Bars and rods of alloy steel, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded (except bars or rods of high-speed steel or silico-manganese steel)

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to factory-gate production of alloy-steel bars and rods whose final manufacturing state is forged, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded and which have not been further worked. It covers straight or cut-length products made from alloy steel other than high-speed steel and silico-manganese steel. The foreground boundary begins with received alloy-steel billets, blooms or equivalent semi-finished feedstock and ends after the declared hot-working route, descaling, cooling, cropping and inspection of the saleable product.

Products supplied in irregularly wound coils, cold-formed or cold-finished products, further-machined products, high-speed-steel bars or rods, silico-manganese-steel bars or rods, stainless-steel products, coated products and fabricated downstream articles are outside this PCR. Upstream steelmaking is represented by linked supplier datasets unless the study explicitly extends the boundary and reports it separately.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.bars-and-rods-of-alloy-steel-not-further-worked-than-forged-hot-rolled-hot-drawn-or-ext-2b64c814
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41244
covered_products	Alloy-steel bars and rods in straight or cut lengths, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded
excluded_products	High-speed-steel or silico-manganese-steel bars and rods; stainless-steel products; irregularly wound coils; cold-formed, cold-finished, machined, coated or otherwise further-worked products
representative_product	Straight-length hot-rolled alloy-steel bar, cropped, cooled and inspected at the factory gate
production_route	Received alloy-steel semi-finished feedstock; conditioning as required; reheating; one declared hot-working route; descaling; cooling; cropping; inspection
market_state	Saleable factory-gate bar or rod with declared alloy grade, hot-working route, dimensions, surface condition and delivery condition

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Saleable alloy-steel bars or rods in the CPC 41244 hot-worked, not-further-worked product state
How much	1,000 kg net product mass, excluding transport packaging
How well	Conforms to the declared alloy grade, dimensions, tolerances, surface condition and delivery specification; excludes high-speed steel and silico-manganese steel
How long or cycle	One completed production batch at the factory gate; no service life is represented
reference_flow_link	The reference_product output of descaling_cooling_finishing realizes the declared unit

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg
Reference product flow	Bars and rods of alloy steel, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded (except bars or rods of high-speed steel or silico-manganese steel) c11c7e9a-d020-4b89-a50c-4a82c0f76943
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	alloy grade and specification; high-speed-steel exclusion; silico-manganese-steel exclusion; product form and cross-section; hot-working route; dimensions and tolerances; surface condition; delivery condition; production site and geography; reference period; upstream steelmaking dataset; recycled-content accounting; factory-gate boundary

When constructing a foreground data package, all required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description or an equivalent data-package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference-flow definition incomplete.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product and all mass-balance rows	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report dry or as-delivered mass consistently, state the moisture or surface-liquid convention, exclude transport packaging and normalize the saleable reference output to exactly 1,000 kg.
electricity_energy	All purchased electricity rows	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Preserve metered electricity and convert kWh to MJ using 3.6 MJ per kWh; disclose voltage, supplier mix, geography, technology and delivery boundary.
fuel_gas_volume	Gaseous natural gas	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	State the metering reference temperature, pressure and wet/dry basis; do not mix normal and standard cubic metres without a documented conversion.
process_mass_balance	Each foreground process	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Reconcile feedstock, product, scrap, scale, dust and retained work-in-process on a consistent batch basis before normalization.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Alloy-steel billets, blooms or equivalent semi-finished feedstock received at the hot-working site with supplier, grade, mass, temperature and surface condition declared
starting_condition_role	Upstream product input to the gate-to-gate foreground hot-working system
product_classification_scope	Alloy-steel bars and rods meeting CPC 3.0 code 41244; classification is supporting context and does not replace the semantic product boundary
recursive_input_rule	A purchased input already in this PCR product category is represented by an upstream dataset at its supplier gate and is not recursively expanded as another foreground production cycle
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link each received semi-finished alloy-steel input to a geographically, technologically and temporally representative steelmaking dataset; disclose BOF/EAF or other route, alloy grade and recycled-content convention
disclosure	Report the starting feedstock form, temperature, alloy grade, supplier geography, upstream route, hot-working route, included conditioning, descaling and finishing operations, and any boundary extension

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_start_end	Foreground process boundary	Include receiving and conditioning of semi-finished alloy steel, reheating, the declared hot-working operation, descaling, cooling, cropping, inspection, directly associated utilities, on-site waste handling and direct emissions through the factory gate.	ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022
boundary_upstream_link	Upstream steelmaking	Represent alloy-steelmaking and semi-finished product production with linked upstream datasets unless the study explicitly extends the foreground boundary and prevents double counting.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
boundary_downstream_exclusion	Downstream life-cycle stages	Exclude cold forming, cold finishing, machining, coating, fabrication, distribution, use and end-of-life from the default foreground boundary; report any optional extension separately.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; worldsteel-wire-rod-eco-profile-2023
boundary_energy_completeness	Foreground utilities	Record each actual fuel, electricity supply, steam or purchased-heat exchange as a separate atomic flow; do not replace them with an aggregated utility or energy-carrier row.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017; ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
feedstock_conditioning	Feedstock receiving and conditioning	required	Include receiving records in every dataset; include cutting, grinding or scarfing only when performed	Establish starting condition and prepare feedstock	kg conditioned feedstock
reheating	Feedstock reheating	required	Always; declare furnace type and every actual fuel or electrical heating input	Bring feedstock to the declared hot-working temperature	kg reheated feedstock
hot_working	Forging, hot rolling, hot drawing or extrusion	required	Select and declare the route actually used; combine routes only when separately metered and mass-balanced	Produce the bar or rod cross-section by hot deformation	kg hot-worked intermediate
descaling_cooling_finishing	Descaling, cooling, cropping and inspection	required	Always; declare whether hydraulic descaling and direct-contact cooling are used	Produce saleable factory-gate bars or rods	1,000 kg reference product

Process: Feedstock receiving and conditioning (feedstock_conditioning)

Inputs

Product flows

Received alloy-steel semi-finished feedstock (received_alloy_steel_feedstock)

Record each externally supplied billet, bloom or equivalent semi-finished alloy-steel input by grade, supplier and delivery condition.

• Selected flow: Alloy-steel billet or bloom
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Measured net mass received and accepted for the reference-product batch
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_feedstock_conditioning
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Conditioning electricity (conditioning_electricity)

Record metered alternating-current electricity used by saws, grinders, scarfing extraction and material-handling equipment in this process.

• Selected flow: Alternating current
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; MJ
• Amount rule: Metered process electricity allocated from a submeter or documented operating-time calculation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg conditioned feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_feedstock_conditioning
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Conditioned alloy-steel feedstock (conditioned_alloy_steel_feedstock)

This internal intermediate carries the measured alloy grade, mass and surface condition into reheating.

• Selected flow: Conditioned alloy-steel billet or bloom
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Measured accepted feedstock mass after conditioning
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg conditioned feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_feedstock_conditioning
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Waste flows

Alloy-steel conditioning scrap (conditioning_steel_scrap)

Record offcuts, scarfings or rejected feedstock removed before reheating as one segregated alloy-steel waste flow.

• Selected flow: Alloy-steel conditioning scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Weighed mass removed from accepted feedstock before reheating
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg conditioned feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_feedstock_conditioning
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Elementary flows

Process: Feedstock reheating (reheating)

Inputs

Product flows

Conditioned feedstock transferred to reheating (reheating_feedstock)

Record the internal conditioned alloy-steel mass charged to the reheating furnace.

• Selected flow: Conditioned alloy-steel billet or bloom
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Measured furnace-charge mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg reheated feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_reheating_energy_mass
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Natural gas for reheating (natural_gas_input)

Include this row only when gaseous natural gas crosses the furnace boundary; every other actual fuel must be added as its own atomic exchange.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66; Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66; m3
• Amount rule: Metered natural-gas volume at the declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg reheated feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_reheating_energy_mass
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Reheating auxiliary electricity (reheating_electricity)

Record alternating-current electricity used by furnace drives, fans, pumps, controls and directly associated extraction equipment.

• Selected flow: Alternating current
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; MJ
• Amount rule: Metered reheating-process electricity or documented submeter allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg reheated feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_reheating_energy_mass
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Reheated alloy-steel feedstock (reheated_alloy_steel_feedstock)

This internal intermediate records the alloy-steel mass and discharge temperature delivered to hot working.

• Selected flow: Reheated alloy-steel billet or bloom
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Measured discharged mass, reconciled with furnace charge and scale loss
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg reheated feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_reheating_energy_mass
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from reheating (fossil_co2_air)

Record fossil carbon dioxide emitted from on-site combustion assigned to the reheating process.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Measured stack mass or calculated mass from each recorded fuel using documented carbon content and oxidation data
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg reheated feedstock
• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_reheating_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022; worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Fossil carbon monoxide from reheating (carbon_monoxide_air)

Record measured fossil carbon monoxide emitted through the reheating furnace stack from on-site fossil-fuel combustion.

• Selected flow: carbon monoxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-924e-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Stack concentration multiplied by dry standardized gas flow and operating time, with oxygen-reference correction documented
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg reheated feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_reheating_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Nitrogen monoxide from reheating (nitrogen_monoxide_air)

Record nitrogen monoxide separately when species-resolved monitoring or a documented speciation method is available.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen monoxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Species-resolved stack concentration multiplied by dry standardized gas flow and operating time
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg reheated feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_reheating_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Nitrogen dioxide from reheating (nitrogen_dioxide_air)

Record nitrogen dioxide separately; do not duplicate a total-NOx-as-NO2 result in both nitrogen-species rows.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen dioxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Species-resolved stack concentration multiplied by dry standardized gas flow and operating time
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg reheated feedstock
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_reheating_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Process: Forging, hot rolling, hot drawing or extrusion (hot_working)

Inputs

Product flows

Reheated feedstock transferred to hot working (hot_working_feedstock)

Record the internal reheated alloy-steel feedstock entering the declared hot-working route.

• Selected flow: Reheated alloy-steel billet or bloom
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass entering the hot-working line
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg hot-worked intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hot_working_mass_energy
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Rolling electricity (rolling_electricity)

For the hot-rolling route, record alternating-current electricity consumed by roughing and finishing stands and directly associated drives; other hot-working routes must use a separately metered row with the same atomic-flow discipline.

• Selected flow: Alternating current
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; MJ
• Amount rule: Metered rolling-line electricity or documented equipment-level allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg hot-worked intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hot_working_mass_energy
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Hot-worked alloy-steel bar or rod intermediate (hot_worked_alloy_steel_bar_rod)

This internal intermediate carries the measured mass, route, section and exit condition into descaling and finishing.

• Selected flow: Hot-worked alloy-steel bar or rod
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Measured line output before final cropping and inspection
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg hot-worked intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hot_working_mass_energy
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Waste flows

Alloy-steel crop and cobble scrap (hot_working_steel_scrap)

Record cropped ends, cobbles and rejected hot-worked product as a segregated alloy-steel waste flow.

• Selected flow: Alloy-steel crop and cobble scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Weighed scrap mass removed from the hot-working line
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg hot-worked intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hot_working_waste_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Dry mill scale from hot working (hot_working_mill_scale)

Record dry iron-oxide scale collected before hydraulic descaling separately from wet scale and sludge.

• Selected flow: Dry mill scale from alloy-steel hot working
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry mill-scale mass collected from the hot-working process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg hot-worked intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_hot_working_waste_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Elementary flows

Iron-oxide particulate matter from hot working (iron_oxide_particulate_air)

Record captured or emitted iron-oxide particulate mass from mechanical conditioning and hot-working extraction points, using the declared particle-size fraction.

• Selected flow: Iron-oxide particulate matter to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Measured concentration multiplied by standardized exhaust-gas flow and operating time
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg hot-worked intermediate
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_hot_working_waste_emissions
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Process: Descaling, cooling, cropping and inspection (descaling_cooling_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Hot-worked product transferred to finishing (finishing_hot_worked_product)

Record the internal hot-worked alloy-steel bar or rod mass entering final descaling, cooling, cropping and inspection.

• Selected flow: Hot-worked alloy-steel bar or rod
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass entering the finishing section
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_mass_water_energy
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Process water for descaling and cooling (finishing_water)

Record make-up water supplied to hydraulic descaling and direct-contact cooling; recirculated water is not counted again as a boundary input.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Metered make-up water crossing the site or process boundary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_mass_water_energy
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Finishing electricity (finishing_electricity)

Record alternating-current electricity used by descaling pumps, cooling-water circulation attributable to the process, cropping equipment and inspection lines.

• Selected flow: Alternating current
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; Units of energy 93a60a57-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; MJ
• Amount rule: Metered finishing-process electricity or documented equipment-level allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_mass_water_energy
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Saleable alloy-steel bars or rods (reference_product)

This is the reference product after the declared hot-working route, descaling, cooling, cropping and inspection, with no further working included.

• Selected flow: Bars and rods of alloy steel, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded (except bars or rods of high-speed steel or silico-manganese steel) c11c7e9a-d020-4b89-a50c-4a82c0f76943
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: 1,000 kg saleable product meeting the declared specification
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Generic (generic)
• Normalization basis: PCR reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_mass_water_energy
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Waste flows

Wet mill scale from descaling (finishing_mill_scale)

Record wet iron-oxide scale separated from descaling water; do not combine it with dry scale or wastewater.

• Selected flow: Wet mill scale from alloy-steel descaling
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dewatered scale with moisture content reported
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_wastewater
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Hot-rolling wastewater containing iron oxide and oil (finishing_wastewater)

Record the discharged aqueous waste stream after recirculation, with suspended iron-oxide solids and oil separately characterized in the retained analysis.

• Selected flow: Hot-rolling wastewater containing suspended iron oxide solids and oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66; Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66; kg
• Amount rule: Metered wastewater mass discharged from the foreground boundary after internal recirculation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg saleable reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_finishing_wastewater
• Sources: ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	Shared foreground operations	Prefer process subdivision, submetering and batch-specific mass tracking so conditioning, reheating, hot working and finishing burdens are assigned directly before any allocation.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
allocation_internal_recycling	Internally returned scrap and scale	Treat scrap or scale returned within the modelled site as an internal loop: retain its generation in the mass balance, exclude it as an external product and prevent a second upstream burden or recycling credit.	worldsteel-wire-rod-eco-profile-2023
allocation_external_coproduct	Externally used scrap, scale or recovered material	When an output performs a documented external product function, prefer system expansion with the displaced function and substitution assumptions reported; if infeasible, apply a justified physical or economic allocation and report a sensitivity check.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017; worldsteel-wire-rod-eco-profile-2023
allocation_multiple_products	Multiple saleable grades or dimensions	Use separately metered process data where available; otherwise allocate only residual shared burdens by saleable mass and disclose the product mix, allocation basis and sensitivity.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_feedstock_conditioning	feedstock_conditioning	Feedstock, electricity, conditioned output and scrap	Scale tickets, batch records, submeters and operating logs	batch_id; supplier; alloy_grade; feedstock_form; received_mass_kg; accepted_mass_kg; scrap_mass_kg; electricity_kWh; meter_id	Reconcile calibrated scales and electricity meters to production batches	kg; kWh	Each batch; meters at least monthly	At least 12 consecutive months unless a shorter representative campaign is justified	Each production site and conditioning line	Sum accepted batches and allocate only documented shared electricity before normalization	Scale calibration; meter calibration; batch reconciliation; exception log
cp_reheating_energy_mass	reheating	Furnace charge, fuel, electricity and reheated output	Furnace logs, fuel meters, invoices, scales and submeters	batch_id; furnace_id; charge_mass_kg; discharge_mass_kg; inlet_temperature_C; discharge_temperature_C; natural_gas_m3; gas_reference_conditions; electricity_kWh; operating_hours	Read calibrated meters and reconcile charge-to-discharge mass	kg; m3; kWh; degree C; h	Each batch with monthly meter reconciliation	At least 12 consecutive months unless seasonality is immaterial and justified	Each furnace and production line	Sum by furnace and product family, then normalize to measured reheated output	Meter calibration; fuel invoice reconciliation; furnace log completeness
cp_reheating_emissions	reheating	Fossil CO2, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide	Continuous or periodic stack monitoring plus fuel-composition records	stack_id; pollutant; concentration; concentration_unit; gas_flow; gas_flow_unit; oxygen_reference; moisture_basis; operating_hours; fuel_carbon_content; oxidation_factor	Apply the site-approved monitoring method and retain species resolution; never duplicate total NOx as both NO and NO2	kg; mg/Nm3; Nm3/h; h	Continuous where installed or at the permit-compliant campaign frequency	Same representative period as production data	Each reheating emission point	Convert concentration and standardized gas flow to mass, aggregate by operating hours and normalize to reheated output	Calibration certificates; sampling report; detection limits; calculation workbook
cp_hot_working_mass_energy	hot_working	Reheated feedstock, rolling electricity and hot-worked output	Line scales, production records and electricity submeters	batch_id; route; line_id; input_mass_kg; output_mass_kg; electricity_kWh; passes; section_reduction; product_section	Reconcile line input and output mass with calibrated meters and route records	kg; kWh	Each batch; electricity at least monthly	At least 12 consecutive months or a justified representative campaign	Each hot-working line and route	Aggregate only like route, grade and product-state records before normalization	Scale calibration; meter calibration; route and grade traceability
cp_hot_working_waste_emissions	hot_working	Scrap, dry mill scale and iron-oxide particulate matter	Waste weights, scale collection records and emission monitoring	batch_id; scrap_mass_kg; dry_scale_mass_kg; scale_moisture; pollutant_fraction; concentration; gas_flow; operating_hours	Weigh segregated solids and calculate emitted mass from monitoring data	kg; mg/Nm3; Nm3/h; h	Each removal or batch; emissions at monitoring frequency	Same representative period as production data	Each line and extraction point	Sum segregated outputs and emission masses, then normalize to hot-worked output	Weighbridge tickets; laboratory analysis; monitoring calibration
cp_finishing_mass_water_energy	descaling_cooling_finishing	Finishing input, make-up water, electricity and reference product	Product scales, water meters, electricity meters and inspection records	batch_id; input_mass_kg; make_up_water_kg; recirculated_water_kg; electricity_kWh; saleable_mass_kg; rejected_mass_kg; specification; inspection_result	Meter only boundary-crossing make-up water and reconcile saleable output to inspection records	kg; kWh	Each batch; utilities at least monthly	At least 12 consecutive months or a justified representative campaign	Each finishing line	Sum conforming product and attributable utilities, then normalize to 1,000 kg reference product	Scale and meter calibration; inspection release; water-balance check
cp_finishing_wastewater	descaling_cooling_finishing	Wet mill scale and discharged wastewater	Wastewater flow meters, dewatered-scale weights and laboratory results	discharge_point; wastewater_mass_kg; suspended_solids; oil_and_grease; wet_scale_mass_kg; scale_moisture; treatment_route	Measure net discharge after recirculation and characterize solids and oil separately	kg; mg/L	Continuous flow total with representative composite sampling	Same representative period as production data	Each water circuit and discharge point	Sum net discharge and dewatered scale without counting recirculated water as a new input or output	Flow-meter calibration; sampling chain of custody; laboratory accreditation

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalize_reference	All foreground rows	normalized amount = recorded amount / saleable product mass × 1,000 kg	recorded row amount; saleable product mass	amount per 1,000 kg reference product	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
calc_electricity_conversion	Electricity rows	electricity_MJ = metered_kWh × 3.6 MJ/kWh	metered electricity in kWh	electricity in MJ
calc_stack_mass	Monitored stack emissions	pollutant mass = dry standardized concentration × dry standardized gas flow × operating time, with unit, oxygen-reference and moisture corrections documented	concentration; standardized gas flow; operating time; correction factors	pollutant mass in kg	ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022
calc_fossil_co2	Fossil CO2 from each furnace fuel	Calculate fuel-specific fossil CO2 from collected fuel quantity, supplier carbon content and documented oxidation factor; sum fuels only after each atomic fuel result is retained	fuel quantity; carbon content; oxidation factor	fossil CO2 mass in kg	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
calc_process_mass_balance	Each foreground process and full foreground system	mass-balance difference = total mass inputs - total mass outputs - documented inventory change; explain material differences and avoid double-counting internal transfers	feedstock; product; scrap; scale; dust; wastewater solids; inventory change	reconciled mass-balance difference	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017; ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity_traceability	Feedstock and reference product	Retain supplier, alloy grade, specification, product form, route, dimensions, delivery condition and batch traceability sufficient to prove inclusion and exclusions.	Supplier certificate; batch record; inspection release
dq_temporal_representativeness	All foreground records	Use at least 12 consecutive months of representative operation; justify a shorter period of at least six months and account for seasonal or operating-pattern variation.	Coverage report; production calendar; representativeness justification
dq_measurement_control	Mass, energy, water and emission measurements	Use calibrated instruments, declare reference conditions and preserve raw readings, corrections, detection limits and allocation calculations.	Calibration certificates; meter register; monitoring reports; calculation workbook
dq_completeness	All processes	Record all energy inputs and all material or emission flows above the declared cut-off; each excluded flow must be below 1% and all exclusions together below 5% of mass, energy or environmental relevance, with no exclusion used to omit hazardous or material emissions.	Completeness checklist and exclusion register
dq_consistency	Bilingual PCR implementation and dataset	Apply one reference mass basis, prevent double counting of internal transfers, and document every deviation from the process map or calculation rules.	Mass-balance report; deviation log; independent review

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_product_identity	Reference product	Reject a dataset that does not declare alloy grade, hot-working route, product form, dimensions, delivery condition and explicit exclusion of high-speed steel and silico-manganese steel.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
validation_reference_amount	Reference flow	Confirm that the saleable output equals exactly 1,000 kg after normalization and excludes transport packaging, rejects and externally dispatched waste.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_mass_balance	Each process and full foreground system	Check iron-bearing and total mass balances; investigate and explain differences, internal loops and inventory changes before release.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_energy_completeness	Reheating and hot working	Confirm that each actual fuel, electricity, steam or purchased-heat exchange is represented by a separate atomic row and that meter coverage matches operating time.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017; ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022
validation_emission_no_double_count	Reheating emissions	Confirm species, air compartment, oxygen reference and moisture basis; do not duplicate a total-NOx-as-NO2 value in the nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide rows.	ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022
validation_water_balance	Descaling and cooling	Reconcile make-up, recirculated, evaporated, retained and discharged water; count only boundary-crossing make-up water and net wastewater discharge.	ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022
validation_boundary_links	Upstream and downstream datasets	Confirm that upstream semi-finished steel is linked exactly once and that downstream cold working, machining, coating, transport, use and end-of-life are absent unless separately declared.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017; worldsteel-wire-rod-eco-profile-2023
validation_unresolved_identities	TianGong UUID references	Before publication, directly verify an exact public state-code-100 flow for every unresolved exchange or retain the dataset as review-required with the gap disclosed.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset for factory-gate alloy-steel bars and rods in the declared hot-worked, not-further-worked state
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Gate-to-gate modelling; cradle-to-gate modelling when one compatible upstream semi-finished steel dataset is linked; route- and grade-specific foreground comparisons with harmonized scope
excluded_use	Representation of irregularly wound coils, high-speed steel, silico-manganese steel, stainless steel, cold-finished or further-worked products; public comparative assertions without harmonized functional equivalence and review
required_metadata	PCR id and version; CPC context; alloy grade; specification; product form; hot-working route; dimensions; surface and delivery condition; site and geography; reference period; upstream route and recycled-content convention; cut-offs; allocation; data sources; unresolved identities
required_quality_disclosure	Temporal and geographic coverage; primary-data share; meter and scale coverage; mass-, energy- and water-balance results; emission monitoring basis; allocation and system-expansion choices; excluded flows; uncertainty; unresolved UUIDs
update_trigger	Change in alloy family, product state, hot-working route, furnace fuel or electricity supply, site technology, water circuit, emission controls, allocation method, upstream steelmaking dataset, specification, or representative data period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	Official guidance (official_guidance)	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-03)	Official classification identity and exclusions for CPC 41244
ec-jrc-fmp-bref-2022	Official guidance (official_guidance)	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Ferrous Metals Processing Industry, EUR 31321 EN, JRC131649, DOI 10.2760/196475, 2022	Hot-rolling process decomposition; energy, water, oil, waste, wastewater and direct-emission inventory; monitoring and data-quality rules
worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017	Method factor (method_factor)	World Steel Association, Life Cycle Inventory Methodology Report for Steel Products, ISBN 978-2-930069-89-0, 2017, https://worldsteel.org/wp-content/uploads/Life-cycle-inventory-methodology-report.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-03)	Declared mass unit, boundary disclosure, collection period, cut-off, validation, allocation and steel-recycling method rules
worldsteel-wire-rod-eco-profile-2023	Dataset (dataset)	World Steel Association, Global Wire Rod LCA Eco-profile, June 2023, https://worldsteel.org/wp-content/uploads/Wire-rod-Global-Construction.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-03)	Comparable rolled-steel product description, factory-gate boundary distinction, internal scrap accounting and dataset profile context; not used as a CPC 41244 amount range