Bars, rods and profiles, of aluminium

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to mill-finished aluminium or aluminium-alloy bars, rods, and profiles produced by hot extrusion of a homogenized billet and delivered at the extrusion-plant gate. It covers billet preheating, billet shearing when performed at the extrusion plant, extrusion through a die, cooling or quenching, stretching or straightening, cutting, and age hardening when required by the declared temper.

The PCR excludes aluminium tubes and pipes, wire, rolled plate, sheet and strip, foil, powders and flakes, unwrought aluminium production, billet casting and homogenization, transport to and from the foreground plant, packaging, downstream machining or assembly, anodizing, painting, lacquering, installation, use, and end-of-life treatment. A dataset that includes any excluded operation must report it as a separately identified process and may not represent the result as this gate-to-gate mill-finished profile dataset without disaggregation.

The semantic boundary is a semi-finished aluminium product defined by its elongated bar, rod, or constant-cross-section profile form, not by a particular alloy, application, or external classification code. No other material PCR in the repository was found with this same identity.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.bars-rods-and-profiles-of-aluminium
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41532, Bars, rods and profiles, of aluminium
covered_products	Mill-finished solid aluminium or aluminium-alloy bars and rods; open or hollow constant-cross-section aluminium profiles other than products sold as tubes or pipes
excluded_products	Tubes and pipes; wire; rolled plate, sheet and strip; foil; powders and flakes; unwrought aluminium; coated or anodized products unless the finishing process is separately disaggregated
representative_product	Mill-finished hot-extruded aluminium profile cut to sale length
production_route	Homogenized extrusion billet preheating, hot extrusion, cooling or quenching, straightening, cutting, and conditional age hardening
market_state	Semi-finished, mill-finished, saleable length at extrusion-plant gate

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Supply a saleable mill-finished aluminium bar, rod, or profile with declared alloy, geometry, temper, and surface condition
How much	1 m3 net solid-metal volume of saleable product
How well	Conforms to the declared alloy designation, dimensional tolerance, temper, surface condition, and acceptance specification
How long or cycle	One production lot through the extrusion and thermal-finishing route; no use-stage duration is assigned
reference_flow_link	The reference flow is the net solid-metal volume of conforming product after cropping, cutting, rejection, and process-scrap separation, determined from accepted cross-section and length or from net mass and verified alloy density

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Section bar extrusion, aluminium 779eeee0-048a-4559-aa19-cf246c835580
Reference flow property	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit group	Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	m3
Required qualifiers	product form (bar, rod, or profile); alloy designation; primary and recycled content basis of the billet; nominal cross-section and dimensions; solid-metal volume method; verified alloy density and mass equivalent; temper and heat-treatment state; cooling or quenching route; surface condition; production geography; technology and press class; reporting period; whether any excluded finishing operation is separately reported

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_volume	reference product	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Use net solid-metal volume, excluding hollow voids, packaging, and non-product attachments. Determine volume from accepted cross-section and length or divide verified net mass by documented alloy density. Normalize inventory quantities to 1 m3.
metal_mass	billet input and aluminium scrap output	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use verified net mass. Exclude pallets, wraps, racks, and other packaging, and preserve the mass records used for metal-balance validation.
electricity_energy	purchased electricity	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	MJ	Preserve metered electricity and convert kWh to MJ using exactly 3.6 MJ per kWh; disclose voltage level, grid geography, contractual instrument treatment, and whether transformer losses are included.
gas_volume	gaseous natural gas	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Report volume at the supplier or meter reference temperature and pressure and retain those conditions; do not compare volumes with different reference conditions without conversion.
water_mass	process water	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use measured delivered mass or convert a measured volume using a documented temperature-appropriate density; exclude recirculation that does not cross the foreground boundary.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Homogenized aluminium extrusion billet received at the extrusion-plant gate, identified by alloy, billet dimensions, supplier, recycled-content basis, and upstream dataset
starting_condition_role	Purchased or transferred semi-finished metal input to the foreground extrusion process
product_classification_scope	Mill-finished aluminium or aluminium-alloy bars, rods, and constant-cross-section profiles; excludes tubes, pipes, wire, rolled products, foil, powder, flake, and unwrought metal
recursive_input_rule	A purchased bar, rod, or profile used as an input is recorded as an upstream same-category product flow with its own dataset and is not re-created inside this foreground process
upstream_dataset_requirement	Each billet input must link to a geographically, technologically, compositionally, and temporally representative upstream billet dataset and disclose primary/recycled metal accounting
disclosure	Declare alloy, product form, dimensions, temper, cooling route, press and heating technology, mill-finish state, site geography, reporting period, yield basis, scrap destination, internal-return treatment, and every excluded or separately reported operation

Boundary Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_gate_to_gate	foreground extrusion dataset	Begin with received homogenized extrusion billet and end with net saleable mill-finished bars, rods, or profiles at the extrusion-plant gate. Include billet preheating, shearing at the plant, extrusion, cooling or quenching, stretching or straightening, cutting, and route-applicable age hardening.	european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018; aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022
boundary_excluded_operations	operations outside the declared product state	Exclude billet manufacture, transport, packaging, anodizing, painting, lacquering, downstream fabrication or assembly, installation, use, and end-of-life. If collected for a broader study, keep each operation separately disaggregated.	aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022
boundary_scrap_loop	extrusion process scrap	Record all aluminium cropping, discard, cutting, trimming, and rejected-length scrap leaving the process. Internal return is not a zero-burden input: disclose the loop and avoid counting the same metal both as billet input and recovered output.	european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018; aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
aluminium_extrusion_and_thermal_finishing	Aluminium extrusion and thermal finishing	required	Always included for the declared product	foreground production	1 m3 net solid-metal volume of saleable mill-finished aluminium bar, rod, or profile

Process: Aluminium extrusion and thermal finishing (aluminium_extrusion_and_thermal_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Homogenized aluminium extrusion billet (homogenized_aluminium_ingot)

Record the mass of homogenized billet crossing the plant gate into the extrusion route, including billet pieces later cropped or rejected.

• Selected flow: Homogenized aluminum ingot 5f84bf23-8a6f-4816-98ec-cb358579250f
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured received billet mass assigned to the production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 m3 net solid-volume reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_aluminium_billet_receipts
• Sources: european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018; aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022

Purchased electricity (electricity)

Record electricity imported across the site boundary for billet heating, press drives, cooling, handling, straightening, cutting, age-hardening equipment, and allocated auxiliaries.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: metered imported electricity assigned to the production lot and converted according to electricity_energy
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 m3 net solid-volume reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_electricity_meter
• Sources: european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018

Gaseous natural gas (natural_gas)

Record purchased natural gas only when it crosses the foreground boundary for direct-fired billet or age-hardening furnaces; otherwise report the row as not applicable in the produced dataset.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: reference-condition-corrected supplier or meter volume assigned to the production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 m3 net solid-volume reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_natural_gas_meter
• Sources: european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018

Direct process water (process_water)

Record make-up or once-through water that crosses the process boundary for quenching or direct cooling. Do not count closed-loop recirculation as repeated input.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured make-up and once-through water assigned to the production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 m3 net solid-volume reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_water_meter
• Sources: aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022

Waste flows

No waste flow is an input to the declared foreground process.

Elementary flows

No elementary flow is an input to the declared foreground process.

Outputs

Product flows

Net saleable aluminium bars, rods and profiles (aluminium_bars_rods_profiles)

Record only conforming mill-finished product released for sale. The selected state-100 reference flow is the representative aluminium extrusion profile within CPC 41532; product-form qualifiers extend the PCR boundary to bars and rods without changing this reference identity.

• Selected flow: Section bar extrusion, aluminium 779eeee0-048a-4559-aa19-cf246c835580
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: exactly 1 m3 net solid-metal volume of saleable reference product after normalization
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Generic (generic)
• Normalization basis: per 1 m3 net solid-volume reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Sources: unsd-cpc-3-0-structure-2025

Waste flows

Aluminium process scrap (aluminium_process_scrap)

Record aluminium billet ends, extrusion discard, cutting and trimming scrap, and rejected lengths that leave the process for internal or external recovery. Keep contaminated scrap separately described in dataset metadata.

• Selected flow: Aluminium Scrap 96c5f842-ea53-419b-b1cd-c02c479efb45
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured scrap mass assigned to the production lot before any recycling credit or substitution
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 m3 net solid-volume reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_aluminium_scrap_mass
• Sources: european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018; aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide to air (carbon_dioxide_fossil_to_air)

Record direct fossil carbon dioxide emitted at the foreground site from combustion of natural gas included in this process. Do not add upstream electricity emissions here.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: site-specific monitored value or documented fuel-carbon mass balance assigned to the production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 m3 net solid-volume reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_air_emissions
• Sources: european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018

Direct nitrogen oxides to air (nitrogen_oxides_to_air)

Record nitrogen oxides from foreground fuel combustion as the facility reports them, including the declared NOx-as-NO2 convention. Keep the UUID unresolved because the audited candidates were nitrous oxide rather than nitrogen oxides.

• Selected flow: nitrogen oxides
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: site-specific stack-monitoring or permit-report mass assigned to the production lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 m3 net solid-volume reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_air_emissions
• Sources: european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018

No external numerical ranges are prescribed. Each important flow remains a foreground collection requirement until at least two independent, boundary-compatible original sources or reviewed foreground datasets support an empirical range.

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivide_first	shared meters and multi-product extrusion lines	Prefer subdivision by production lot, press, furnace, or measured operating interval. Where subdivision is not feasible, allocate shared material and energy by a documented causal parameter such as equipment time and load; use net conforming product mass only when no more causal parameter is available.	aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022
allocation_scrap_no_credit	aluminium process scrap	Report scrap mass and destination without assigning an avoided-primary-metal credit inside the foreground inventory. Keep any substitution, recycled-content, cut-off, or closed-loop convention explicit in the downstream model and prevent double counting between billet composition and scrap recovery.	european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018; aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022
allocation_rework	internally reworked or re-extruded material	Count all energy, water, emissions, and unrecovered losses of rework in the lot that yields the conforming product; do not count an internal transfer as a second external billet input or final product output.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_aluminium_billet_receipts	aluminium_extrusion_and_thermal_finishing	homogenized aluminium ingot input	receiving scale, ERP receipt, and lot genealogy	timestamp; supplier; billet lot; alloy; dimensions; gross mass; tare mass; recycled-content basis	reconcile calibrated receiving-scale records to ERP issues and press lot	kg	each receipt and production lot	full reporting period	all billet entering the declared process	sum net billet mass assigned to conforming and rejected lot output; prevent double counting of internal returns	scale calibration; receipt; ERP reconciliation; lot trace
cp_electricity_meter	aluminium_extrusion_and_thermal_finishing	purchased electricity input	revenue meter and submeters	opening reading; closing reading; interval use; unit; meter id; press/furnace assignment; loss boundary	reconcile site imports to equipment submeters and allocate residual auxiliaries causally	kWh and MJ	interval data aggregated by lot, at least monthly reconciliation	full reporting period	all equipment inside the declared process	subtract exports, convert kWh to MJ, assign by measured interval or documented equipment load and time, normalize by net solid product volume	meter calibration; utility invoice; submeter reconciliation; allocation worksheet
cp_natural_gas_meter	aluminium_extrusion_and_thermal_finishing	gaseous natural gas input	supplier invoice and furnace meter	volume; reference temperature; reference pressure; meter id; furnace; operating interval; lot assignment	reconcile supplier volume to furnace meters	m3	interval data aggregated by lot, at least monthly reconciliation	full reporting period	direct-fired equipment inside the declared process	correct to declared reference conditions, subtract out-of-boundary uses, allocate by measured furnace interval, normalize by net solid product volume	meter calibration; supplier statement; furnace log; reconciliation
cp_process_water_meter	aluminium_extrusion_and_thermal_finishing	direct process water input	make-up or once-through water meter	opening reading; closing reading; source; destination; recirculation status; discharge linkage; lot assignment	meter boundary-crossing make-up and once-through water; exclude internal recirculation	kg or m3	interval data aggregated by lot, at least monthly reconciliation	full reporting period	quench and direct-cooling systems inside the declared process	convert volume with documented density when needed, subtract non-process uses, normalize by net solid product volume	meter calibration; water balance; density basis; maintenance record
cp_product_mass	aluminium_extrusion_and_thermal_finishing	net saleable product output	final scale, geometry record, dispatch record, and quality release	lot; alloy; form; accepted cross-section; length; density; solid volume; gross mass; tare; rejected mass; release status	determine solid-metal volume from accepted geometry or verified net mass and alloy density, then reconcile to dispatch and quality records	m3 and kg	each lot	full reporting period	all conforming output inside the declared process	sum net released solid-metal volume only; exclude voids, packaging, attachments, and rejected material	scale and dimensional-equipment calibration; density basis; release certificate; dispatch reconciliation; dimensional and temper inspection
cp_aluminium_scrap_mass	aluminium_extrusion_and_thermal_finishing	aluminium process scrap output	scrap scale and container movement record	lot; scrap type; alloy; contamination state; gross mass; tare; destination; internal return flag	weigh each scrap movement and reconcile to billet/product mass balance	kg	each movement and production lot	full reporting period	all process scrap generated inside the declared process	sum net scrap by state and destination; identify internal returns; normalize by net solid product volume	scale calibration; movement ticket; destination receipt; mass-balance reconciliation
cp_direct_air_emissions	aluminium_extrusion_and_thermal_finishing	direct fossil carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides outputs	stack monitoring, permit report, and fuel-carbon calculation records	pollutant; concentration; gas flow; operating time; fuel volume; fuel composition; oxidation factor; NOx reporting convention; stack; lot assignment	use calibrated continuous or periodic monitoring where available; otherwise use a documented facility fuel-carbon balance for fossil CO2	kg	monitoring interval or permit frequency with monthly lot reconciliation	full reporting period	direct-fired equipment inside the declared process	subtract non-process sources, aggregate pollutant mass by stack and lot, normalize by net solid product volume; never include upstream electricity emissions	analyzer calibration; laboratory certificate; permit report; fuel analysis; calculation worksheet

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalize_reference_volume	every inventory row	normalized amount = lot-assigned exchange amount / net solid-metal volume of conforming unpackaged product	exchange amount; accepted cross-section and length or net mass and verified alloy density	exchange per 1 m3 reference product
calc_metal_mass_balance	billet, product, scrap, and documented metal loss	billet metal input = conforming product + aluminium scrap + separately measured unrecovered metal loss, after accounting for documented internal transfers	billet mass; product mass; scrap mass; internal transfers; measured metal loss	reconciled metal balance and closure percentage	european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018
calc_electricity_conversion	purchased electricity	electricity in MJ = metered kWh × 3.6	metered electricity in kWh	purchased electricity in MJ
calc_water_volume_to_mass	process water when recorded by volume	water mass = metered volume × documented water density at the declared temperature	water volume; temperature; density	process-water mass in kg

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product and billet	Preserve lot-level alloy, form, dimensions, temper, surface condition, and billet genealogy; do not aggregate coated or anodized products into this mill-finished dataset.	material certificates; lot genealogy; quality release; product specification
dq_measurement	mass, electricity, gas, water, and emissions	Use calibrated instruments or reconciled supplier records, retain units and reference conditions, and document conversions and allocation keys.	calibration certificates; invoices; meter extracts; calculation worksheets
dq_temporal	all foreground exchanges	Cover one representative continuous 12-month period where practicable; disclose shutdowns, start-ups, abnormal campaigns, missing intervals, and substitutions.	reporting-period register; production calendar; gap log
dq_completeness	process inventory	Reconcile billet, product and scrap mass and site-to-submeter energy. Explain every material or energy residual and every omitted direct emission relevant to permits or monitoring.	mass and energy balance; reconciliation report; permit inventory; omission register
dq_representativeness	published dataset	Report production-weighted alloy, form, temper, press class, heating route, geography, and technology coverage; do not claim broader representativeness than the collected sites and period.	production summary; site list; weighting file; representativeness statement

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_identity	reference flow and dataset metadata	Fail validation when canonical PCR id, product form, alloy, temper, surface condition, production geography, reporting period, solid-volume method, alloy density, or mass equivalent is absent or inconsistent.	unsd-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
validation_boundary	process map and inventory	Fail validation when billet manufacture, packaging, coating, anodizing, downstream fabrication, transport, use, or end-of-life is aggregated into the foreground result without separate disaggregation.	aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022
validation_mass_balance	billet, product, scrap, and metal loss	Require a documented metal mass balance; flag unexplained imbalance and reject double counting of internal returns as both external input and recovered output.	european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018
validation_energy_and_emissions	electricity, natural gas, fossil carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides	Require explicit applicability, measurement boundary, units, allocation, and direct-versus-upstream distinction. A not-applicable gas row requires evidence that no natural gas crosses the boundary.	european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018
validation_uuid_and_ranges	UUID-empty rows and important-flow ranges	Treat the unresolved nitrogen-oxides UUID and the recorded independent-range evidence needs as review findings; never substitute a proxy UUID or an unsupported numerical range.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	foreground production dataset suitable for publication as a secondary_dataset or background_dataset after review
downstream_use	gate-to-gate building block for product LCAs and lifecycle models of mill-finished aluminium bars, rods, and profiles
allowed_use	studies whose alloy, product form, temper, surface state, technology, geography, time period, billet supply, and allocation conventions are compatible or explicitly adjusted
excluded_use	unwrought aluminium, billet manufacture, rolled products, tubes and pipes, wire, coated or anodized product without added finishing processes, downstream fabrication, or cradle-to-gate claims lacking compatible upstream datasets
required_metadata	canonical PCR id; reference product and amount; alloy; form and dimensions; temper; surface condition; geography; technology and press class; reporting period; billet recycled-content basis; upstream dataset links; energy and water boundaries; scrap destination; allocation method; UUID resolution status
required_quality_disclosure	source coverage; measurement and calibration basis; temporal coverage; site weighting; mass and energy reconciliation; missing data; substitutions; direct-emission method; uncertainty; unresolved UUIDs and range-evidence needs
update_trigger	change in billet supply or recycled-content accounting, alloy/product mix, press or furnace technology, cooling route, temper mix, site coverage, energy supply, allocation method, direct-emission controls, reference-flow identity, or evidence that materially changes the inventory

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 3.0 structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Official product-category identity for CPC 41532
european-aluminium-environmental-profile-2018	dataset	European Aluminium, Environmental Profile Report for the European Aluminium Industry, 2018, https://european-aluminium.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/environmental-profile-report-for-the-european-aluminium-industry.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Extrusion starting material and process sequence, relevant direct material and energy exchanges, process-scrap generation and recycling boundary, and European technology context
aluminum-association-extruded-aluminum-epd-2022	dataset	The Aluminum Association, Environmental Product Declaration: Extruded Aluminum, 2022, https://www.aluminum.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/104.1_EPD_AA_Extrusion.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Delivered product state, extrusion/cooling/stretching/cutting/aging sequence, distinction of coating and packaging operations, foreground boundary, and scrap handling