Palm oil, crude

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground data packages for crude palm oil produced from oil-palm fresh fruit bunches at a palm oil mill. It covers receipt and preparation of fresh fruit bunches, sterilization or cooking, threshing, digestion, pressing, oil clarification and drying, bulk storage at the mill gate, kernel and solid-residue recovery, on-site energy generation when present, and treatment or disposition of mill effluent and residues.

Oil-palm cultivation and transport of fresh fruit bunches to the declared mill boundary are represented by traceable upstream datasets. Refining, bleaching, deodorization, fractionation, manufacture of palm kernel oil, consumer packaging, distribution beyond the mill gate, use, and end-of-life are outside this foreground PCR. A study may connect those stages downstream but must not describe their outputs as the reference product of this PCR.

The PCR applies to batch, semi-continuous, and continuous routes. The dataset must declare the route, mill scale, geography, reporting period, fresh-fruit-bunch origin, energy system, effluent treatment, co-product treatment, and crude-oil quality state. FAO process descriptions support the common unit-operation map; site records remain authoritative for actual quantities.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.meat-fish-fruits-vegetables-oils-and-fats.palm-oil-crude
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 21651, Palm oil, crude
covered_products	Unrefined crude palm oil obtained from the mesocarp of oil-palm fresh fruit bunches and delivered in bulk at the producing mill gate
excluded_products	Refined, bleached, deodorized, or fractionated palm oil; palm olein; palm stearin; palm kernel oil; recovered low-grade technical oil when separately marketed; other vegetable oils
representative_product	Crude palm oil after clarification and moisture removal, before refining or fractionation
production_route	Fresh fruit bunch reception, sterilization or cooking, threshing, digestion, pressing, clarification, drying, and bulk mill storage, with associated kernel, energy, effluent, and residue management
market_state	Bulk, unrefined liquid or semi-solid crude oil at the palm oil mill gate; quality characteristics and storage temperature declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provision of crude palm oil as an unrefined bulk feedstock at the palm oil mill gate
How much	1 kg of crude palm oil on the declared as-delivered mass basis
How well	Product meets the producer's declared crude-oil specification; moisture, impurities, free fatty acid basis, and any off-spec status are reported
How long or cycle	One completed production output over the declared reporting period; no service lifetime applies
reference_flow_link	crude_palm_oil_output

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Palm oil, crude c25748fe-ebcf-4a0e-bcf9-544edb1645b1
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	production geography; reporting period; mill route and scale; fresh-fruit-bunch origin and starting condition; crude-oil moisture, impurities, and free fatty acid reporting basis; allocation method; energy configuration; effluent treatment route; bulk storage condition

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	crude palm oil reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Normalize every reported inventory to exactly 1 kg of as-delivered crude palm oil after clarification and drying; report measured oil moisture and impurities so alternative dry-matter calculations remain reproducible.
material_mass_basis	fresh fruit bunches, kernels, residues, effluent, and oil stocks	Mass	kg	Record as-received mass and, where moisture materially changes interpretation, measured moisture or dry-matter content; do not convert between wet and dry bases without the measured content and formula.
energy_quantity_basis	purchased electricity, fuels, generated electricity, and steam	Energy	kWh for electricity; MJ for fuels and thermal energy	Preserve metered or invoice units, document lower or higher heating value for fuels, and record every conversion factor used to normalize energy to the reference flow.
reporting_period_balance	all foreground inputs, outputs, and stock changes	Mass or Energy as applicable	source unit and normalized unit	Use one common reporting period and include opening and closing stocks when they materially affect the normalized balance.

5. System Boundary

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_mill_gate_operations	foreground crude palm oil production	Include fresh-fruit-bunch receipt, sterilization or cooking, threshing, digestion, pressing, clarification, drying, bulk mill storage, kernel and residue recovery, on-site energy generation, and effluent or residue management when operated by or physically integrated with the mill.	fao-palm-oil-processing-2002
boundary_upstream_traceability	fresh fruit bunches and purchased utilities	Model cultivation and inbound fresh-fruit-bunch transport as traceable upstream product inputs, and model purchased electricity, fuels, water, chemicals, and waste services with geographically and technologically representative upstream datasets.	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
boundary_excluded_downstream	downstream processing	Exclude refining, bleaching, deodorization, fractionation, manufacture of palm kernel oil, packaging for consumer sale, and distribution beyond the producing mill gate from the foreground reference-product dataset.	fao-palm-oil-processing-2002
boundary_no_unreported_disposal	effluent, residues, and direct emissions	Do not assume mill effluent, empty fruit bunches, fibre, shells, ash, sludge, or direct emissions are burden-free or zero; record their measured disposition and the treatment route or document a justified data gap.	fao-palm-oil-processing-2002; eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Fresh fruit bunches or loose oil-palm fruit received at the mill, with supplier or estate origin, receipt mass, receipt time, and inbound transport treatment declared
starting_condition_role	Upstream product input to the mill foreground system
product_classification_scope	Crude palm oil from oil-palm fruit mesocarp; palm-kernel oil and refined or fractionated palm-oil products are outside the category
recursive_input_rule	Any externally purchased crude palm oil entering blending or reprocessing is recorded as a separate same-category input with its own upstream dataset and quantity; it is not reclassified as fresh fruit bunch input or silently merged with mill-produced oil
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use supplier-, estate-, route-, and period-representative datasets for fresh fruit bunch production and inbound transport, and representative datasets for purchased utilities, fuels, chemicals, and external treatment services
disclosure	Declare the share and origin of own-estate and third-party fruit, mill route and scale, receipt-to-processing control, energy configuration, effluent treatment, residue destinations, co-product treatment, allocation method, and any upstream or foreground data gaps

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
ffb_reception_preparation	Fresh fruit bunch reception, sterilization, and threshing	required	Always included	Foreground fruit receipt, quality control, heat treatment, and separation of fruit from bunches	kg fresh fruit bunches received and kg prepared fruit transferred
oil_extraction_finishing	Digestion, pressing, clarification, drying, and bulk storage	required	Always included	Foreground extraction and finishing of crude palm oil, including kernel and press-residue recovery	1 kg crude palm oil output
mill_energy_residue_management	Mill energy, effluent, and residue management	required	Always included; zero quantities are permitted only when records demonstrate that a route is absent	Foreground or linked treatment of internally generated fuels, mill effluent, solid residues, ash, sludge, and direct emissions	kg crude palm oil output and treatment-specific input

Process: Fresh fruit bunch reception, sterilization, and threshing (ffb_reception_preparation)

Inputs

Product flows

Fresh fruit bunches received (fresh_fruit_bunch_input)

Fresh fruit bunches cross the mill foreground boundary as the principal raw-material input. Record each supply origin or an auditable aggregated origin group and link cultivation and inbound transport to upstream datasets.

• Selected flow: Oil-palm fresh fruit bunches (Tiangong UUID unresolved)

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: measured weighbridge or calibrated scale mass received, adjusted for documented rejects and stock change

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_ffb_receipt

• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

• Range: Source-backed fresh fruit bunch input QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 4.17
  • Upper: 5.00
  • Unit: kg fresh fruit bunches/kg crude palm oil
  • Basis: inverse of the FAO-reported 20-24 tonnes crude palm oil per 100 tonnes fresh fruit bunches for a well-run mill
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Sterilization water or steam supply (sterilization_water_steam)

Record water and externally supplied steam used to sterilize or cook fruit. Internally generated steam is transferred from mill_energy_residue_management without double counting its fuel inputs.

• Selected flow: Process water or steam supply (Tiangong UUID unresolved)

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: metered use or calculated use from calibrated batch volume, cycle count, and condensate return

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_water_energy_records

• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

• Range: Provisional process-water QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg water/kg crude palm oil
  • Basis: net external water supplied to fruit preparation per 1 kg crude palm oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared sterilized fruit transferred to extraction (prepared_fruit_transfer)

Record the mass transferred to digestion and pressing as an internal product flow so fruit losses, rejects, and stocks remain visible.

• Selected flow: Sterilized oil-palm fruit (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transfer mass or mass balance from received fruit, rejected fruit, empty bunches, condensate, and stock change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_residue_records
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Waste flows

Empty fruit bunches and rejected fruit (empty_bunches_rejects)

Record separated empty bunches and rejected or spoiled fruit by actual destination. Material used as fuel, mulch, or another product is transferred to the receiving process and is not simultaneously recorded as final waste.

• Selected flow: Empty fruit bunches and rejected oil-palm fruit (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured mass by disposition or documented mass balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_residue_records
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Sterilizer condensate and preparation wastewater (preparation_wastewater)

Record condensate or wastewater leaving fruit preparation and link it to reuse, effluent treatment, or final discharge.

• Selected flow: Palm oil mill preparation wastewater (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured flow or calculated tank and cycle balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_effluent_emissions
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Process: Digestion, pressing, clarification, drying, and bulk storage (oil_extraction_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared sterilized fruit (prepared_fruit_input)

Receive the internal prepared-fruit transfer from ffb_reception_preparation on the same reporting-period and mass basis.

• Selected flow: Sterilized oil-palm fruit (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: equal to prepared_fruit_transfer after documented transfer losses and stock change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_residue_records
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Clarification and cleaning water (clarification_water)

Record hot-water dilution, equipment cleaning, and other water used in extraction and clarification, net of separately measured reuse.

• Selected flow: Process water (Tiangong UUID unresolved)

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: metered water or calculated use from calibrated vessel volume and operating cycles

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_water_energy_records

• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

• Range: Provisional clarification-water QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg water/kg crude palm oil
  • Basis: net external water supplied to extraction, clarification, and cleaning per 1 kg crude palm oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity and mechanical energy (extraction_electricity)

Record electricity used by digesters, presses, pumps, screens, centrifuges, kernel recovery, and storage. Separate purchased electricity from internally generated electricity.

• Selected flow: Electricity supply (Tiangong UUID unresolved)

• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh

• Amount rule: submetered use or calculated allocation from mill meter readings and documented equipment operating data

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_water_energy_records

• Sources:

• Range: Provisional purchased-electricity QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: kWh/kg crude palm oil
  • Basis: net purchased electricity attributable to extraction and finishing per 1 kg crude palm oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Crude palm oil reference output (crude_palm_oil_output)

Record saleable crude palm oil after clarification and drying and before refining or fractionation. Off-spec oil and recovered technical oil are recorded separately.

• Selected flow: Palm oil, crude c25748fe-ebcf-4a0e-bcf9-544edb1645b1
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: fixed reference amount based on calibrated tank, scale, or custody-transfer records
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Not applicable (not_applicable)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)
• Sources:

Palm kernels recovered (palm_kernel_coproduct)

Record dry recovered palm kernels as a co-product when they leave the mill for further processing. Do not include downstream palm-kernel oil extraction.

• Selected flow: Palm kernels (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dispatch mass plus stock change, corrected only with recorded moisture data
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_residue_records
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Waste flows

Press fibre and palm kernel shells (fibre_shell_residue)

Record fibre and shells separately where measured, including quantities used as internal boiler fuel, sold, reused, or discarded.

• Selected flow: Palm press fibre and palm kernel shells (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured mass by residue type and destination or documented mass balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_residue_records
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Palm oil mill effluent from extraction and clarification (pome_output)

Record wastewater, sludge, and oil-bearing liquid sent to recovery, treatment, land application, or discharge. Do not assume zero burden for unmeasured releases.

• Selected flow: Palm oil mill effluent (Tiangong UUID unresolved)

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: measured flow and sampled composition or calculated water balance with documented uncertainty

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_effluent_emissions

• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

• Range: Provisional mill-effluent QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg effluent/kg crude palm oil
  • Basis: total liquid effluent leaving extraction and clarification per 1 kg crude palm oil
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Mill energy, effluent, and residue management (mill_energy_residue_management)

Inputs

Product flows

Internally recovered biomass fuels (internal_biomass_fuel)

Record fibre, shells, or empty bunches used in mill boilers as internal transfers and reconcile them with the corresponding residue outputs.

• Selected flow: Palm mill biomass residues used as fuel (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured feed mass by residue type and moisture content
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_energy_records
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Supplemental fuel and purchased electricity (supplemental_energy)

Record all purchased fossil or biogenic fuel and electricity used for steam, power generation, backup equipment, effluent treatment, and residue handling.

• Selected flow: Supplemental fuel and purchased electricity by actual type (Tiangong UUID unresolved)

• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ fuel and kWh electricity

• Amount rule: invoice, calibrated meter, or tank-dip records by energy carrier

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_water_energy_records

• Sources:

• Range: Provisional supplemental-fuel QA guardrail

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 20
  • Unit: MJ/kg crude palm oil
  • Basis: purchased fuel energy supplied to the mill per 1 kg crude palm oil, excluding internal biomass energy
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Mill effluent and solid residues entering management (residues_to_management)

Receive mill effluent, empty bunches, fibre, shells, ash, and other residues by type and origin without netting exports or final discharges.

• Selected flow: Palm oil mill effluent and residues by actual type (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: equal to recorded upstream residue transfers after documented recovery and stock change
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_effluent_emissions
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Outputs

Product flows

Internally generated steam and electricity (generated_energy_transfer)

Record useful steam and electricity generated on site and transferred to mill operations. Do not credit internal energy as an exported co-product.

• Selected flow: Mill-generated steam and electricity (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ steam and kWh electricity
• Amount rule: metered generation and internal delivery, with conversion efficiency documented
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_energy_records
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Exported kernels, biomass residues, recovered oil, or surplus energy (exported_coproducts)

Record each exported co-product separately with its mass or energy, destination, quality, and revenue status. Do not combine exports with internal use.

• Selected flow: Exported mill co-product by actual type (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass or Energy / kg, MJ, or kWh as applicable
• Amount rule: measured dispatch quantity plus stock change by co-product
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproduct_residue_records
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Waste flows

Treatment sludge, boiler ash, and final wastes (final_waste_outputs)

Record final wastes by type and actual treatment or disposal route. Ash, sludge, or empty bunches used beneficially remain explicit outputs and are not deleted from the mass balance.

• Selected flow: Palm oil mill final waste by actual type (Tiangong UUID unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dispatch mass or documented treatment mass balance
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_effluent_emissions
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

Elementary flows

Direct air emissions from boilers and effluent treatment (direct_air_emissions)

Record measured emissions or calculate them from collected fuel, treatment, and operating data with a cited factor set. Include methane from anaerobic effluent treatment or unmanaged effluent when applicable; do not assume capture or oxidation without records.

• Selected flow: Individual elementary flows to air (Tiangong UUIDs unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg per substance
• Amount rule: direct measurement or activity data multiplied by a documented, study-selected emission factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_effluent_emissions
• Sources:

Treated effluent discharge to water or land (treated_effluent_release)

Record final discharged water volume or mass and measured pollutant loads by receiving compartment. Reused water is an internal or product transfer, not an elementary discharge.

• Selected flow: Individual elementary flows to water or land (Tiangong UUIDs unresolved)
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg water and kg per substance
• Amount rule: measured discharge multiplied by sampled concentration, with sampling coverage and detection-limit treatment documented
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg crude palm oil output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_effluent_emissions
• Sources: fao-palm-oil-processing-2002

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid_first	all multifunctional mill processes	First avoid allocation by separately metering or subdividing reception, extraction, kernel recovery, energy generation, effluent treatment, and residue handling; assign inputs and emissions directly where a physical process relationship is documented.	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
allocation_residual_choice	crude palm oil, palm kernels, exported residues, recovered oil, and exported energy	When subdivision cannot resolve a remaining shared burden, select and document a causal physical relationship. If no defensible physical relationship exists, use a documented economic relationship based on consistent reporting-period prices; disclose the method, data, co-product status, and allocation shares.	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
allocation_internal_energy	fibre, shells, empty bunches, steam, and electricity used within the mill	Treat internal residue fuel and internally generated energy as transfers and do not create an avoided-product credit. Assign boiler and generation burdens to consuming mill processes by metered energy delivery or another documented physical relationship.	fao-palm-oil-processing-2002; eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
allocation_export_sensitivity	exported co-products	Do not apply substitution or avoided-burden credits inside the attributional foreground dataset. When exported co-products materially affect results, report a sensitivity case using an alternative defensible allocation basis.	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_ffb_receipt	ffb_reception_preparation	fresh fruit bunch receipt and origin	weighbridge ticket, supplier record, harvest or dispatch record	timestamp; supplier or estate; gross mass; tare mass; net mass; rejected mass; origin; transport mode and distance; receipt condition	calibrated weighbridge or scale reconciled to supplier and inventory records	kg	every delivery or batch	full reporting period	all fruit received by the declared mill	sum accepted net mass by origin; reconcile rejects and opening or closing stock	calibration certificate; ticket sequence check; supplier reconciliation
cp_water_energy_records	all processes	water, electricity, fuel, steam, and internally generated energy	meter reading, invoice, tank record, fuel analysis, operating log	meter id; opening and closing reading; purchase quantity; fuel type; heating-value basis; biomass moisture; steam or electricity generation; internal delivery; downtime	calibrated meters and invoice or stock reconciliation; engineering calculation only from recorded operating data	kg water; kWh electricity; MJ fuel or steam	continuous or each receipt, aggregated monthly	full reporting period	all foreground operations and shared utilities	subtract documented non-PCR users and stock change; normalize attributable net use to crude palm oil output	meter calibration; invoices; fuel certificates; reconciliation worksheet
cp_coproduct_residue_records	all processes	crude oil, kernels, internal transfers, co-products, residues, and stock changes	calibrated scale or tank record, dispatch note, laboratory moisture result, inventory record	flow type; origin process; destination; gross and net mass; moisture; quality grade; opening stock; closing stock; dispatch quantity; revenue status	direct weighing or calibrated tank volume with density and temperature record; documented mass balance where direct weighing is unavailable	kg	each batch or dispatch, aggregated monthly	full reporting period	all production lines, storage tanks, and residue destinations	sum by flow and destination; correct only with measured moisture, density, and stock data	scale or tank calibration; dispatch reconciliation; laboratory result; mass-balance review
cp_effluent_emissions	mill_energy_residue_management	effluent, treatment, final waste, and direct emissions	flow meter, sampling result, fuel record, treatment log, waste manifest, emission monitoring record	flow or mass; sampling time; concentration; detection limit; treatment technology; capture or flare operation; fuel quantity; factor identity; discharge compartment; waste destination	continuous or batch flow measurement plus representative sampling; direct emissions monitoring or calculation from collected activity data and cited factors	kg; m3; kg substance; operating hours	continuous or each batch with sampling at a documented representative frequency	full reporting period including shutdown and upset events	every treatment unit, discharge point, boiler, generator, flare, and final waste route	calculate pollutant load as measured flow times concentration; aggregate by compartment and event; retain zeros only when measurement supports them	meter calibration; laboratory QA/QC; chain of custody; factor citation; treatment and flare logs; waste manifests

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	every inventory row	normalized amount = attributable reporting-period amount / reporting-period mass of conforming crude palm oil output	attributable amount; crude palm oil output mass; stock adjustments	amount per 1 kg crude palm oil	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
calc_oil_extraction_ratio	fresh fruit bunch input and crude palm oil output	oil extraction ratio = conforming crude palm oil output mass / accepted fresh fruit bunch input mass	crude_palm_oil_output; fresh_fruit_bunch_input	kg crude palm oil/kg accepted fresh fruit bunches	fao-palm-oil-processing-2002
calc_material_balance	each process and total foreground system	balance closure = (accounted outputs + closing stock - opening stock) / accounted inputs; report the balance gap without forcing closure by an undocumented residual	measured inputs; outputs; internal transfers; stocks	balance closure and unexplained mass gap	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
calc_pollutant_load	treated effluent and sampled releases	pollutant load = measured discharge mass or volume times measured concentration, with unit conversion and below-detection treatment documented	discharge flow; concentration; density if needed; sampling coverage	kg substance per reporting period and per kg crude palm oil	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
calc_factor_emissions	non-measured boiler or treatment emissions	emission = collected activity datum times a cited, technology- and region-appropriate factor; factor identity, version, unit, and applicability are mandatory	fuel or treatment activity; factor; capture or oxidation data	kg elementary flow per kg crude palm oil	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity_and_traceability	fruit, oil, co-products, and residues	Preserve origin, destination, reporting period, process route, quality state, and the link between raw records and each normalized row.	weighbridge tickets; dispatch records; process logs; record-to-row traceability table
dq_temporal_coverage	all foreground data	Cover one complete, declared reporting period, normally 12 consecutive months; a shorter campaign is allowed only when seasonality, startup, shutdown, maintenance, and representativeness are explicitly assessed.	dated meter series; production calendar; downtime and maintenance logs; representativeness justification
dq_measurement_control	mass, water, energy, effluent, and laboratory data	Use calibrated instruments or document the engineering calculation and uncertainty; retain calibration status, sampling method, detection limits, and corrections.	calibration certificates; laboratory QA/QC; meter and sampling procedures
dq_completeness	all required processes and important flows	Include every required process and all material product, waste, energy, water, and elementary flows; quantify or explicitly disclose gaps rather than assigning unsupported zeros.	completeness checklist; mass and energy reconciliation; gap register
dq_representativeness	upstream datasets and foreground factors	Document time, geography, technology, and supplier coverage and justify any proxy dataset or factor.	dataset metadata; supplier coverage table; factor citation and applicability review
dq_allocation_review	multifunctional processes	Preserve direct assignments, selected allocation relationship, period data, shares, and sensitivity results sufficient for an independent recalculation.	allocation worksheet; prices or physical relationship data; sensitivity calculation

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_flow_identity	reference flow	Confirm the product flow UUID is c25748fe-ebcf-4a0e-bcf9-544edb1645b1, the flow property UUID is 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, the unit group UUID is 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, the reference amount is 1, and the reference unit is kg.
validate_scope_and_qualifiers	dataset identity	Confirm the dataset represents unrefined crude palm oil at the producing mill gate and declares every required qualifier; reject refined, fractionated, or palm-kernel-oil outputs as this PCR's reference product.	fao-palm-oil-processing-2002
validate_process_completeness	process inventory	Confirm all three required processes are present and that fresh fruit bunches, process water, energy, crude palm oil, kernels, residues, effluent, direct emissions, final treatment, and stock changes are recorded or supported by an explicit, reviewed non-applicability statement.	fao-palm-oil-processing-2002; eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
validate_mass_balance_and_yield	material inventory	Recalculate the extraction ratio and process or system mass balances. Values outside a cited or provisional QA guardrail trigger investigation, not automatic replacement; unresolved material gaps make validation inconclusive.	fao-palm-oil-processing-2002; eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
validate_energy_effluent_emissions	utilities and environmental flows	Reconcile purchased and internally generated energy, verify effluent route and sampled loads, and confirm that boiler and anaerobic-treatment emissions are measured or calculated from collected activity data with cited factors; unsupported zero emissions are errors.	fao-palm-oil-processing-2002; eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
validate_allocation_recalculation	co-products	Recalculate allocation shares from retained foreground data, confirm internal transfers receive no avoided-product credit, and verify the selected method and sensitivity case are disclosed.	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010
validate_data_quality	complete foreground package	Confirm calibration, temporal coverage, origin and destination traceability, representativeness, gap disclosure, and raw-record-to-row lineage; missing evidence produces a finding and may make validation inconclusive.	eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground unit-process or aggregated mill-gate dataset for crude palm oil production
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Attributional LCI and LCA models requiring unrefined crude palm oil at a declared producing mill gate, provided geography, technology, fruit origin, quality state, allocation, energy, and effluent-treatment qualifiers match the study
excluded_use	Direct representation of refined or fractionated palm oil, palm kernel oil, cultivation-only systems, generic markets without geography and time qualification, or comparative claims lacking compatible scope and critical review
required_metadata	PCR id and version; reference flow UUID and unit; geography; reporting period; mill route and scale; fruit origin and upstream dataset links; oil quality basis; process coverage; energy configuration; effluent and residue routes; allocation method and shares; source and factor identities; completeness and uncertainty statements
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data share; instrument and sampling coverage; mass and energy balance gaps; temporal, geographical, and technological representativeness; proxy data and emission factors; provisional QA guardrail findings; unresolved non-reference UUIDs; allocation sensitivity
update_trigger	Material change in fruit supply, mill technology or capacity, oil quality basis, energy system, methane capture, effluent or residue treatment, co-product destination or value, allocation method, regulatory requirements, or evidence showing the dataset is no longer representative

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
fao-palm-oil-processing-2002	official_guidance	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 148, ISBN 92-5-104859-2, 2002, https://www.fao.org/4/y4355e/y4355e00.htm (retrieved 2026-08-11)	Palm-oil mill unit operations; separation of crude palm oil production from refining and kernel-oil extraction; source-backed extraction-yield QA range; moisture and residue context; energy, solid-residue, and effluent route identification
eu-jrc-ilcd-handbook-2010	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook - General guide for Life Cycle Assessment - Detailed guidance, EUR 24708 EN, ISBN 978-92-79-19092-6, DOI 10.2788/38479, 2010, https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/ILCD-Handbook-General-guide-for-LCA-DETAILED-GUIDANCE-12March2010-ISBN-fin-v1.0-EN.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-11)	Functional unit and reference-flow consistency; boundary completeness; foreground primary data and quality requirements; multifunctionality hierarchy, subdivision, physical relationships, residual allocation, and sensitivity disclosure