by EAF burners or included refining and casting operations; declare supplier geography and reference conditions.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered volume attributed to eligible cast slab; record zero with the technology reason when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_energy_utilities
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Process water supply (eaf_process_water)

Record make-up process water crossing the EAF-route boundary, excluding recirculated internal water.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: make-up water meter volume attributed to eligible cast slab
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_energy_utilities
• Sources: worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Cast alloy-steel slab (eaf_cast_alloy_steel_slab)

Record net accepted slab transferred to hot rolling with grade, dimensions, and surface state.

• Selected flow: Cast alloy-steel slab
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted slab mass transferred from casting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_materials_products
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013, worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Waste flows

Electric-arc-furnace slag (eaf_slag)

Record EAF slag with composition, cooling, treatment, and waste or co-product status.

• Selected flow: Electric-arc-furnace slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry mass leaving the EAF slag system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_residues_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013, worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Electric-arc-furnace dust (eaf_dust)

Record captured EAF dust with zinc content and recovery or disposal route.

• Selected flow: Electric-arc-furnace dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry captured dust mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_residues_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013, worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide to air (eaf_fossil_co2)

Record fossil carbon dioxide directly emitted by the EAF route without claiming a more specific air compartment.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured emissions or carbon-balance calculation reconciled to fuel, electrodes, metallic charge carbon, carbon injection, carbonate, and off-gas records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg cast alloy-steel slab output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_eaf_residues_emissions
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017, worldstainless-general-introduction-lci

Process: Hot rolling to narrow alloy-steel flat product (hot_rolling_narrow_flat_product)

Inputs

Product flows

Cast alloy-steel slab input (rolling_cast_alloy_steel_slab)

Record the route-specific slab input with grade, dimensions, temperature, and surface state matching the selected route output.

• Selected flow: Cast alloy-steel slab
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured slab mass charged to the reheating and rolling line
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_rolling_materials_products
• Sources: eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022

Natural gas for reheating (rolling_natural_gas)

Record natural gas supplied to reheating furnaces with supplier geography and reference conditions.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered volume attributed to eligible hot-rolled product; record zero with the furnace-fuel reason when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_rolling_energy_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022

Purchased electricity (rolling_electricity)

Record site- and voltage-specific purchased electricity for descaling, rolling, cooling, coiling, cutting, and included finishing.

• Selected flow: Rolling-mill purchased electricity
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: meter electricity allocated to the included hot-rolling line
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_rolling_energy_utilities
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017, eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022

Process water supply (rolling_process_water)

Record make-up water for descaling and cooling, excluding recirculated internal water.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: make-up water meter volume attributed to eligible hot-rolled product
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_rolling_energy_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Net saleable hot-rolled narrow alloy-steel flat product (rolling_reference_product)

Record accepted uncoated product after crop ends, offcuts, scale, and rejects are removed.

• Selected flow: Flat-rolled products of alloy steel (except of silicon-electrical or high-speed steel), not further worked than hot-rolled, of a width of less than 600 mm 882747cb-449c-401b-89b1-2ff03c819442
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured net saleable mass conforming to the declared grade and less-than-600-mm width condition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1,000 kg net saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_rolling_materials_products
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025, eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022

Waste flows

Rolling mill scale (rolling_mill_scale)

Record separated mill scale with moisture, oil content, and recovery or waste status.

• Selected flow: Rolling mill scale
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dry mass leaving the mill-scale separation system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_rolling_residues_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022

Rolling offcut and crop-end steel scrap (rolling_steel_scrap)

Record offcuts and crop ends separately from mill scale and declare whether they are internally recycled or leave the site.

• Selected flow: Alloy-steel rolling scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured scrap mass generated by the eligible product campaign
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_rolling_residues_emissions
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017, eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide to air (rolling_fossil_co2)

Record fossil carbon dioxide directly emitted by rolling-line combustion without claiming a more specific air compartment.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured stack emissions or fuel-carbon calculation reconciled to reheating-fuel records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_rolling_residues_emissions
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017, eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	all foreground operations	Avoid allocation by separately metering routes, production lines, grade campaigns, recovery operations, and saleable outputs wherever records permit.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
allocation_internal_recirculation	internal scrap, scale, process gas, electricity, steam, and water	Treat internal recirculation as an internal transfer: retain its recovery burdens once, do not add a purchased upstream dataset, and reconcile both sides of the transfer.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
allocation_co_products	slags, recovered dusts, exported process gas, electricity, steam, or other saleable co-products	Prefer system expansion only when the displaced function and substitution ratio are documented and compatible with the study goal. If system expansion is not defensible, apply a declared physical or economic partition and report a sensitivity check; never silently treat a saleable co-product as burden-free waste.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
allocation_scrap_boundary	purchased and generated steel scrap	Distinguish internal scrap, pre-consumer scrap, and post-consumer scrap. State the recycling method and report any end-of-life credit separately from the cradle-to-gate inventory.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_bf_materials_products	bf_bof_alloy_steelmaking_casting	charged materials and cast slab	scales, batch records, stock ledger, grade certificate	timestamp; batch or heat id; material id; supplier; grade; composition; wet mass; dry mass; moisture; cast slab mass; eligible product link	reconcile calibrated scales and stock movements to heat and campaign records	kg	each receipt, charge, heat, and cast	at least one representative 12-month period	all included BF, BOF, secondary-metallurgy, and casting units	sum eligible inputs and outputs, apply documented inventory change, and allocate only after subdivision	calibration certificates; weighbridge tickets; heat sheets; stock reconciliation; grade certificates
cp_bf_energy_utilities	bf_bof_alloy_steelmaking_casting	oxygen, electricity, and make-up water	utility meters and invoices	timestamp; meter id; opening and closing reading; unit; oxygen purity; gas temperature and pressure; electricity voltage and provider; water source; eligible output	reconcile submeter totals with site invoices and internal generation records	m3; MJ	continuous or shift meter, reconciled monthly	same 12-month period as product output	all included route units and shared services	subtract verified internal transfers, assign shared services by causal meter or documented driver, normalize to cast slab output	meter calibration; invoice reconciliation; allocation worksheet; outage log
cp_bf_residues_emissions	bf_bof_alloy_steelmaking_casting	slags, dusts, and direct fossil CO2	residue scales, manifests, stack monitoring, fuel and carbon balance	timestamp; source unit; residue mass; moisture; destination; waste or co-product status; stack flow and concentration; fuel carbon; carbonate carbon; process-gas transfers	weigh residues and use validated continuous monitoring or reconciled carbon balance for CO2	kg	each shipment plus continuous or campaign emissions	same 12-month period as product output	all included emission points and residue treatment units	sum direct releases and outgoing residues, correct to declared state, avoid double counting transferred process gas	scale records; laboratory analyses; waste manifests; monitor QA/QC; carbon-balance closure
cp_eaf_materials_products	eaf_alloy_steelmaking_casting	metallics, fluxes, electrodes, alloy additions, and cast slab	scales, charge sheets, stock ledger, heat records, grade certificate	timestamp; heat id; material id; supplier; scrap class; composition; charge mass; electrode stock; cast slab mass; eligible product link	reconcile charge sheets, calibrated scales, and inventory changes to accepted slabs	kg	each receipt, charge, heat, and cast	at least one representative 12-month period	EAF, included secondary refining, and casting	sum eligible heat records and apply documented stock change; keep each alloy addition separate	calibration certificates; charge sheets; heat chemistry; stock reconciliation; grade certificates
cp_eaf_energy_utilities	eaf_alloy_steelmaking_casting	argon, oxygen, natural gas, electricity, and make-up water	utility meters and invoices	timestamp; heat id where available; meter id; readings; unit; gas purity; temperature and pressure; electricity voltage and provider; water source	reconcile submeters with invoices and heat logs	m3; MJ	continuous or per heat, reconciled monthly	same 12-month period as product output	EAF, AOD or VOD when used, ladle metallurgy, casting, and shared services	assign by direct heat meter or documented causal driver, net verified internal generation, normalize to accepted slab	calibration certificates; invoice reconciliation; heat utility logs; outage log
cp_eaf_residues_emissions	eaf_alloy_steelmaking_casting	EAF slag, EAF dust, and direct fossil CO2	residue scales, manifests, stack monitoring, fuel, electrode, charge-carbon, and off-gas records	timestamp; heat id; residue mass; moisture; zinc content; destination; waste or co-product status; stack flow and concentration; carbon inputs and outputs	weigh residues and use validated monitoring or reconciled carbon balance	kg	each shipment plus continuous or heat-based emissions	same 12-month period as product output	EAF, included secondary refining, casting, gas cleaning, and residue handling	sum eligible releases and residues, correct to declared state, prevent overlap between off-gas monitoring and carbon balance	scale records; laboratory analyses; manifests; monitor QA/QC; carbon-balance closure
cp_rolling_materials_products	hot_rolling_narrow_flat_product	slab input and net saleable reference product	slab scales, production order, dimensional inspection, grade certificate, product scale	timestamp; campaign id; slab id; route; grade; slab mass; width; thickness; output form; accepted product mass; reject mass	link each eligible product campaign to slab lots and calibrated product scales	kg	each slab and finished coil, sheet, strip, or cut length	same representative 12-month period as route data	all included hot-rolling and finishing operations	sum only qualifying less-than-600-mm uncoated product; reconcile slab, product, scale, scrap, and rejects	scale calibration; production genealogy; inspection results; grade certificate; mass balance
cp_rolling_energy_utilities	hot_rolling_narrow_flat_product	natural gas, electricity, and make-up water	furnace and line submeters, invoices	timestamp; campaign id; meter id; readings; unit; fuel composition; gas reference conditions; voltage and provider; water source	reconcile line meters with invoices and production time	m3; MJ	continuous or shift meter, reconciled monthly	same period as qualifying product output	reheating, descaling, rolling, cooling, coiling or cutting, and included finishing	assign campaign use by direct meter or documented operating-time driver; exclude internal recirculation	calibration certificates; invoice reconciliation; campaign log; outage log
cp_rolling_residues_emissions	hot_rolling_narrow_flat_product	mill scale, rolling scrap, and direct fossil CO2	residue scales, scrap ledger, stack monitoring, fuel carbon balance	timestamp; campaign id; residue or scrap mass; moisture; oil content; destination; stack flow and concentration; fuel carbon	weigh outputs and use validated monitoring or fuel-carbon calculation	kg	each collection or shipment plus continuous or campaign emissions	same period as qualifying product output	reheating furnaces, descaling, rolling, scale treatment, and scrap handling	attribute by production genealogy or documented campaign driver and reconcile with slab-to-product mass balance	scale records; laboratory analyses; transfer records; monitor QA/QC; carbon-balance closure

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalize_exchange	every inventory row	normalized exchange = eligible reporting-period exchange × product attribution share ÷ eligible net output × 1,000 kg	exchange record; attribution share; eligible net output	amount per 1,000 kg process output or reference product	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
calc_route_mix	products made from more than one steelmaking route	route-mix amount = sum of route-specific normalized amounts × measured route output fractions; fractions shall sum to one and shall not be estimated from a national average when plant records exist	route-specific inventories; measured eligible slab mass by route	measured route-mix inventory	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
calc_mass_balance	steelmaking, casting, and hot rolling	reconcile iron-bearing and total mass inputs with product, internal transfers, slags, dusts, scale, scrap, other residues, and measured releases; investigate material unexplained imbalance before publication	material records; product records; internal transfers; residues; releases	documented mass-balance closure	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
calc_fossil_co2	direct fossil CO2 rows	use validated stack monitoring where complete; otherwise calculate from reconciled fossil carbon inputs and carbon-bearing outputs, and document oxidation and carbonate assumptions without overlapping monitored emissions	stack records; fuel, reductant, electrode, charge-carbon and carbonate records; exported process gas; carbon in products and residues	direct fossil CO2 mass	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product	Demonstrate alloy grade, exclusion of silicon-electrical and high-speed steel, finished width below 600 mm, and absence of further working beyond hot rolling.	grade certificate; dimensional inspection; route and finishing genealogy
dq_representativeness	all data	Use a representative contiguous 12-month period where practicable; explain shutdowns, abnormal operations, campaign gaps, and substitutions.	reporting-period register; production log; exception record
dq_geography_technology	upstream datasets	Match supplier geography, electricity system, scrap preparation, material state, and production technology; document any proxy.	supplier data; dataset metadata; proxy assessment
dq_metering	foreground quantities	Use calibrated meters and scales, reconcile submeter totals to invoices or site totals, and retain raw records and transformations.	calibration record; reconciliation workbook; immutable source extract
dq_completeness	inventory	Apply the cut-off rule only after mass, energy, and environmental relevance screening; include all energy and legally monitored releases.	completeness matrix; cut-off register; permit-monitoring cross-check
dq_route_consistency	route and rolling linkage	Ensure the slab grade, output mass, and route in steelmaking records match rolling input and finished-product genealogy.	heat-to-slab-to-coil genealogy; mass-balance report

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_identity	reference flow	Fail validation if the declared product is 600 mm or wider, non-alloy, silicon-electrical, high-speed, cold-rolled, coated, pickled, or otherwise further worked, or if grade and dimensions are missing.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025, china-mof-alloy-steel-terminology-2024
validation_route	process map	Require hot rolling and exactly one BF-BOF route, one EAF route, or a measured route mix. Require grade-appropriate secondary-refining and casting disclosure.	eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013, eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022, worldstainless-general-introduction-lci
validation_units	inventory amounts	Require 1,000 kg normalization, gas reference conditions, electricity supply metadata, and explicit conversions from raw meter units.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_balance	material and carbon balances	Require documented iron or steel mass, total mass, and fossil-carbon checks; unresolved material imbalance or double-counted process gas is an error.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_completeness	cut-off and exchanges	Require every energetic input, each included material, each residue, and each elementary release to be recorded as an atomic exchange; require documented cut-off screening and permit cross-check.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_allocation	co-products and scrap	Require internal-transfer reconciliation, scrap-category disclosure, co-product status, allocation or substitution method, and a separate end-of-life scenario when used.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_uuid_accounting	TianGong references	Require every inventory row to carry a directly verified public TianGong UUID or appear with the same row id and allowed reason code in manifest unresolved metadata; reject unverified proxy UUIDs.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	secondary_dataset and background_dataset after methodology review and publication
downstream_use	Cradle-to-gate modelling of products that consume a declared hot-rolled narrow alloy-steel flat product; route-specific process or lifecyclemodel projections
allowed_use	Use when grade family, width, surface state, geography, technology, temporal coverage, scrap boundary, and allocation method are compatible with the foreground product system.
excluded_use	Do not use as a generic proxy for non-alloy steel, silicon-electrical steel, high-speed steel, products 600 mm or wider, cold-rolled or coated products, or a stainless or high-alloy grade represented only by low-alloy data.
required_metadata	PCR id and version; product grade and standard; composition or grade family; width, thickness, and form; factory-gate state; BF-BOF or EAF route and secondary refining; plant geography; reporting period; upstream dataset identities; electricity and fuel supply; scrap categories; cut-offs; allocation; UUID gaps; uncertainty and data-quality statement
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data share; meter and scale reconciliation; mass and carbon balance closure; route coverage; supplier and geographic proxies; abnormal-operation treatment; excluded flows; co-product and recycling sensitivity; unresolved range and UUID evidence needs
update_trigger	Change in alloy grade family, steelmaking or secondary-refining route, casting or rolling technology, reheating fuel, electricity supply, scrap mix, product width or surface state, allocation method, plant geography, or a material change in inventory or data quality

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	Official guidance (official_guidance)	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Ver. 3.0 structure, 30 June 2025, row 41214. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Official English product classification identity and exclusions stated in the leaf title
china-mof-alloy-steel-terminology-2024	Official guidance (official_guidance)	Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China, 2024 tariff-adjustment annex, entry 72269199. https://gss.mof.gov.cn/gzdt/zhengcefabu/202404/P020240419426389451413.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Verification of professional Chinese terminology for narrow hot-rolled alloy-steel flat products; not used to broaden the CPC boundary
eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for Iron and Steel Production, JRC69967, EUR 25521 EN, 2013. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC69967 (retrieved 2026-09-02)	BF-BOF and EAF steelmaking, secondary metallurgy, casting, residues, and route decomposition
eu-jrc-ferrous-metals-processing-bref-2022	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Ferrous Metals Processing Industry, JRC131649, EUR 31321 EN, DOI 10.2760/196475, 2022. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC131649 (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Hot-rolling boundary and process steps: surface rectification, reheating, descaling, rolling, cooling, coiling, and finishing
worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017	Method factor (method_factor)	World Steel Association, Life Cycle Inventory Methodology Report, 2017. https://worldsteel.org/media/publications/lci-report-2017-pdf/?do_download_id=7f96813a-3756-4842-8dbc-38ce201f2914 (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Declared unit, cradle-to-gate boundary, technology and geographic representation, energy completeness, cut-off, data collection, balance validation, co-products, and scrap treatment
worldstainless-general-introduction-lci	Extension guidance (extension_guidance)	International Stainless Steel Forum / worldstainless, General Introduction to Stainless Steel LCI. https://worldstainless.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/GeneralIntroductiontostainlesssteelLCI1.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Stainless and high-alloy EAF route, AOD or VOD-related input candidates, alloy additions, residues, and works-gate LCI framing