Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers, raw

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers farm-gate production of unground cinnamon bark products (peeled bark, quills, quillings, featherings or chips) and separately harvested cinnamon-tree flowers or immature flower buds sold as a raw spice. It includes nursery and establishment burdens, perennial stand management, coppice or selective stem cycles, route-specific harvest, scraping and peeling, primary shaping, conditional farm drying, and grading. Species, plant part, product form, drying state and moisture basis must be declared.

The bark and flower/bud routes share perennial cultivation but diverge at harvest. They may coexist on a farm, but one lot and one reporting-period burden cannot be credited to both outputs. Essential-oil distillation, grinding, extraction, manufactured spice formulation, retail packing and transport beyond the farm gate are excluded.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.agriculture-forestry-and-fishery-products.products-of-agriculture-horticulture-and-market-gardening.cinnamon-and-cinnamon-tree-flowers-raw
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 01655, mapping context only; mapping relation: exact
covered_products	Whole raw cinnamon bark forms from declared Cinnamomum species; raw flowers or immature flower buds; farm-dried forms when drying is primary stabilization
excluded_products	Ground cinnamon, powder, essential oils, extracts, blended spices, leaves sold separately and consumer-packed products
representative_product	One declared lot of raw cinnamon bark/quills or cinnamon-tree flowers/buds at farm gate
production_route	Managed perennial stand followed by a bark harvest and peeling route or a flower/bud harvest route, with route-specific conditional drying and grading
market_state	Fresh or primary farm-dried, unground and otherwise unmanufactured; moisture and product form declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Raw cinnamon bark product or raw cinnamon-tree flower/bud product delivered at farm gate
How much	1 kg as received
How well	Conforming to declared species, plant part, form, grade or destination, moisture state and defect criteria; rejects excluded
How long or cycle	One harvest lot within a declared stand year and harvest or coppice cycle
reference_flow_link	accepted_cinnamon_product

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Cinnamon bark or flower/bud in declared actual fresh/dried state
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	species or commercial type; plant part bark or flower/bud; bark form where applicable; fresh or farm-dried state; measured moisture fraction and basis; grade or destination; region; harvest year; stand age; coppice-cycle position; route id; gate Production mix, at farm gate

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product and mass balances	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report net as-received mass at farm gate and measured moisture fraction.
moisture_conversion	Fresh, peeled and dried states	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Convert only with lot-specific moisture: dry mass = wet mass × (1 − moisture mass fraction).
area_time_basis	Establishment and stand management	Mass and area-time records	kg, ha, year	Record field inputs by stand hectare and reporting year, then attribute them to measured route outputs.
energy_consistency	Fuel and electricity	Relevant energy property	MJ or kWh	Preserve carrier quantities and document conversion factors before aggregation.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Established or newly established managed Cinnamomum stand, including attributable nursery and establishment inputs
starting_condition_role	Beginning of foreground perennial crop production
product_classification_scope	Raw cinnamon bark products and raw cinnamon-tree flowers/buds sharing this category boundary
recursive_input_rule	Purchased raw cinnamon in this category is recorded once as an upstream product input with a conforming dataset and is not regenerated in this foreground system.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Product and service inputs require representative upstream datasets; actual nutrient products are resolved individually to verified UUIDs during data-package generation.
disclosure	Declare species, route, establishment year, stand age, planting density, coppice or selective-harvest regime, reporting years, moisture basis, intended co-products and exclusions.

Boundary Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_perennial_stand	Nursery, establishment and management	Include attributable nursery and establishment, soil preparation, replacement, maintenance, nutrient and water supply, crop protection, field energy and direct field emissions through harvest readiness.	suriyagoda-2021-ceylon-cinnamon
boundary_bark_route	Bark route	Include coppicing or stem cutting, leaf and branch separation, scraping, rubbing, peeling, quill formation where used, conditional primary drying and grading.	sri-lanka-dcd-postharvest; eurlex-2020-ceylon-cinnamon
boundary_flower_route	Flower/bud route	Include flower or immature-bud harvest, separation from bunches, cleaning, conditional primary drying and grading; never substitute bark-processing data.	wilson-2016-cassia-buds; li-2018-cassia-buds; pnp-cassia-buds-route
boundary_conditional_drying	Stabilization	Activate drying inputs and water removal only when a lot is dried before farm gate; otherwise record zero and declare the fresh hand-off.	sri-lanka-dcd-postharvest; eurlex-2020-ceylon-cinnamon
boundary_exclusions	Downstream manufacture	Exclude distillation, grinding, extraction, formulation, retail packing and post-farm transport.	iso-6539-2014; eurlex-2020-ceylon-cinnamon

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
perennial_cinnamon_cultivation	Perennial cinnamon establishment and stand management	required	All routes	Managed biological production parent with multi-year and reporting-period indexing by stand year and cycle	ha-year and measured route output
bark_harvest_conditioning	Bark harvest, peeling and primary conditioning	conditional	Plant part is bark	Alternative technology route delta from the harvest parent; includes primary conditioning and conditional preservation stabilization; one batch is one harvest lot	kg prepared bark
flower_harvest_conditioning	Flower or bud harvest and primary conditioning	conditional	Plant part is flower/bud	Alternative technology route delta from the harvest parent; includes primary conditioning and conditional preservation stabilization; one batch is one flower lot	kg prepared flower/bud
farm_gate_grading	Farm-gate grading and sorting	required	Selected route output	Separates accepted, downgraded and rejected states	kg incoming prepared product

Process: Perennial cinnamon establishment and stand management (perennial_cinnamon_cultivation)

Inputs

Product flows

Nursery plants and replacement material (planting_material)

Record seedlings, cuttings and replacement plants attributable to establishment and gap filling.

• Selected flow: Cinnamon nursery planting material

• Flow property / unit: Number / item

• Amount rule: Count planting material and annualize establishment only across evidenced productive stand years.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per established hectare at planting.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_stand_management

• Sources: suriyagoda-2021-ceylon-cinnamon

• Range: Planting-density QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 6000
  • Upper: 14000
  • Unit: item/ha established
  • Basis: per established hectare at planting
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Fertilizer, urea input (nutrient_supply)

Include this conditional card only when Fertilizer, urea is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Fertilizer, urea

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Fertilizer, urea used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per managed hectare and reporting year.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_stand_management

Fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate input (nutrient_supply_monoammonium_phosphate)

Include this conditional card only when Fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per managed hectare and reporting year.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_stand_management

Fertilizer, potassium chloride input (nutrient_supply_potassium_chloride)

Include this conditional card only when Fertilizer, potassium chloride is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Fertilizer, potassium chloride

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Fertilizer, potassium chloride used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per managed hectare and reporting year.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_stand_management

Cattle manure, as applied input (nutrient_supply_cattle_manure)

Include this conditional card only when Cattle manure, as applied is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Cattle manure, as applied

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Cattle manure, as applied used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per managed hectare and reporting year.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_stand_management

Agricultural limestone input (nutrient_supply_agricultural_limestone)

Include this conditional card only when Agricultural limestone is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Agricultural limestone

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Agricultural limestone used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per managed hectare and reporting year.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_stand_management

Irrigation water (irrigation_water)

Record irrigation crossing the foreground boundary; exclude rainfall from the product-flow amount.

• Selected flow: Irrigation water

• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3

• Amount rule: Metered, pumped or otherwise evidenced water delivered to the stand.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per managed hectare and reporting year.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_stand_management

• Range: Irrigation QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10000
  • Unit: m3/ha-year
  • Basis: per managed hectare and reporting year
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity, medium voltage (field_energy)

Include this exchange only when Electricity, medium voltage is actually supplied to this process. Record every other actual carrier separately. For purchased operating services, retain the supplier boundary and do not also count fuel or electricity already included in that service. Raw activity or stage basis: per managed hectare and reporting year.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Measured Electricity, medium voltage supplied to this process and period, normalized once to the declared reference output; convert carrier-native units only with documented density, calorific value or meter conventions where needed.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: crop_cycle
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records

Diesel fuel (field_energy_diesel)

Include this exchange only when Diesel fuel is actually supplied to this process. Record every other actual carrier separately. For purchased operating services, retain the supplier boundary and do not also count fuel or electricity already included in that service. Raw activity or stage basis: per managed hectare and reporting year.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured Diesel fuel supplied to this process and period, normalized once to the declared reference output; convert carrier-native units only with documented density, calorific value or meter conventions where needed.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: crop_cycle
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records

Required crop-protection records: before completing the foreground package, enumerate every actually applied formulated product separately, retaining trade name, active ingredient, salt or chemical form, concentration, density where needed, application quantity, date and treated area. Select one physically specific product identity per exchange. Derive active-substance releases separately by substance and receiving compartment. Missing formulation identity is a completeness gap; do not replace it with a generic pesticide, invented example, or assumed zero.

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Harvest-ready crop allocated to the selected route (harvest_ready_crop)

Record dry-matter-equivalent bark or flower/bud output attributable to the stand before the independent harvest node; keep routes separate.

• Selected flow: Harvest-ready cinnamon crop

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg dry-matter equivalent

• Amount rule: Reconcile measured route output backward through conditioning losses without counting standing biomass twice.

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per managed hectare and reporting year.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_lot_balance

• Sources: sri-lanka-dcd-postharvest

• Range: Reported bark-yield comparison range

  • Range role: Typical range (typical_range)
  • Lower: 741
  • Upper: 1483
  • Unit: kg dried quills/ha-year
  • Basis: per managed hectare and year for Sri Lankan bark production; not a flower-route limit
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: sri-lanka-dcd-postharvest

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Elementary flows

Direct managed-soil nitrous oxide (soil_n2o)

Calculate direct soil N2O from actual nitrogen inputs with the declared inventory method.

• Selected flow: Dinitrogen monoxide to air

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg N2O

• Amount rule: Apply the named current managed-soil method to collected nitrogen inputs and site conditions.

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per kg nitrogen applied.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: N input (n_input)

• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)

• Collection protocol: cp_stand_management

• Sources: ipcc-2019-managed-soils

The final exchange is kg N2O. Keep species-specific elemental-N activity and any N-based factor/range in a separate calculation ledger. Convert that species-specific N mass by 44/28 exactly once before normalization; never reconvert compound mass or apply an N-based range directly to compound mass. A total nitrogen-loss pool is not this species without a supported split. Retain the actual receiving compartment and method boundaries; unknown identity or activity is not zero.

No universal numeric bound is established by the cited balance identity or method. Derive a lot/site-specific check from measured inputs, outputs, moisture, growth where applicable, stocks, losses and uncertainty on compatible bases. Report numeric screening unavailable until supported; retain the measured exchange and investigate residuals without clipping or substituting a default.

Process: Bark harvest, peeling and primary conditioning (bark_harvest_conditioning)

Inputs

Product flows

Harvest-ready stems for the bark lot (bark_route_crop)

Record stems cut under the declared coppice or selective-harvest regime.

• Selected flow: Harvest-ready cinnamon stems

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg dry-matter equivalent

• Amount rule: Reconcile stems and recovered bark to the cultivation intermediate.

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg accepted bark at farm gate.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_lot_balance

• Sources: suriyagoda-2021-ceylon-cinnamon

• Range: Stem-to-bark QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 20
  • Unit: kg dry-matter-equivalent stem/kg accepted bark
  • Basis: per 1 kg accepted bark at farm gate
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity, medium voltage (bark_conditioning_energy)

Include this exchange only when Electricity, medium voltage is actually supplied to this process. Record every other actual carrier separately. For purchased operating services, retain the supplier boundary and do not also count fuel or electricity already included in that service. Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg accepted bark at farm gate.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Measured Electricity, medium voltage supplied to this process and period, normalized once to the declared reference output; convert carrier-native units only with documented density, calorific value or meter conventions where needed.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: reference_flow
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records

Diesel fuel (bark_conditioning_energy_diesel)

Include this exchange only when Diesel fuel is actually supplied to this process. Record every other actual carrier separately. For purchased operating services, retain the supplier boundary and do not also count fuel or electricity already included in that service. Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg accepted bark at farm gate.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured Diesel fuel supplied to this process and period, normalized once to the declared reference output; convert carrier-native units only with documented density, calorific value or meter conventions where needed.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: reference_flow
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared whole bark product (prepared_bark)

Record peeled bark, quills, quillings, featherings or chips after primary conditioning and before grading; product remains unground.

• Selected flow: Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers, raw

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Measured net intended output of prepared bark at lot-specific moisture.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per bark-conditioning lot.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_lot_balance

• Sources: sri-lanka-dcd-postharvest; iso-6539-2014

• Range: Farm-dried Ceylon bark moisture range

  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 15
  • Unit: percent moisture by mass
  • Basis: prepared bark as received; applies only to farm-dried Ceylon-type bark claiming the cited specification
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: eurlex-2020-ceylon-cinnamon

Verify this intermediate state or co-product grade independently; the reference-output UUID is not evidence for this row.

Wood, leaves and twigs sold as co-products (bark_route_coproducts)

Record every independently sold output separately. Material retained on site as mulch is a residue; oil distillation is outside scope.

• Selected flow: Cinnamon wood, leaves and twigs

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Measured intended co-product output leaving for an intended destination, with wet or dry state declared.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg prepared bark.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_lot_balance

• Sources: suriyagoda-2021-ceylon-cinnamon

• Range: Co-product mass QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 30
  • Unit: kg co-product/kg prepared bark
  • Basis: per 1 kg prepared bark; moisture basis declared consistently
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Bark rejects (bark_rejects)

Record unusable bark separately from downgraded saleable bark and declare recovery or disposal.

• Selected flow: Cinnamon bark residue

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Measured rejected mass outside the accepted-product balance.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg prepared bark.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_lot_balance

• Range: Bark-reject QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg reject/kg prepared bark
  • Basis: per 1 kg prepared bark
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Water removed during bark drying (bark_drying_water)

Calculate water removed from paired mass and moisture measurements; record zero when drying is inactive.

• Selected flow: Water to air

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Determine supported evaporation on a closed water-mass control volume: incoming material water + actual added water + opening water stock - water in all accepted/co-product/reject/residue exits - separate liquid discharge/exports - closing water stock. Use measured wet mass times wet-basis moisture for each material stream, and compatible density for liquid volumes. Internal recirculation cancels. Retain actual rain/rewetting where relevant; total fresh/dry mass difference is not all water. Independently support all terms and the evaporation pathway; investigate an unexplained or negative balance rather than force it into a vapour release or clip it to zero. Keep water quantities distinct from dry-solids loss and other volatiles. Attribute and normalize the evidenced water release once using the original matched final reference.

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg farm-dried prepared bark.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_moisture_and_drying

• Sources: sri-lanka-dcd-postharvest

• Range: Conditional bark water-removal QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg water/kg farm-dried bark
  • Basis: per 1 kg farm-dried bark; zero when drying is inactive
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Flower or bud harvest and primary conditioning (flower_harvest_conditioning)

Inputs

Product flows

Harvest-ready flowers or immature buds (flower_route_crop)

Record flower-bearing material entering this route; do not substitute mature fruit, bark or clove buds.

• Selected flow: Harvest-ready cinnamon-tree flowers or immature buds

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Measured harvested mass before cleaning and conditioning.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg accepted flower/bud at farm gate.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_flower_lot_balance

• Sources: wilson-2016-cassia-buds; li-2018-cassia-buds

• Range: Flower-input QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg harvested material/kg accepted flower product
  • Basis: per 1 kg accepted flower/bud at farm gate
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Electricity, medium voltage (flower_conditioning_energy)

Include this exchange only when Electricity, medium voltage is actually supplied to this process. Record every other actual carrier separately. For purchased operating services, retain the supplier boundary and do not also count fuel or electricity already included in that service. Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg accepted flower/bud at farm gate.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Measured Electricity, medium voltage supplied to this process and period, normalized once to the declared reference output; convert carrier-native units only with documented density, calorific value or meter conventions where needed.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: reference_flow
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records

Diesel fuel (flower_conditioning_energy_diesel)

Include this exchange only when Diesel fuel is actually supplied to this process. Record every other actual carrier separately. For purchased operating services, retain the supplier boundary and do not also count fuel or electricity already included in that service. Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg accepted flower/bud at farm gate.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured Diesel fuel supplied to this process and period, normalized once to the declared reference output; convert carrier-native units only with documented density, calorific value or meter conventions where needed.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: reference_flow
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared flowers or immature buds (prepared_flowers)

Record cleaned fresh or primary dried flowers/buds before grading; declare whether traded material is flower, immature bud or immature fruit marketed as a bud.

• Selected flow: Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers, raw

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Measured net prepared flower/bud mass at lot-specific moisture.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per flower-conditioning lot.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_flower_lot_balance

• Sources: wilson-2016-cassia-buds; pnp-cassia-buds-route

• Range: Flower-product moisture QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 20
  • Unit: percent moisture by mass
  • Basis: prepared flower/bud as received; provisional screen because no cross-species official limit was located
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Verify this intermediate state or co-product grade independently; the reference-output UUID is not evidence for this row.

Waste flows

Flower stems and rejects (flower_rejects)

Record removed stems, foreign matter and spoiled buds with recovery or disposal destination.

• Selected flow: Cinnamon flower conditioning residue

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Measured reject mass excluded from accepted flower product.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg prepared flower/bud.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_flower_lot_balance

• Sources: pnp-cassia-buds-route

• Range: Flower-reject QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: kg reject/kg prepared flower product
  • Basis: per 1 kg prepared flower/bud
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Water removed during flower drying (flower_drying_water)

Calculate removed water from paired states; record zero for a fresh hand-off or inactive drying.

• Selected flow: Water to air

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Determine supported evaporation on a closed water-mass control volume: incoming material water + actual added water + opening water stock - water in all accepted/co-product/reject/residue exits - separate liquid discharge/exports - closing water stock. Use measured wet mass times wet-basis moisture for each material stream, and compatible density for liquid volumes. Internal recirculation cancels. Retain actual rain/rewetting where relevant; total fresh/dry mass difference is not all water. Independently support all terms and the evaporation pathway; investigate an unexplained or negative balance rather than force it into a vapour release or clip it to zero. Keep water quantities distinct from dry-solids loss and other volatiles. Attribute and normalize the evidenced water release once using the original matched final reference.

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg farm-dried flower/bud.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_moisture_and_drying

• Sources: pnp-cassia-buds-route

• Range: Conditional flower water-removal QA screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg water/kg farm-dried flower product
  • Basis: per 1 kg farm-dried flower/bud; zero when drying is inactive
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Farm-gate grading and sorting (farm_gate_grading)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared route-specific product (ungraded_cinnamon_product)

Record exactly one route output entering grading and retain bark or flower/bud identity.

• Selected flow: Prepared raw cinnamon product

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Measured incoming mass from prepared_bark or prepared_flowers, never both for one reference lot.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per grading lot.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_grading_balance

• Range: Grading-input reconciliation

  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg incoming/kg incoming grading basis
  • Basis: per 1 kg incoming prepared product used as denominator
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted raw cinnamon product at farm gate (accepted_cinnamon_product)

This is the reference-flow hand-off and excludes downgraded product and rejects.

• Selected flow: Cinnamon bark or flower/bud in declared actual fresh/dried state

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg Raw output measurement and reconciliation: Measured accepted intended output mass normalized to 1 kg.

• Amount rule: 1 kg

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg reference product at farm gate.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_grading_balance

• Range: Reference-output range

  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg/reference flow
  • Basis: per declared 1 kg accepted reference product
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

Identity applicability: Verify the concrete identity against the selected actual species/organ, sowing or commodity use, fresh/cured/dried and shell state, grade, provider and declared gate, with Mass/kg support. This PCR retains the semantic route and measurement definition; it does not assert that one fixed UUID covers all alternative states. A fresh-state flow cannot automatically bind a cured/dried output, an ambiguous nut/kernel flow cannot prove both states, and commodity seed cannot establish seed-for-sowing identity. Preserve a verified compatible existing binding only for its supported state; otherwise keep the UUID explicitly unresolved until detail-confirmed. Do not change the product boundary, quantity or route to force a match.

Downgraded saleable product (downgraded_cinnamon_product)

Record a separately sold lower grade as an intended output, never as accepted reference product or waste.

• Selected flow: Downgraded raw cinnamon product

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Measured downgraded intended output mass with destination and price.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg incoming prepared product.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_grading_balance

• Range: Downgraded-output reconciliation

  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg/kg incoming prepared product
  • Basis: per 1 kg incoming prepared product
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

Waste flows

Grading rejects (grading_rejects)

Record non-saleable material and its rework, recovery, field-return, composting or disposal route.

• Selected flow: Cinnamon grading reject

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Measured reject after one documented internal rework loop.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1 kg incoming prepared product.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_grading_balance

• Range: Grading-reject reconciliation

  • Range role: Allowed range (allowed_range)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg/kg incoming prepared product
  • Basis: per 1 kg incoming prepared product
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivide_routes	Bark and flower routes	Subdivide direct route records first. Routes may coexist on a farm, but harvest and conditioning burdens are mutually exclusive for one lot.	suriyagoda-2021-ceylon-cinnamon; wilson-2016-cassia-buds
allocation_perennial_establishment	Establishment and stand inputs	Attribute establishment and replacement across evidenced productive stand years and measured outputs; identify establishment, immature, productive and termination phases.	suriyagoda-2021-ceylon-cinnamon
allocation_coppice_cycles	Repeated bark cycles	Link inputs, maintenance and output to stand year and coppice/selective-harvest cycle; prevent one event entering two cycles.	sri-lanka-dcd-postharvest; suriyagoda-2021-ceylon-cinnamon
allocation_intended_coproducts	Bark, flowers, wood, leaves, twigs and downgraded product	Prefer subdivision. For inseparable burdens use documented dry-mass allocation; if the study requires economic allocation, report prices, period and sensitivity. Residues without a product destination receive no credit.
allocation_rework	Rework and rejects	Retain burdens on reworked material, link the loop once, and exclude rejects from accepted output.
allocation_batch_period	Lots and reporting years	Assign cleaning, shared handling and changeover to the causative lot or period and allocate any remainder once across measured outputs.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Inventory completeness: conditional named cards are examples of individual exchanges, not an exhaustive recipe or a requirement to use those products. Before completing a foreground package, enumerate every actual planting stock, nutrient, crop-protection formulation, asset material, operating service, carrier, packaging material, waste stream and applicable elementary substance separately, using its physical identity, state, native property/unit, origin or receiving compartment, and measured or method-calculated quantity. Missing identity or quantity remains a completeness gap, never an assumed zero. Preserve the actual lot and phase basis; do not sum intermediate transfers as additional final output or duplicate burdens included in purchased services.

Retain raw site, lot, cycle and stage quantities and denominators in each collection protocol. Reconcile stocks, losses, moisture and co-product attribution first, then normalize: normalized exchange = attributable raw exchange × declared reference quantity / accepted hand-off product quantity on the same boundary and measurement basis. Apply perennial-establishment and shared-operation attribution before this normalization. Never set an internal-transfer quantity equal to the final reference quantity. Per declared reference flow means the amount, unit and product state in section 3; the data package must declare its actual route and gate.

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_stand_management	perennial_cinnamon_cultivation	Establishment and annual inputs	field log, invoice, meter, application record	stand_id, area, species, planting_date, planting_count, product_name, product_uuid, nutrient_composition, wet_mass, water, treated_area, date, stand_age, cycle_id	Reconcile logs to invoices and meters; retain nutrient products separately; Raw aggregation and attribution: Sum by stand-year and identity; annualize establishment	item, kg, m3, ha	Each event; annual aggregate	Complete reporting year plus establishment records	Every included stand	per declared reference flow	invoices, labels, meters, mapped area and dated logs
cp_energy_records	all foreground processes	Fuel and electricity	invoice, fuel log, meter	process_id, lot_id, carrier, quantity, unit, date, conversion_factor	Meter or reconcile purchases and stocks; Raw aggregation and attribution: Convert by carrier and assign once to process, lot and period	native unit, MJ, kWh	Each lot or monthly	Complete reporting year and every included lot	Every included site	per declared reference flow	invoices, calibrated meters and conversion reference
cp_harvest_lot_balance	perennial_cinnamon_cultivation; bark_harvest_conditioning	Bark inputs, products, co-products and rejects	harvest mass balance	stand_id, cycle_id, lot_id, stem_mass, bark_mass_before, bark_mass_after, bark_form, wood_mass, leaf_mass, twig_mass, reject_mass, destination, moisture	Weigh every hand-off; Raw aggregation and attribution: Reconcile dry matter and aggregate accepted lots to stand-year	kg, mass fraction	Each bark lot	All bark lots in the reporting year	Every bark stand and peeling site	per declared reference flow	scale checks, moisture test, lot linkage and receipts
cp_flower_lot_balance	perennial_cinnamon_cultivation; flower_harvest_conditioning	Flower inputs, products and rejects	harvest mass balance	stand_id, lot_id, botanical_part, maturity, harvested_mass, prepared_mass, stem_mass, foreign_matter, reject_mass, destination, moisture	Weigh every hand-off and verify plant part; Raw aggregation and attribution: Reconcile product, removed matter and moisture by lot	kg, mass fraction	Each flower lot	All flower lots in the reporting year	Every flower stand and site	per declared reference flow	scale checks, botanical record, moisture test and lot linkage
cp_moisture_and_drying	bark_harvest_conditioning; flower_harvest_conditioning	Conditional drying	drying log and moisture test	lot_id, route_id, drying_active, method, start_mass, end_mass, start_moisture, end_moisture, duration, energy ; all input/output water including rejects/residues; actual added/rain water; separate liquid exports; opening/closing water stock; moisture and density; supported evaporation	Paired mass and moisture before and after drying; Raw aggregation and attribution: Calculate dry-matter closure and evaporated water; zero when inactive	kg, mass fraction, hour, kWh	Each drying lot	All drying lots in the reporting year	Every drying site	per declared reference flow	test method, calibrated balance, timestamps and meters
cp_grading_balance	farm_gate_grading	Accepted, downgraded, reworked and rejected states	grading and destination record	lot_id, route_id, incoming_mass, grade, accepted_mass, downgraded_mass, rework_mass, reject_mass, defect, destination, price	Weigh each state and link its hand-off; Raw aggregation and attribution: Incoming = accepted + downgraded + reject + documented loss after one linked rework loop	kg, currency/kg	Each lot	All grading lots in the reporting year	Every grading site	per declared reference flow	scale checks, grade sheet, sales and reject record

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_moisture_conversion	Fresh and dried states	dry_mass = wet_mass × (1 − moisture_fraction)	paired mass and moisture	dry mass	iso-6539-2014
calc_drying_water	Conditional drying	Water removed to air = incoming material water + actual external water addition + opening water stock - water in every outgoing accepted/downgraded/reject/residue stream - separately exported liquid water - closing water stock, using matched measured wet masses and moisture fractions or compatible densities. Internal recirculation cancels. Include actual rain uptake/rewetting; separate dry-matter and non-water losses. Establish actual evaporation and receiving air boundary from measurement or a supported closed balance; missing components or unexplained difference do not prove vapour or zero. Normalize once to matched accepted final output.	paired mass and moisture	kg water to air
calc_perennial_attribution	Establishment and shared stand burdens	Allocate establishment across evidenced productive years; within each year assign shared burdens to separately measured outputs by the declared allocation rule.	productive years, stand inputs, route outputs	burden per route and reference kg	suriyagoda-2021-ceylon-cinnamon
calc_lot_yield	Harvest lots	accepted_yield = accepted_mass ÷ incoming_route_mass; report co-product and reject fractions separately	lot mass balance	yield and fractions
calc_grading_balance	Grading	incoming = accepted + downgraded + reject + documented loss; rework is one internal loop	grading record	reconciled states
calc_managed_soil_emissions	Nitrogen inputs	Apply the named current method and factors to product-specific nitrogen inputs, climate and management and disclose factor version.	applied N and method parameters	direct and indirect N emissions	ipcc-2019-managed-soils
chemical_species_mass_accounting	elementary_nutrient_emissions	Final elementary exchanges use the mass of the identified substance and one actual receiving compartment. Keep nutrient/activity ledgers separate: species-specific N2O-N × 44/28 gives N2O, NH3-N × 17/14 gives NH3, nitrate-N × 62/14 gives nitrate, and phosphate-P × 95/31 gives phosphate. If the selected flow is elemental phosphorus instead, report kg P and convert phosphate mass by 31/95 only when that species basis is evidenced. Apply a conversion exactly once only when the method output is on the elemental basis; measured compound mass is not reconverted. Total nutrient losses cannot be assigned to a single species without a supported split, and residual/retained soil nutrient is not an emission. Keep direct/indirect pathway ledgers and avoid repeating a pathway already included in the chosen method or upstream inventory. Factor uncertainty ranges screen factors on their stated basis, not final compound amounts or admissible site emissions. Normalize the attributable compound mass once using the accepted reference quantity and the matched measured output. Unknown activity, identity or compartment remains an evidence gap and blocks a completeness claim.	cp_stand_management; species-specific activity ledger, method pathway and factor basis, matched accepted output	Identity-specific exchanges and reconciled activity records

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	Route products	Verify species/type, plant part, form, flower/bud maturity, fresh/dried state and grade for every lot.	identity record, photograph or botanical record and grade sheet
dq_temporal	Perennial attribution	Cover a complete reporting year and all included lots; disclose establishment, productive and termination phases and partial cycles.	dated stand and harvest records
dq_completeness	All processes	Account for at least 95 percent by mass of each harvest or conditioning lot or quantify and explain the gap.	signed mass balance
dq_moisture	Conversions	Use paired lot-specific moisture whenever fresh and dried states are compared; identify test method and date.	laboratory or calibrated rapid test
dq_nutrients	Nutrient inputs	Retain each actual product as a separate exchange with identity status, composition, moisture basis and application event; never combine different products in one card.	labels, invoices and application logs
dq_route_separation	Alternative routes	Show direct inputs and outputs assigned to one route and shared stand burdens allocated once.	lot-to-stand linkage and allocation worksheet
dq_representativeness	Published dataset	State geography, species mix, stand-age distribution, harvest regime, technology, drying share, coverage and year.	metadata and coverage table

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	Reference flow	Verify the concrete identity against the selected actual species/organ, sowing or commodity use, fresh/cured/dried and shell state, grade, provider and declared gate, with Mass/kg support. This PCR retains the semantic route and measurement definition; it does not assert that one fixed UUID covers all alternative states. A fresh-state flow cannot automatically bind a cured/dried output, an ambiguous nut/kernel flow cannot prove both states, and commodity seed cannot establish seed-for-sowing identity. Preserve a verified compatible existing binding only for its supported state; otherwise keep the UUID explicitly unresolved until detail-confirmed. Do not change the product boundary, quantity or route to force a match.
validate_route_exclusivity	Process map	Exactly one harvest-conditioning route supplies a reference lot; shared cultivation may be allocated, but direct route burdens cannot appear in both.
validate_nutrient_binding	nutrient_supply	Verify each actual exchange against its concrete flow UUID, physical state, property and unit; preserve explicit unresolved identities when confirmation is unavailable.
validate_conditional_drying	Drying	If inactive, drying energy and removed water are zero. If active, require paired mass, moisture, duration and energy and dry-matter closure.	sri-lanka-dcd-postharvest
validate_mass_balance	Harvest, conditioning and grading	Require lot closure within 5 percent or a documented correction; accepted, downgraded, co-product and waste states are mutually exclusive.
validate_moisture	Farm-dried bark	Ceylon-type bark claiming the cited specification shall not exceed 15 percent moisture; other species and flowers require the declared applicable specification.	eurlex-2020-ceylon-cinnamon; iso-6539-2014
validate_period_attribution	Perennial stand and cycles	Identify establishment, immature, productive and termination phases; reject double attribution across stand years or cycles.
validate_multioutput	Intended outputs	Require measured hand-off and allocation decision for every intended output; residues or discards receive no product credit.
validate_rework	Rejects	Require one rework, downgrade, recovery or disposal path; exclude unresolved rejects and count a rework loop once.
validate_exclusions	Boundary	Reject results containing distillation, grinding, extraction or manufactured-spice formulation.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground farm-gate dataset for one declared raw cinnamon bark or flower/bud route
downstream_use	Eligible as secondary_dataset or background_dataset after methodology, identity and representativeness review
allowed_use	Attributional LCA for the declared species, plant part, route, state, geography, technology and period
excluded_use	Essential-oil, ground or formulated spice production; undeclared route mixing; extrapolation beyond declared scope
required_metadata	PCR id/version; reference UUID; species/type; plant part; form; gate; geography; harvest year; stand age; establishment year; cycle; moisture; grade; allocation; drying method/share; coverage
required_quality_disclosure	Measured and estimated shares, range exceptions, mass closure, UUID resolution, allocation sensitivity, missing data and representativeness limits
update_trigger	Material change in species, stand regime, yield, nutrient or irrigation practice, route, drying, co-product destination, allocation, grade specification, geography, or data older than five years

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
sri-lanka-dcd-postharvest	official_guidance	Sri Lanka Department of Cinnamon Development, “Post Harvest Technology”, https://cinnamon.gov.lk/about-cinnamon/post-harvest-technology/	Harvest, scraping, peeling, 4–7 day drying, grading and reported 300–600 kg/acre-year quill yield
suriyagoda-2021-ceylon-cinnamon	literature	Suriyagoda et al. (2021), “Ceylon cinnamon: Much more than just a spice”, Plants, People, Planet, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10192	Establishment, stand life, coppicing, process decomposition and co-products
eurlex-2020-ceylon-cinnamon	official_guidance	European Commission (2020), Ceylon Cinnamon GI specification, CELEX 52020XC0622(05), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020XC0622(05)	Product forms, route, 15 percent moisture limit and grading context
iso-6539-2014	standard	ISO 6539:2014, Cinnamon — Specification, https://www.iso.org/standard/64797.html	Whole cinnamon identity and quality context
wilson-2016-cassia-buds	literature	L. Wilson (2016), “Spices and Flavoring Crops: Leaf and Floral Structures”, Encyclopedia of Food and Health, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cinnamomum-cassia	Cassia flower/bud identity and harvest state
li-2018-cassia-buds	literature	Li et al. (2018), “Chemical constituents from the immature buds of Cinnamomum cassia”, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 78, 102–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2018.04.008	Independent immature-bud identity evidence
pnp-cassia-buds-route	handbook	Wuzhou P&P Spices, “Cassia Buds”, https://www.pnp6.com/html/en-detail-52.html	Industry route evidence for bunch harvest, drying and stem removal; not used as a universal limit
ipcc-2019-managed-soils	method_factor	IPCC (2019), 2019 Refinement, Volume 4 Chapter 11, https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html	Managed-soil nitrogen emission method