Bismuth, antimony, manganese, chromium and articles thereof; including waste and scrap of bismuth or manganese

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to foreground data packages for bismuth, antimony, manganese or chromium metal and articles whose material identity remains one of those metals. It also covers bismuth or manganese waste and scrap when that material is the declared reference product. The product metal, physical form, purity or grade, production route, primary or secondary feed share, geography, reporting period and plant-gate condition shall be declared.

The category does not include ferro-manganese, ferro-chromium, metal compounds sold as chemicals, ores or concentrates sold without production of a covered metal product, antimony or chromium waste and scrap, cermets, or downstream products classified by their function. Mining and mine-site beneficiation, external transport before receipt or after dispatch, use and end of life are outside the foreground gate unless the study explicitly extends the boundary. The official CPC structure and explanatory notes establish the classification boundary; the non-ferrous-metals BREF establishes the primary/secondary production and plant-dispatch process framing (un-cpc-3-0-2025, eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017).

Because the official category combines dissimilar metals, routes and forms, the reference model below uses unwrought bismuth recovered from a bismuth-rich lead-refining intermediate. A data package for antimony, manganese, chromium, a fabricated article, or marketable bismuth/manganese scrap shall retain these measurement, boundary, allocation and quality rules but shall replace the representative output with one concrete product flow and add the route-specific atomic exchanges. It shall not use bismuth inventory values as proxies.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.bismuth-antimony-manganese-chromium-and-articles-thereof-including-waste-and-scrap-of-b-b58e25dd
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41603 (exact classification context)
covered_products	Bismuth, antimony, manganese or chromium metal; articles predominantly of one of those metals; bismuth waste and scrap; manganese waste and scrap
excluded_products	Ferro-manganese; ferro-chromium; metal ores and concentrates sold as such; compounds sold as chemicals; antimony or chromium waste and scrap; cermets; functionally classified downstream products
representative_product	Unwrought bismuth metal recovered from a bismuth-rich lead-refining intermediate and dispatched at the producing plant gate
production_route	Representative: receipt of bismuth crust, recovery and refining, casting and dispatch; covered alternatives require their own declared pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, electrolytic, remelting or forming route
market_state	Net saleable mass at the plant gate, with metal identity, form, purity or grade, moisture or contamination basis where relevant, and packaging state declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	A declared bismuth, antimony, manganese or chromium metal product, article, or eligible bismuth/manganese scrap product that meets the stated specification
How much	1 kg net saleable product
How well	Meets the declared chemical composition, purity or grade, form, dimensions where applicable, and acceptance specification at the plant gate
How long or cycle	One production lot or reporting-period production normalized to the reference mass; no use-duration function is credited
reference_flow_link	The reference product is the net conforming output after internal returns, rejects and off-spec material have been removed from saleable output

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Bismuth metal, unwrought
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	selected metal; product form; chemical composition; purity or grade; primary and secondary feed shares; production and refining route; geography; reporting period; plant-gate boundary; net mass basis; moisture or contamination basis for scrap; packaging inclusion

When constructing a foreground data package, every item in Required qualifiers shall be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description or an equivalent field. Missing qualifiers make the reference flow incomplete. The unresolved representative product UUID shall not be replaced by a mixed scrap, metal compound, ferroalloy or other proxy.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report net conforming product mass at the declared plant-gate state; exclude internal returns and material not dispatched as the reference product.
scrap_mass_basis	Bismuth or manganese scrap as reference product or input	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	State whether moisture, coatings, attachments and non-metal contamination are included, and keep the same basis in input, output and allocation calculations.
gas_reference_conditions	Natural gas and industrial oxygen	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Declare temperature, absolute pressure and dry/wet basis for metered gas volume; convert all records to the same stated reference conditions before normalization.
electricity_energy	Purchased and on-site electricity	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Preserve metered electrical energy and convert to MJ using one documented conversion; state voltage level, supply mix, losses and whether on-site generation is included.
solution_mass	Process water, sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record delivered solution mass and concentration separately; report pure-substance equivalents only as additional calculated fields, not as replacements for delivered mass.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Bismuth-rich lead-refining crust or another explicitly named primary or secondary metal-bearing feed received at the foreground facility gate
starting_condition_role	Purchased or transferred feed entering the first foreground preparation, recovery or refining operation
product_classification_scope	Bismuth, antimony, manganese or chromium metal and articles thereof, plus bismuth or manganese waste and scrap; related ferroalloys and antimony/chromium scrap are outside this identity
recursive_input_rule	A covered metal or eligible bismuth/manganese scrap crossing the foreground gate is recorded once as a concrete product input with an upstream dataset; material recirculated within the same foreground system is an internal transfer and is not counted again as purchased input or co-product
upstream_dataset_requirement	Every purchased metal-bearing feed, reagent, fuel, electricity supply, oxygen and process-water supply shall link to a geographically and technologically appropriate upstream dataset or carry an explicit unresolved-data disclosure
disclosure	Declare the selected metal and product form, feed origin, primary/secondary shares, route stages, integrated upstream or downstream operations, pollution-control boundary, internal recycling, external treatment, transport boundary and omitted processes

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
sb_gate_boundary	foreground metal production	Include directly controlled feed preparation, recovery or extraction, refining, casting, route-integrated forming, internal recycling, pollution control and dispatch preparation from received feed to net conforming product; disclose every integrated or omitted stage.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
sb_upstream_inputs	purchased inputs	Keep mining, mine-site beneficiation and production of purchased materials outside the foreground gate, but represent each purchased input with a suitable upstream dataset.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
sb_direct_emissions	foreground releases	Record measured direct releases from handling, thermal or electrolytic recovery, refining, casting, product handling and abatement; do not substitute upstream electricity emissions for direct stack or fugitive releases.	us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy
sb_alternative_routes	non-representative covered products	A route for antimony, manganese, chromium, a fabricated article, or eligible scrap is conforming only when the data package adds its concrete feed, reagent, energy, residue and direct-emission exchanges; the representative bismuth cards are not default values for another route.	un-cpc-3-0-2025, us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy
sb_recursive_inputs	same-category inputs and internal returns	Record same-category materials crossing the facility gate once with their upstream dataset; keep internal returns as internal transfers and avoid a recursive product-category loop or double counting.	eu-commission-pef-2021

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
bismuth_recovery_refining	Representative bismuth recovery, refining and casting	required	Required for the representative unwrought-bismuth dataset	Foreground production and pollution control	Per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
alternative_metal_route	Alternative antimony, manganese or chromium production	conditional	Include instead of the representative process when one of these metals is the reference product	Product-specific foreground production	Per 1 kg net conforming declared metal product at plant gate
article_forming	Forming or fabrication of a covered metal article	conditional	Include when the reference product is a wrought or fabricated article and the operation is inside the plant gate	Route-integrated forming	Per 1 kg net conforming article at plant gate
scrap_product_preparation	Preparation of marketable bismuth or manganese scrap	conditional	Include when eligible scrap, rather than recovered metal, is the reference product	Sorting, cleaning and preparation	Per 1 kg net saleable scrap on the declared contamination basis

Process: Representative bismuth recovery, refining and casting (bismuth_recovery_refining)

Inputs

Product flows

Bismuth-rich lead-refining crust (input_bismuth_crust)

Record the weighed bismuth-rich crust or equivalent bismuth recovery intermediate received by the integrated process. Its origin, bismuth content, moisture and co-contained metals shall be reported.

• Selected flow: Bismuth crust from lead refining
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured received mass allocated to the reporting-period bismuth production
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_records
• Sources:

Sulfuric acid used in leaching (input_sulfuric_acid)

Record sulfuric acid only when it crosses the foreground boundary for a declared hydrometallurgical leaching step. Concentration and delivered solution state remain foreground qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Sulfuric acid 7ee2e3c3-bee7-4520-92b7-3e23afbfcd6f
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured delivered sulfuric acid solution consumed by the included process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_records
• Sources:

Sodium hydroxide used in solution treatment (input_sodium_hydroxide)

Record sodium hydroxide only when the declared route uses it for pH adjustment, impurity removal or wastewater treatment inside the foreground boundary. Record concentration separately.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured delivered sodium hydroxide solution consumed by the included process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_records
• Sources:

Industrial oxygen used in oxidative refining (input_industrial_oxygen)

Record supplied industrial oxygen only when it is metered into an included oxidative-refining or abatement operation. Purity, pressure and reference conditions shall be declared.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered oxygen volume converted to the declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_volume_records
• Sources:

Electricity supplied to the process (input_electricity)

Record electrical energy crossing the foreground boundary for preparation, recovery, refining, casting and pollution control. Disclose on-site generation and avoid double counting electricity embedded in purchased supplies.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: metered purchased plus qualifying on-site electrical energy consumed by the included process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_electricity_records
• Sources:

Natural gas supplied to thermal operations (input_natural_gas)

Record gaseous natural gas only when it is burned in an included furnace, holding, casting, drying or abatement operation. Supply composition and metering reference conditions shall be declared.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered natural-gas volume converted to the declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_volume_records
• Sources:

Process water supplied to the process (input_process_water)

Record process water crossing the foreground boundary for leaching, washing, cooling makeup or pollution control. Closed-loop recirculation is an internal transfer and is not counted repeatedly.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured fresh process-water input net of internally recirculated water
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_mass_records
• Sources:

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Net conforming unwrought bismuth metal (output_bismuth_metal)

Record only saleable unwrought bismuth meeting the declared composition and grade. Internal returns, off-spec metal and co-produced metals are separate mass-balance outputs.

• Selected flow: Bismuth metal, unwrought
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured net conforming bismuth mass dispatched or transferred as finished product
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_records
• Sources:

Waste flows

Bismuth-refining slag (output_bismuth_refining_slag)

Record the weighed slag leaving bismuth recovery or refining as one waste flow. Report bismuth content, other regulated metals, treatment route and whether any fraction is internally returned.

• Selected flow: Bismuth-refining slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured slag mass leaving the foreground system for recovery, treatment or disposal
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_mass_records
• Sources:

Captured bismuth-refining dust (output_bismuth_refining_dust)

Record captured bismuth-bearing dust from handling, furnace, casting or gas-cleaning operations separately from direct particulate emissions. Report composition and destination.

• Selected flow: Captured bismuth-refining dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured captured dust mass leaving the foreground system for recovery, treatment or disposal
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_mass_records
• Sources:

Bismuth-refining wastewater (output_bismuth_refining_wastewater)

Record wastewater transferred across the foreground boundary after the last included internal treatment step. Keep wastewater volume, suspended solids and dissolved-metal analytical results in supporting records.

• Selected flow: Bismuth-refining wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured wastewater mass leaving the foreground boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide (output_fossil_carbon_dioxide)

Record direct fossil carbon dioxide released by included natural-gas combustion or other fossil-carbon oxidation. Exclude upstream electricity-generation emissions and biogenic carbon dioxide.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured direct fossil carbon-dioxide release or a documented calculation from foreground fuel and carbon records
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net conforming unwrought bismuth metal at plant gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emission_records
• Sources:

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivide_first	separately metered recovery, refining, forming and treatment operations	Subdivide the foreground system and assign directly measured inputs, outputs and emissions to the process that causes them before applying any allocation.	eu-commission-pef-2021
allocation_physical_relation	unavoidable multi-output operations	If subdivision or system expansion is not feasible, use a demonstrated causal physical relationship, such as a process-specific recoverable-metal balance; document the relationship, data and sensitivity. Do not default automatically to gross mass or market value.	eu-commission-pef-2021
allocation_other_relation	multi-output operations without a defensible physical relationship	If another relationship is required, disclose and justify it, preserve total assigned burdens, and report a sensitivity result for the principal alternative.	eu-commission-pef-2021
allocation_internal_returns	internal scrap, dust, slag or metal returned within the foreground boundary	Treat an internal return as an internal transfer: do not create an avoided-product credit, new purchased input or co-product output for the same circulation.	eu-commission-pef-2021

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_mass_records	bismuth_recovery_refining	Bismuth-bearing feed, process chemicals and net product	calibrated scales, tank receipts, stock records and laboratory certificates	opening stock; receipts; transfers; closing stock; solution concentration; moisture; bismuth content; net product mass; grade	reconcile transaction records and calibrated measurements to one production period	kg	each receipt or batch, aggregated monthly	full declared reporting period	all included process areas and storage	opening stock + receipts - closing stock - documented transfers, normalized by net conforming output	calibration certificates, invoices, stock reconciliation and laboratory certificates
cp_gas_volume_records	bismuth_recovery_refining	Natural gas and industrial oxygen	custody-transfer or submeter records	meter start/end; temperature; absolute pressure; dry/wet basis; gas identity; allocation key	read meters and convert to declared reference conditions	m3	continuous or each batch, aggregated monthly	full declared reporting period	all included furnaces, refining vessels and abatement units	sum corrected volume assigned to included operations, normalized by net conforming output	meter calibration, gas specification and reference-condition calculation
cp_electricity_records	bismuth_recovery_refining	Electricity	revenue meter and process submeter records	meter start/end; voltage level; purchased supply; on-site generation; export; losses; allocation key	reconcile facility and process meters	MJ	continuous, aggregated monthly	full declared reporting period	all included preparation, recovery, refining, casting and control operations	purchased + included on-site generation - exports - excluded uses, normalized by net conforming output	meter calibration, utility invoices and reconciliation
cp_water_mass_records	bismuth_recovery_refining	Fresh process-water input	water meter and tank records	meter start/end; source; density basis; recirculated water; discharge	meter fresh makeup separately from internal circulation and convert volume to mass using documented density	kg	continuous or daily, aggregated monthly	full declared reporting period	all included process and control operations	fresh input only, normalized by net conforming output	meter calibration, density record and water balance
cp_residue_mass_records	bismuth_recovery_refining	Slag and captured dust	calibrated scale tickets and laboratory records	gross/tare mass; moisture; bismuth content; other metals; destination; internal return	weigh each shipment or batch and reconcile internal returns	kg	each batch or shipment	full declared reporting period	all included recovery, refining, casting and abatement operations	mass leaving the boundary only, normalized by net conforming output	scale calibration, waste manifests and analyses
cp_wastewater_records	bismuth_recovery_refining	Bismuth-refining wastewater	discharge meter, tank and analytical records	volume or mass; density; treatment stage; suspended solids; dissolved metals; destination	meter the final boundary transfer and retain representative analyses	kg	continuous or each discharge, aggregated monthly	full declared reporting period	final included wastewater-treatment boundary	mass leaving the boundary, normalized by net conforming output	meter calibration, sampling plan, laboratory results and transfer records
cp_direct_emission_records	bismuth_recovery_refining	Direct fossil carbon dioxide	stack measurement or foreground fuel-and-carbon records	measured CO2; fuel volume; fuel carbon content; oxidation basis; excluded upstream emissions	prefer direct measurement; otherwise calculate with a documented carbon balance and reconcile fuel use	kg	campaign or continuous measurement, aggregated to reporting period	representative operation over the declared reporting period	all included direct combustion and oxidation sources	sum direct fossil CO2 only, normalized by net conforming output	monitoring report, laboratory carbon analysis, calculation and uncertainty record

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	every inventory exchange	normalized amount = reporting-period exchange amount / reporting-period net conforming reference-product mass	reconciled exchange amount; net conforming output mass	exchange per 1 kg reference product	eu-commission-pef-2021
calc_mass_reconciliation	metal-bearing inputs and outputs	Reconcile metal-bearing feed, product, internal return, co-products, residues and measured losses on the same moisture and composition basis; investigate and disclose material imbalance rather than forcing closure.	measured masses; moisture; metal assays; stock changes; transfers	documented total-mass and bismuth-mass reconciliation	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
calc_solution_reporting	sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions	pure substance mass = delivered solution mass × measured mass fraction; retain both delivered solution mass and pure-substance result.	delivered solution mass; concentration certificate or analysis	kg delivered solution and kg pure substance per reference flow
calc_gas_conditions	natural gas and industrial oxygen	Convert metered gas volume to the declared reference temperature, absolute pressure and moisture basis using the documented equation and compressibility assumption.	metered volume; temperature; pressure; moisture; compressibility	m3 at declared reference conditions per reference flow

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product	Retain a product or scrap specification, chemical analysis, form description, grade, net-mass basis and acceptance record for the reported product.	certificate of analysis, product specification, scale record and dispatch record
dq_route_identity	foreground system	Name the metal, feed origin, route stages, technology, primary/secondary shares, integrated operations and excluded operations; alternative products shall not inherit the bismuth representative inventory.	process flow diagram, operating description and boundary register
dq_temporal_representativeness	all foreground records	Cover the declared production period and ordinary operating states; identify shutdown, startup, maintenance, campaign and abnormal-operation data and justify exclusions.	dated meter, batch, laboratory and production records
dq_completeness	inventory	Reconcile all significant purchased materials, energy, water, net products, co-products, residues, wastewater and measured direct emissions, with every exchange represented by one concrete flow.	mass and energy reconciliation, source register and unresolved-data log
dq_measurement	meters, scales and analyses	Use calibrated instruments and documented sampling methods; report conversions, detection limits, missing-data treatment and uncertainty material to the result.	calibration certificates, sampling plans, laboratory QA and calculation sheets
dq_upstream_links	purchased inputs and external treatment	Use geography-, technology- and state-appropriate datasets or disclose each unresolved upstream link and its expected significance.	dataset mapping register and supplier records

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_identity	reference flow	Reject a package that omits the selected metal, product form, composition, grade, route, primary/secondary share, geography, reporting period, gate or net-mass basis.	un-cpc-3-0-2025
validation_reference_mass	normalization	Confirm that every reported exchange is normalized to 1 kg of net conforming reference product and that internal returns and off-spec product are excluded from the denominator.
validation_atomic_inventory	inventory rows	Reject collection labels, combined utilities, unspecified fuels, unspecified chemicals, grouped wastes or grouped emissions; each exchange shall be one concrete product, waste or elementary flow with its own applicability condition.
validation_uuid_semantics	Tiangong identities	A UUID is acceptable only when its public state, English and Chinese names, flow type, classification, property, unit group, product state and process role match the selected exchange; unresolved exact identities remain blank and disclosed.
validation_route_completeness	alternative products and routes	Reject use of the representative bismuth inventory for antimony, manganese, chromium, articles or scrap unless the package replaces it with concrete route-specific feed, reagent, energy, residue, wastewater and direct-emission exchanges.	us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy, eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validation_boundary_allocation	boundary and multi-output operations	Confirm that included and excluded operations, upstream links, internal recycling, external treatment and the allocation hierarchy are documented and that assigned burdens are conserved.	eu-commission-pef-2021
validation_ranges	quantitative QA	No external typical range is prescribed by this authored PCR; validate values against reconciled foreground records and do not invent a range from one study, one scenario or incompatible product states.
validation_bilingual	bilingual data package guidance	Confirm that Chinese UUID-bearing names use the directly read Tiangong Chinese baseName and that row ids, UUIDs, controlled values and rule ids match the English rendering.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production data package for one explicitly declared covered metal product, article or eligible scrap product
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Plant-gate modelling of the declared product and route after all required qualifiers, atomic exchanges, upstream links, allocation choices and data-quality evidence have been supplied
excluded_use	Category-average comparison across the four metals; proxying one metal or route with another; ferro-manganese or ferro-chromium; antimony or chromium scrap; unqualified metal compounds; downstream fabrication, use or end-of-life not explicitly added to the boundary
required_metadata	PCR id and version; product metal and form; composition and grade; feed origins and primary/secondary shares; process route and technology; geography; reporting period; plant-gate state; reference conditions; upstream dataset mapping; allocation method; internal recycling; treatment destinations; unresolved identities and range-evidence needs
required_quality_disclosure	Record coverage, instrument calibration, sampling and laboratory QA, mass/energy reconciliation, data gaps, estimation methods, uncertainty, representativeness limitations and sensitivity to allocation
update_trigger	Change in product metal or form, feed origin or primary/secondary share, route technology, integrated operations, energy or water supply, pollution control, allocation relation, treatment destination, geography, product specification, or a material change in foreground performance

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-2025	Official guidance (official_guidance)	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Ver. 3.0 Structure and Explanatory Notes, updated 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf	Official category identity and separation from ferro-manganese, ferro-chromium, and antimony/chromium scrap
eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017	Official guidance (official_guidance)	Cusano et al., Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries, EUR 28648 EN, JRC107041, 2017, doi:10.2760/8224, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC107041/kjna28648enn.pdf	Primary/secondary metal-production boundary, preparation-to-dispatch stages, bismuth recovery context, pollution control and mass reconciliation
us-epa-ap42-ferroalloy	Official guidance (official_guidance)	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42 Background Report, Section 12.4, Ferroalloy Production, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-11/documents/b12s04.pdf	Manganese/chromium electrolytic route stages and direct-emission inventory expectations
eu-commission-pef-2021	Official guidance (official_guidance)	Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 of 15 December 2021 on the use of the Environmental Footprint methods, Annex I, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/2021-12-30/eng	Functional-unit normalization, allocation hierarchy, data collection, quality and reporting rules