Wheat and meslin flour

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers the foreground production of food-grade wheat flour and meslin flour at a flour mill. Meslin is a wheat-and-rye mixture; the grain shares must be declared. The foreground starts with received food-grade milling grain and ends with finished flour at the mill gate, including cleaning, tempering, milling, separation, blending or finishing, storage, and packaging or bulk dispatch when performed by the reporting mill.

The record is applicable to refined, straight-grade, high-extraction, and wholemeal products only when the dataset explicitly declares the flour grade, extraction basis, composition, moisture basis, additives, and packaging state. Codex CXS 152 requirements are applied only to common-wheat or club-wheat flour within that standard's stated scope. Durum semolina and groats, flour of cereals other than wheat or meslin, isolated starch or gluten, prepared mixes or doughs, and bakery products are excluded.

This PCR supports plant-specific foreground data packages and mill-gate secondary datasets. It does not provide a default inventory. Site measurements and supplier-specific linked datasets take precedence over the screening ranges in this document.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.grain-mill-products-starches-and-starch-products-other-food-products.wheat-and-meslin-flour
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 23110, Wheat and meslin flour, exact category context
covered_products	Food-grade flour made from wheat or meslin and sold at the mill gate, with declared grade, extraction basis, and composition
excluded_products	Durum semolina or groats; other cereal flours; isolated starch or gluten; prepared mixes or doughs; bakery products; non-food milling products
representative_product	Conventional refined wheat flour in bulk or declared packaging at the mill gate
production_route	Grain receipt and cleaning; conditioning or tempering; roller or equivalent milling and fractionation; blending or finishing; storage and bulk dispatch or packaging
market_state	Finished food-grade flour, as-produced, at the mill gate

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Wheat flour or meslin flour meeting the declared commercial specification
How much	1 kg as-produced finished flour at the mill gate
How well	Food-grade; declared grain composition, flour grade or extraction basis, moisture, additives or fortification, and packaging state
How long or cycle	One representative production batch or campaign, including storage until transfer at the mill gate
reference_flow_link	The quantitative reference is 1 kg of the selected Tiangong product flow output from blending_finishing_packaging

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg as-produced finished flour
Reference product flow	Wheat and meslin flour 2e07a69d-fe87-4f0f-9d12-b50ecdb9d8b4
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	wheat or meslin identity and wheat/rye shares; species or grain class where relevant; refined, straight-grade, high-extraction, or wholemeal designation; extraction-rate basis; as-produced flour moisture; additive, fortification, bleaching, or treatment status; bulk or packaged state and packaging bill of materials; plant geography and technology; applicable food specification

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference flour output	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Set the quantitative reference to exactly 1 kg of as-produced finished flour at the mill gate.
as_produced_moisture	grain, intermediate, flour, and co-product masses	Mass	kg and mass % moisture	Record weighed mass and moisture on the same lot and time basis; do not mix as-produced and dry-matter quantities without conversion.
dry_matter_conversion	any dry-basis comparison	Mass	kg dry matter	Calculate dry matter as as-produced mass multiplied by (1 - moisture_fraction) and retain the measured moisture result.
extraction_rate	finished flour yield	Mass	%	Calculate extraction rate as finished flour mass divided by clean conditioned grain entering the first break, multiplied by 100; state whether the result covers straight-grade flour only or all flour streams.
energy_conversion	purchased electricity and fuels	Energy	kWh and MJ	Preserve the metered carrier unit and convert only with documented factors; use 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ for final-energy conversion.
packaging_mass	packaging supplied with product	Mass	kg	Record each packaging material by actual bill-of-material mass per 1 kg flour; enter zero only for verified bulk dispatch.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Food-grade wheat, rye, or meslin grain received at the reporting mill, with origin, moisture, quality class, transport boundary, and mass basis declared
starting_condition_role	Upstream product input to the mill-gate foreground system
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 23110 finished wheat and meslin flour; upstream grain and co-products remain separately classified products
recursive_input_rule	A purchased input already classified as wheat or meslin flour must remain a linked upstream product dataset and must not be expanded through this PCR inside the same foreground system. Reworked flour generated within the reporting mill is an internal flow and must be identified separately.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link grain production, grain drying or storage before receipt, inbound transport, electricity, fuels, water supply, ingredients, packaging production, and waste treatment to geographically and technologically appropriate upstream datasets.
disclosure	Declare whether the dataset starts at grain receipt or includes any upstream operation; list excluded on-site operations, outsourced milling stages, co-product treatment, packaging state, dust-control coverage, and cut-offs.

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
boundary_rule_1	mandatory_foreground_operations	Include receiving and cleaning, conditioning or tempering, milling and fractionation, flour blending or finishing, storage, and mill-gate dispatch when performed by the reporting mill.	us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003; epd-pcr-grain-mill-products-2013-04
boundary_rule_2	conditional_foreground_operations	Include packaging, fortification, bleaching, drying, on-site utilities, wastewater handling, and dust collection when they occur for the represented product; otherwise document their absence.	codex-cxs-152-2023; us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003
boundary_rule_3	upstream_and_downstream_links	Model upstream supplies and treatments as linked datasets and exclude distribution after the mill gate, flour use, baking, consumption, and end-of-life from the foreground inventory.	eu-pef-method-2021
boundary_rule_4	cutoff_and_recursive_inputs	Do not omit a material or energy flow merely because no UUID is available; retain a semantic row and resolve or disclose the link before publication. Prevent recursive expansion of purchased flour inputs.	eu-pef-method-2021

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
grain_receiving_cleaning	Grain receiving, storage, and cleaning	required	Always for received milling grain	foreground preprocessing	kg clean grain released to tempering
conditioning_tempering	Conditioning and tempering	required	Always when water or holding time is used before milling	foreground preparation	kg conditioned grain released to milling
milling_fractionation	Milling, sifting, purification, and fractionation	required	Always	foreground conversion	kg unblended flour produced
blending_finishing_packaging	Blending, finishing, storage, and dispatch	required	Always; packaging inputs are conditional on packaged sale	final foreground process	1 kg finished flour at the mill gate

Process: Grain receiving, storage, and cleaning (grain_receiving_cleaning)

Inputs

Product flows

Food-grade milling grain (received_milling_grain)

Record wheat and rye or pre-mixed meslin received for the represented flour. No Tiangong input UUID is prescribed until a food-grade grain flow with correct classification and reference property is confirmed.

• Selected flow: Food-grade wheat or meslin milling grain
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed received mass assigned to accepted production lots, corrected only through the explicit moisture rule
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_grain_lot_mass_quality
• Sources: usda-ars-soft-wheat-milling-methods

Receiving and cleaning energy (receiving_cleaning_energy)

Record metered electricity and fuels for conveying, aspiration, separation, storage, and cleaning; allocate shared meters using documented operating records.

• Selected flow: Purchased electricity and fuels by actual carrier and supplier geography
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh or MJ
• Amount rule: Metered consumption less unrelated loads, normalized to accepted clean grain or finished flour
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_energy
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003

Waste flows

Rejected screenings and cleaning residues (cleaning_residues)

Record stones, foreign material, rejected grain, and other cleaning residues by measured destination and classification; saleable animal-feed outputs are product co-products, not waste.

• Selected flow: Cleaning residues by actual treatment route
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or reconciled residue mass by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_mass_balance
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003

Elementary flows

Record no particulate elementary flow here unless an air-compartment flow and a measured or permitted release basis are available. Captured material sent to treatment is a waste or product flow, not an elementary emission.

Outputs

Product flows

Cleaned milling grain (cleaned_grain_internal)

Transfer cleaned grain as an internal foreground flow with lot identity and moisture preserved.

• Selected flow: Cleaned milling grain, internal flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or mass-balance-reconciled clean grain released to tempering
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg clean grain output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_grain_lot_mass_quality
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003

Waste flows

No additional waste output is required beyond cleaning_residues; identify any separately managed waste as its own stable row.

Elementary flows

No default elementary output is prescribed.

Process: Conditioning and tempering (conditioning_tempering)

Inputs

Product flows

Cleaned grain from receiving (cleaned_grain_input)

Carry the internal cleaned-grain lot into conditioning without duplicating its upstream burden.

• Selected flow: Cleaned milling grain, internal flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Equal to the transferred output from cleaned_grain_internal, subject to documented storage change
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg conditioned grain output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_tempering_water_moisture
• Sources: usda-ars-soft-wheat-milling-methods

Tempering water (tempering_water)

Record actual water added to reach the declared target moisture and include losses or recirculation separately when material.

• Selected flow: Process water appropriate to the plant supply
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered or batch-dosed water addition reconciled against before-and-after grain mass and moisture
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg conditioned grain output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_tempering_water_moisture
• Sources: usda-ars-soft-wheat-milling-methods

Tempering energy (tempering_energy)

Record metered conveying, water preparation, and conditioning energy where separable from other mill loads.

• Selected flow: Purchased electricity and fuels by actual carrier and supplier geography
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh or MJ
• Amount rule: Metered use or documented shared-meter allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_energy
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003

Waste flows

Record drained or rejected water only when it leaves the process as a managed waste flow.

Elementary flows

No default elementary input is prescribed.

Outputs

Product flows

Conditioned grain (conditioned_grain_internal)

Transfer conditioned grain to milling with measured moisture and tempering time.

• Selected flow: Conditioned wheat or meslin grain, internal flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured conditioned-grain mass after water addition and holding
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per kg conditioned grain output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_tempering_water_moisture
• Sources: usda-ars-soft-wheat-milling-methods

Waste flows

No default waste output is prescribed.

Elementary flows

No default elementary output is prescribed.

Process: Milling, sifting, purification, and fractionation (milling_fractionation)

Inputs

Product flows

Conditioned grain to first break (conditioned_grain_input)

Use the transferred conditioned-grain mass as the extraction-rate denominator and retain its measured moisture.

• Selected flow: Conditioned wheat or meslin grain, internal flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Equal to the transferred output from conditioned_grain_internal, less separately measured handling loss
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_mass_balance
• Sources: usda-ars-soft-wheat-milling-methods

Milling energy (milling_energy)

Record electricity and other mill energy for break and reduction rolls, sifters, purifiers, pneumatic conveying, and dust collection.

• Selected flow: Purchased electricity and fuels by actual carrier and supplier geography
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh or MJ
• Amount rule: Metered milling-stage energy normalized to finished flour; use the range only as a screen, never as a default value
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_energy
• Sources: odunfa-joel-flour-milling-energy-2022
• Range: Literature screening range for milling-stage energy intensity
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.18749
  • Upper: 0.28037
  • Unit: MJ
  • Basis: per 1 kg flour output; values converted from 187.49 to 280.37 MJ per tonne reported for two mills
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: odunfa-joel-flour-milling-energy-2022

Waste flows

Captured milling dust and non-saleable residue (captured_milling_dust)

Record captured dust and non-saleable residue by measured mass and treatment. Do not use a feed-grade or otherwise qualified database flow unless it matches the actual material.

• Selected flow: Captured milling dust or residue by actual treatment route
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed collection or reconciled dust-control record
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dust_and_air_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003

Elementary flows

Particulate matter released to air (particulate_to_air)

Record only measured, permitted, or otherwise supported releases after control, using a Tiangong elementary flow with the correct air compartment and particle-size definition.

• Selected flow: Compartment-specific particulate matter to air, unresolved UUID
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Stack or permit result after control, or a documented site-specific factor multiplied by throughput
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_dust_and_air_records
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003

Outputs

Product flows

Unblended flour streams (unblended_flour_internal)

Record all flour streams sent to blending or finishing and distinguish any stream sold directly.

• Selected flow: Unblended wheat or meslin flour, internal flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed flour output by stream and grade
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_mass_balance
• Sources: asb-extraction-rate; usda-ars-soft-wheat-milling-methods
• Range: Typical efficient conventional refined-flour extraction screen
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 72
  • Upper: 76
  • Unit: percent
  • Basis: finished conventional refined flour divided by clean conditioned grain entering first break; not applicable as a limit for wholemeal or product-specific high-extraction routes
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: asb-extraction-rate

Saleable bran, germ, middlings, and other fractions (milling_coproducts)

Record each saleable fraction as a product co-product with its actual name, moisture, quantity, destination, and unresolved or verified flow identity.

• Selected flow: Saleable milling fractions by actual product identity
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed output by fraction and lot
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_mass_balance
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003

Waste flows

Captured dust is recorded under captured_milling_dust; add any other non-saleable fraction as a separate row.

Elementary flows

Particulate releases are recorded under particulate_to_air; add only supported compartment-specific releases.

Process: Blending, finishing, storage, and dispatch (blending_finishing_packaging)

Inputs

Product flows

Flour streams for final blend (flour_streams_input)

Transfer measured flour streams without duplicating their upstream burden.

• Selected flow: Unblended wheat or meslin flour, internal flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Sum of transferred flour streams assigned to the represented product
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_mass_balance
• Sources: codex-cxs-152-2023

Ingredients, fortificants, and processing aids (ingredients_additives)

Record only materials actually added and distinguish retained ingredients from processing aids and unintentional carryover.

• Selected flow: Actual ingredient, fortificant, or processing-aid product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Batch-sheet or dosing-system quantity assigned to released product
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_blend_pack_dispatch
• Sources: codex-cxs-152-2023

Packaging materials (packaging_materials)

Record the actual primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging supplied with the product; omit only for verified bulk dispatch.

• Selected flow: Packaging material flows matching the bill of materials
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Purchased or issued packaging less verified losses, divided by packaged flour output
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_blend_pack_dispatch
• Sources: codex-cxs-152-2023

Blending, storage, and dispatch energy (finishing_energy)

Record metered energy for blending, pneumatic transfer, storage, packing, and load-out.

• Selected flow: Purchased electricity and fuels by actual carrier and supplier geography
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh or MJ
• Amount rule: Metered use or documented shared-meter allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_process_energy
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003

Waste flows

Record off-spec flour, packaging waste, and cleaning waste by measured destination; internally reworked flour remains an internal product flow.

Elementary flows

No default elementary input is prescribed.

Outputs

Product flows

Finished wheat or meslin flour (finished_flour_reference)

This output carries the quantitative reference and all required product qualifiers.

• Selected flow: Wheat and meslin flour 2e07a69d-fe87-4f0f-9d12-b50ecdb9d8b4
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: exactly 1 kg as-produced released finished flour at the mill gate
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg finished flour at the mill gate
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Collection protocol: cp_blend_pack_dispatch
• Sources: codex-cxs-152-2023

Waste flows

Record off-spec product or packaging waste only when it leaves the foreground system for treatment.

Elementary flows

No default elementary output is prescribed.

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
allocation_rule_1	process_subdivision	Avoid allocation by separately metering cleaning, tempering, milling, blending, packaging, and independently operated product lines wherever technically possible.	eu-pef-method-2021
allocation_rule_2	joint_milling_inventory	Before allocation, keep flour, bran, germ, middlings, and other saleable fractions in one reconciled joint mass balance; do not classify a saleable co-product as waste solely to avoid allocation.	eu-pef-method-2021; us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003
allocation_rule_3	multifunctionality_hierarchy	Where subdivision cannot resolve multifunctionality, apply system expansion or substitution when a defensible displaced function is documented; otherwise use a relevant physical causal relationship, and use another relationship such as economic allocation only when physical causality cannot be established.	eu-pef-method-2021
allocation_rule_4	allocation_disclosure	Report the selected method, allocation factors, quantities, moisture basis, price geography and averaging period if economic allocation is used, and a sensitivity result for any material choice.	eu-pef-method-2021

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_grain_lot_mass_quality	grain_receiving_cleaning	received grain and clean grain	weighbridge, intake, and laboratory records	lot id; supplier; species; wheat/rye shares; gross and net mass; moisture; quality class; rejection	Calibrated scale plus representative moisture and quality sampling	kg; mass %	each lot	all lots in representative period	reporting mill	Sum accepted lot masses; preserve lot-weighted moisture and composition	calibration, sampling, and acceptance records
cp_tempering_water_moisture	conditioning_tempering	cleaned grain, water, conditioned grain	batch and laboratory records	batch id; before and after grain mass; before and after moisture; added water; hold time	Calibrated dosing meter or batch addition plus moisture test	kg; mass %; h	each batch or shift	representative campaigns and seasons	reporting mill	Reconcile water addition and moisture change by batch, then mass-weight	meter checks, moisture method, batch reconciliation
cp_process_energy	all foreground processes	electricity and fuel	meter, invoice, runtime, and equipment records	meter id; start and end reading; carrier; equipment hours; production quantity; allocation driver	Submeter preferred; otherwise documented shared-meter allocation	kWh; MJ; carrier unit	continuous or each shift; monthly invoice reconciliation	at least 12 representative months where seasonality is material	reporting mill	Subtract unrelated loads, convert documented units, and normalize to released flour	meter calibration, invoices, runtime logs, reconciliation
cp_output_mass_balance	grain_receiving_cleaning; milling_fractionation; blending_finishing_packaging	flour, co-products, residues, and transfers	production, silo, bagging, dispatch, and waste records	input and output masses; moisture; stream identity; destination; rework; stock change	Calibrated scales and inventory reconciliation	kg; mass %	each batch or shift	representative production period including stock opening and closing	reporting mill	Sum by stream, account for stock change, and reconcile on as-produced and dry-matter bases	scale calibration, silo reconciliation, signed dispatch or waste records
cp_dust_and_air_records	grain_receiving_cleaning; milling_fractionation	captured dust and particulate releases	collection, stack-test, permit, and control records	source; particle fraction; compartment; control state; captured mass; released concentration; gas flow; hours	Weigh captured material and use site test or permit data for releases	kg; mg/m3; m3; h	each collection event and test; operating-period reconciliation	representative operating period	all relevant emission points	Keep captured material separate from released elementary flows and aggregate by particle fraction	test report, permit, control-operation log
cp_blend_pack_dispatch	blending_finishing_packaging	ingredients, packaging, finished flour	batch sheet, dosing, packaging issue, and dispatch records	formula; dose; packaging material and mass; packed or bulk quantity; product moisture; release specification	Calibrated dosing and packing equipment plus release testing	kg; mass %	each batch or product code	representative product mix	reporting mill	Attribute directly by product code; reconcile issued packaging and released output	batch approval, packaging BOM, release certificate

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_rule_1	inventory normalization	Divide every attributable foreground amount by released finished-flour mass on the same as-produced basis.	attributable amount; released flour mass	amount per 1 kg finished flour
calc_rule_2	dry-matter balance	dry_mass = as_produced_mass × (1 - moisture_fraction); apply separately to each input and output lot.	as-produced mass; measured moisture	kg dry matter	usda-ars-soft-wheat-milling-methods
calc_rule_3	extraction rate	extraction_rate_percent = finished_flour_mass / clean_conditioned_grain_to_first_break × 100; state which flour streams are included.	finished flour mass; clean conditioned grain mass	extraction rate, %	asb-extraction-rate; usda-ars-soft-wheat-milling-methods
calc_rule_4	energy conversion	MJ = kWh × 3.6; do not convert primary-energy literature values into electricity without a documented primary-energy factor.	metered kWh	final energy, MJ
calc_rule_5	process mass balance	Reconcile grain, tempering water, retained ingredients, outputs, waste, measured releases, and stock change on both as-produced and dry-matter bases; investigate unexplained differences before release.	all process inputs, outputs, moisture, and stock change	balance closure and unexplained difference	eu-pef-method-2021
calc_rule_6	allocation	Apply the ordered hierarchy in section 7 to the reconciled joint inventory and retain unallocated quantities and factors for audit.	joint inventory; co-product quantities; causal relation or economic data	allocated inventory per reference flow	eu-pef-method-2021

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
quality_req_1	representativeness	Cover the declared technology, geography, flour grades, grain mix, and operating seasons; use at least 12 months when seasonal sourcing or mill operation materially changes results, or justify a shorter representative campaign.	production schedule, product mix, supplier and meter coverage
quality_req_2	metrology	Use calibrated mass, moisture, dosing, and energy instruments; identify estimation and shared-meter allocation separately.	calibration certificates, laboratory methods, invoices, allocation worksheets
quality_req_3	mass_balance	Close as-produced and dry-matter balances across each process and the full mill; explain stock changes, rework, evaporation, and all material residuals.	signed reconciliation with unresolved-difference review
quality_req_4	product_conformity	Record the applicable food specification. For products within CXS 152 scope, verify declared requirements including moisture not exceeding 15.5% by mass; do not apply this limit automatically outside that scope.	release certificate and cited specification
quality_req_5	source_linkage	Resolve product, energy, packaging, co-product, waste, and elementary flows to semantically correct datasets before publication; document every remaining gap without substituting a similar but incorrect UUID.	UUID review record and unresolved-flow register
quality_req_6	uncertainty	Treat extraction and energy ranges as screening evidence only; replace them with site observations and disclose range context, sample count, variation, and any outliers.	raw data summary and uncertainty statement

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
validation_rule_1	reference_flow	Require exactly one 1 kg as-produced finished-flour reference output using product flow 2e07a69d-fe87-4f0f-9d12-b50ecdb9d8b4, Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, and kg.
validation_rule_2	product_identity	Require every reference-flow qualifier in section 3, including wheat/meslin composition, flour grade and extraction basis, moisture basis, treatments or additives, packaging state, geography, and applicable specification.	codex-cxs-152-2023
validation_rule_3	process_completeness	Require all four process ids in section 6 and a documented reason for any operation reported as not applicable or outsourced.	us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003
validation_rule_4	mass_and_moisture_balance	Require reconciled as-produced and dry-matter balances and investigate any unexplained difference beyond the reporting mill's documented metering uncertainty.	eu-pef-method-2021
validation_rule_5	co_products_and_allocation	Require every saleable milling fraction, the multifunctionality hierarchy, allocation factors, and sensitivity disclosure where the allocation choice is material.	eu-pef-method-2021
validation_rule_6	emissions_and_waste	Reject double counting of captured dust as both waste and air emission; require an air compartment and particle-size definition for particulate elementary flows.	us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003
validation_rule_7	source_and_uuid_integrity	Reject search snippets, invented identifiers, version-pinned UUID substitutions, or semantically mismatched flows; unresolved non-reference flows must remain explicit until a verified link is available.
validation_rule_8	codex_scope	For a product claiming CXS 152 conformity, require evidence that the product is within that standard's scope and verify its applicable composition, hygiene, packaging, labelling, and moisture requirements; otherwise do not make the claim.	codex-cxs-152-2023

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Plant-specific foreground mill-gate dataset for wheat or meslin flour production
downstream_use	Background input to food, feed, starch, ingredient, or other product systems where the declared flour matches the user's required specification
allowed_use	Comparative or non-comparative LCA after checking geography, technology, grain mix, flour grade, allocation, packaging, and temporal representativeness
excluded_use	Direct representation of durum semolina, other cereal flour, isolated starch or gluten, prepared dough, bakery product, or a different flour grade without adjustment
required_metadata	Plant geography; reference period; technology; wheat/rye shares; species or grain class; flour grade and extraction basis; moisture; additives, fortification, bleaching, or treatment; packaging BOM or bulk state; process coverage; upstream dataset choices; co-products and allocation; applicable food specification
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data share; meter and lot coverage; mass-balance closure; uncertainty; screening-range use; allocation sensitivity; unresolved dataset links; deviations from this PCR
update_trigger	Material change in grain mix, flour grade, extraction, process technology, energy supply, product formulation, packaging, allocation, regulation or specification, or data older than the declared representativeness period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
codex-cxs-152-2023	standard	Codex Alimentarius, CXS 152-1985 Standard for Wheat Flour, amended 2023, https://www.fao.org/input/download/standards/50/CXS_152e.pdf	Product scope for common and club wheat flour; definition, moisture, ingredient, hygiene, packaging, and labelling controls; applied only within the standard's scope
us-epa-ap42-wheat-milling-2003	official_guidance	US EPA, AP-42 Section 9.9.1 Grain Elevators and Processes, wheat flour milling section, final 2003, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/c9s0909-1.pdf	Mill process decomposition, cleaning and tempering operations, milling and fractionation, material handling, and particulate-source coverage
epd-pcr-grain-mill-products-2013-04	standard	EPD International, PCR 2013:04 Grain mill products, version 3.0.5, https://www.environdec.com/pcr-library/pcr2013-04	Category and LCA-method context for UN CPC 2311; the programme page states that this PCR expired on 2026-05-30, so it is not treated as a currently valid quantitative authority
eu-pef-method-2021	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on the Product Environmental Footprint method, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/2021-12-30/eng	System-boundary completeness, linked upstream datasets, data quality, and multifunctionality hierarchy
usda-ars-soft-wheat-milling-methods	official_guidance	USDA Agricultural Research Service, Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory Materials and Methods, https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/wooster-oh/corn-soybean-and-wheat-quality-research/docs/soft-wheat-quality-laboratory-materials-and-methods/	Lot moisture records, tempering method, milling stream measurement, and flour-yield calculation protocol
asb-extraction-rate	handbook	American Society of Baking, Extraction Rate, https://asbe.org/article/extraction-rate/?topic=analytical-methods	Extraction-rate definition and 72-76% screening context for efficient conventional refined flour milling
odunfa-joel-flour-milling-energy-2022	literature	Odunfa M. K. and Joel O. T., Energy audit and conservation opportunities in flour milling industry in Nigeria, Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 13(1), 2022, DOI 10.30574/gjeta.2022.13.1.0120	Reported 187.49-280.37 MJ per tonne milling-stage energy-intensity range used only as a contextual QA screen