Raw milk of buffalo

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground data packages for unprocessed buffalo milk at the producing dairy farm gate, whether handed over warm or chilled by that farm. Declare buffalo species, farm, herd/lactation period, raw state, temperature, fat/protein or solids, and accepted/rejected mass. Exclude milk from cattle or goats, pasteurization, standardization, consumer packaging, independent cooling centres and post-handover transport. Live buffalo are a separate product.

For the accepted exact mapping to CPC 3.0 02212, the final reference product must be unskimmed and not partly skimmed, with a measured milk-fat mass fraction of at least 3.5% (35 g/kg milk). Milk below this classification boundary is outside this PCR's declared CPC-linked product scope, including when its low fat content is natural. This is a classification eligibility condition, not a general milk-quality pass limit, an emission factor, or an instruction to standardize the milk. Retain the actual composition and state; do not replace measured net milk mass with fat-corrected milk. Source: un-cpc-3-02212.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.agriculture-forestry-and-fishery-products.live-animals-and-animal-products-excluding-meat.raw-milk-of-buffalo
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 02212, Raw milk of buffalo
covered_products	unprocessed buffalo milk, warm or farm-chilled, at producing farm gate; unskimmed/not partly skimmed, measured milk-fat mass fraction at least 3.5% (35 g/kg milk)
excluded_products	other species' milk, processed milk, milk from independent cooling centre; milk with fat content below 3.5%, skimmed or partly skimmed milk
representative_product	accepted raw buffalo milk at its declared final farm-gate state
production_route	managed buffalo dairy herd → milking capture → first conditioning → optional farm cooling
market_state	warm or farm-chilled raw milk, with temperature and composition declared

Pasture and housed routes are deltas of the managed biological herd parent. They may coexist in the same farm, but require separately evidenced feed, energy, manure and animal-period data. Direct warm handover and farm-chilled handover are mutually exclusive per batch.

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	accepted raw buffalo milk at the producing farm gate
How much	1 kg net mass
How well	raw; state, temperature, species, fat/protein or solids, acceptance/rejection declared
How long or cycle	reporting period covering lactation, dry, replacement, birth and culling phases
reference_flow_link	reference_product_handover

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Raw milk of buffalo, warm or farm-chilled, producing farm gate
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	buffalo species; raw state; farm gate; warm or chilled; handover temperature; fat/protein or solids; accepted and rejected mass; herd and lactation period; unskimmed/not partly skimmed; measured milk-fat mass fraction at least 3.5% (35 g/kg milk), with lot-matched assay method and sampling date

Instantiate one foreground reference from the actual handed-over lot, with all required qualifiers. The category may cover alternative states and producer gates, but each package has one declared species/state/gate/grade stratum and one measured accepted reference-output denominator. Do not pool incompatible states or claim equal service from equal mass. Route-specific source rows and reference_handover describe the same physical boundary event; their linked internal transfer is not another sale or another physical operation.

The confirmed chilled-only UUID is confined to the explicitly chilled output card; it does not represent this broad warm-or-chilled reference.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
cpc_milk_scope	final reference milk	Milk-fat mass fraction, wet-milk basis	% or g/kg milk	Verify at least 3.5% (35 g/kg) on a sample matched to the actual handover lot, with method, sampling date and skimmed/not-skimmed state. Below-threshold or skimmed/partly skimmed milk is outside the declared CPC-linked scope. Missing or incomparable composition evidence prevents a classification claim; never assume eligibility from species, breed or a default fat content. This condition does not change net-mass normalization.
m_reference	accepted final milk	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Normalize one final warm or chilled handover to 1 kg net accepted milk; do not double count an internal warm transfer.
m_composition	milk quality	fat/protein or solids mass fraction	% or g/kg	Retain sampling time, analytical basis and wet-mass denominator; do not assume standardization.
m_feed	feed	mass and dry matter	kg	Keep as-fed and dry-matter amounts distinct with measured moisture conversion.
m_emission	direct emissions	named pollutant mass	kg CH4, N2O or NH3	Keep pollutant, air medium, pathway and factor tier distinct.
m_energy	utilities	native carrier amount	kWh, MJ, L or kg	Retain carrier and shared-meter attribution before optional energy conversion.
inventory_reference_normalization	all inventory rows	Actual flow property	exchange unit per reference flow	The inventory and collection aggregation fields below express final amounts per declared reference flow. Keep all raw collection records, original denominator qualifiers, route/period strata, unit conversions and allocation requirements. For each flow, first obtain its attributable amount in its own numerator unit using the existing rules; then divide by the measured accepted reference-output quantity of the same scope and multiply by the declared reference quantity. Do not mix species, states, gates or incompatible routes; count transfers and shared burdens once. A missing, zero or untraceable accepted-output denominator is a blocking data-quality issue. Keep provisional QA ranges on their explicitly stated bases; they are not conversion factors or production defaults. These are final foreground-package contributions, not replacements for stage quantitative references or stage-native unit-process datasets. Retain stage records separately. Compute normalized amount = attributable raw amount * declared reference quantity / measured accepted final reference-output quantity. Apply normalization exactly once.
stage_throughput_linkage	stage records and final package contributions	Actual flow property and its stated raw basis	retain native numerator and stage denominator units	Keep the original lot, event, cohort, period and stage denominators with their units. Reconstruct the attributable numerator A with measured stage quantity Q_stage and documented attribution before final normalization. If a quoted amount a_B corresponds to an explicit stage basis B_stage (for example, 1000 kg), use A = a_B * Q_stage / B_stage. If r_stage is already an intensity in exchange-unit per stage-unit, instead use A = r_stage * Q_stage, with no second division by B_stage. A raw attributable total is used directly. Final contribution = A * declared reference quantity / measured accepted final output. Convert compatible units explicitly and apply each attribution/allocation share exactly once; never treat a quoted amount or intensity as a raw total. Link stage transfers, losses, rejects, stocks, shared services and allocation to the same actual route, period and final-output stratum. For a 1000 kg basis retain 1000 kg explicitly. Do not assume unit yield, equal fresh/dried mass, equal head mass, equal dose quality or interchangeable gates. Missing links, unsupported unit conversion, zero denominators and untraceable allocation block dataset production. Stage-native datasets retain their own stage reference; package contributions are a separate projection.

5. System Boundary

The boundary begins with declared opening buffalo stock and purchased replacements with preceding burden. Managed herd production covers feed, water, housing, enteric and manure pathways. Independent milking captures gross raw milk; first farm conditioning strains and accepts it. Optional cooling preserves already usable raw milk before farm handover; it is not pasteurization. Shared housing, pumps, parlour, tank and meters are attributed once among consuming nodes and periods.

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	opening buffalo herd by class, lactation state, origin and prior burden; purchased replacements separately declared
starting_condition_role	multi-period biological stock supporting milk, reproduction and eventual live-animal transfer
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 02212 raw milk of buffalo
recursive_input_rule	purchased same-category milk retains supplier origin and upstream burden, never relabelled as farm-produced reference output
upstream_dataset_requirement	supplier evidence for feed, replacements, energy, water and hygiene inputs or disclosed gaps
disclosure	herd/route/period, milk state and temperature, losses, manure pathways, independent co-products, shared assets and unresolved identities

Boundary Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
b_farm_gate	final milk	Include producing-farm activities only; independent cooling, post-gate haulage, pasteurization and packaging are excluded.	fao-large-ruminants-2016
b_capture	milk stages	Distinguish biological milk production, physical milking capture, first raw-milk conditioning and optional cooling by handoff state.	fao-large-ruminants-2016
b_route	pasture/housed variants	Parent is managed buffalo herd. Record route deltas for feed origin, manure deposition versus storage, housing energy and corresponding checks; variants may coexist.	fao-large-ruminants-2016; ipcc-livestock-2019
b_manure	excreta	Distinguish pasture deposition, collection, storage, on-farm return and independent export with N and volatile solids by pathway.	ipcc-livestock-2019
reference_handover_linkage	actual reference-product boundary	Record reference_handover as the same physical producer handover already represented by its source rows. It must not extend the gate or insert new processing, capture, storage, transport, service or capital burdens. For a unit-process projection, keep the actually operated stage references; the handover record may be a boundary interface in the resulting foreground package, not an invented standalone operation. Select one actual qualified route/output stratum; trace matching source and input as internal transfers and expose the accepted reference product once. If the source already ended at this gate, partition its existing handover responsibility without counting it again.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
herd	Managed Buffalo Dairy Herd	required	all herd and replacement phases	managed biological production; manure	gross milk produced and animal-period
milking	Milking and Capture	required	every milk-producing route	independent harvest and capture	gross captured milk
conditioning	First Farm Milk Conditioning	required	after capture	straining, acceptance and rejection	accepted warm milk
cooling	Farm-Controlled Milk Cooling	conditional	producing farm cools before gate	preservation of usable raw milk	accepted chilled milk
reference_handover	Actual producer reference-product handover	required	One actual declared route, state and producer gate per foreground package	Record the existing physical boundary handover once; linkage/accounting responsibility, not additional treatment or distribution	1 kg accepted product at the declared handover

Process: Managed Buffalo Dairy Herd (herd)

Inputs

Product flows

Supplied herd water (water)

Record supplied drinking and husbandry water by source; exclude unmanaged precipitation.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Metered water by source and animal class Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Supplied water for buffalo herd
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities
• Range: Provisional supplied herd water screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: m3/kg accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Alternating current (herd_energy_electricity)

Actual electric housing, pumping, feeding and manure equipment assigned to the buffalo herd period, excluding the separately metered milk-cooling node.

Activate only for documented alternating-current consumption at this node. The identity leaves voltage, technology and provider unspecified; record them and select compatible upstream supply. Preserve measured kWh and convert exactly to MJ using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ; do not interpret electric energy as combustion fuel or useful heat.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
• Flow property / unit: Energy (database reference property: net calorific value) 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Collect only this carrier quantity attributable to this node under cp_utilities. Reconcile inclusive services and shared use once; scale the attributed quantity by the declared reference amount divided by matched accepted final output quantity in the same product unit. Preserve process-native throughput records; do not renormalize a final-reference amount.
• Value mode: calculated_value
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: reference_flow
• Evidence kind: calculated_from_collection
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities
• Sources: route-energy-fao

Apply herd_energy_identification in Section 8. No numerical range or default is inherited from the former aggregate card.

Waste flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Elementary flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Outputs

Product flows

Transferred calves and culled buffalo (animals)

Only independently transferred live animals are co-products; retained replacements are internal.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Measured transfer live mass by class and period Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Live buffalo calves and culls
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg live weight
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_herd
• Sources: fao-large-ruminants-2016
• Range: Provisional transferred calves and culled buffalo screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 5
  • Unit: kg live mass/kg accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Independently transferred usable manure (manure_export)

Usable manure is an intended output only with independent transfer and quality evidence.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Transferred mass, dry matter and nitrogen quality Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Usable buffalo manure at transfer
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg wet and dry matter
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_manure
• Sources: ipcc-livestock-2019
• Range: Provisional independently transferred usable manure screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 50
  • Unit: kg wet manure/kg accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Residual manure for treatment (manure_residue)

Separate unusable residue from manure product and pasture deposition; record actual destination.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Residual collected manure mass by management pathway Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Buffalo manure residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg wet matter
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_manure
• Sources: ipcc-livestock-2019
• Range: Provisional residual manure for treatment screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 50
  • Unit: kg wet manure/kg accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Enteric methane to air (enteric_ch4)

Calculate biogenic CH4 for buffalo class and period; do not merge manure CH4.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Buffalo activity multiplied by compatible enteric factor Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Methane, biogenic, to air fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-a8e8-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg CH4
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_herd
• Sources: ipcc-livestock-2019
• Range: Provisional enteric methane to air screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: kg CH4/kg accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Manure methane to air (manure_ch4)

Calculate biogenic CH4 from volatile solids and recorded buffalo manure management, separate from enteric CH4.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Pathway-specific manure volatile solids multiplied by compatible methane factor Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Methane, biogenic, to air fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-a8e8-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg CH4
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_manure
• Sources: ipcc-livestock-2019
• Range: Provisional manure methane screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: kg CH4/kg accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Manure nitrous oxide to air (manure_n2o)

Track manure nitrogen and management pathway; coordinate with managed-soil reporting.

Coverage of this single N2O card: use calc_manure_n2o_coverage to calculate direct and applicable indirect components separately for the represented node, then report only their non-overlapping molecular-N2O sum assigned to this card. Keep storage and managed-soil calculations distinct. Exclude components explicitly covered by a linked process, retain the coverage evidence, and do not duplicate them as both aggregate and component exchanges. Missing indirect-pathway evidence is not zero.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Pathway-specific direct and applicable indirect N2O Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Nitrous oxide to air 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-94c3-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg N2O
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_manure
• Sources: ipcc-livestock-2019
• Range: Provisional manure nitrous oxide to air screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg N2O/kg accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Manure ammonia to air (manure_nh3)

Track volatilized NH3 separately from N2O and nitrogen lost by other pathways.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Calculated NH3 from pathway-specific nitrogen volatilization Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Ammonia to air 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-a2a9-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg NH3
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_manure
• Sources: ipcc-livestock-2019
• Range: Provisional manure ammonia to air screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg NH3/kg accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Milking and Capture (milking)

Inputs

Product flows

Alternating current (milking_energy_electricity)

Only for documented alternating-current equipment within this operation. Record voltage and supply technology; convert metered kWh with 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ. Other power sources require their actual carrier. Apply milking_energy_specific_input; this example is not mandatory. Do not double count inclusive machinery services or a purchased-electricity supply for electricity transferred internally from an on-site generator. Actual fuel combustion and generator emissions remain separately accountable.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
• Flow property / unit: Energy (database reference property: net calorific value) 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Collect this carrier under cp_utilities for milking. Attribute shared use once; scale attributed raw quantity by the declared reference amount divided by matched accepted final output quantity in the same product unit, retaining measured stage throughput and original allocation rules. Do not normalize an already normalized amount again.
• Value mode: calculated_value
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: reference_flow
• Evidence kind: calculated_from_collection
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities
• Sources: route-energy-fao

Waste flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Elementary flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Outputs

Product flows

Gross captured raw milk (gross_milk)

Milk at the independent capture handoff is internal and precedes acceptance.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Measured gross mass by milking batch Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Gross warm raw buffalo milk at milking handoff
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_milk
• Range: Provisional gross captured raw milk screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 10
  • Unit: kg gross/kg final accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Elementary flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Process: First Farm Milk Conditioning (conditioning)

Inputs

Product flows

Cleaning and first-conditioning water (cleaning_water)

Record purchased or supplied water for straining and hygiene, not wastewater.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Metered supply by batch and cleaning event Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Process water for farm milk handling
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities
• Range: Provisional cleaning and first-conditioning water screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: m3/kg accepted milk
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Elementary flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted warm raw milk (warm_milk)

After straining and acceptance, this is direct farm-gate handover or internal feed to cooling, never both final outputs.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Gross captured mass less rejection and conditioning loss Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Producer-handover linkage: Only when selected as the actual terminal source for this route, this state/gate-specific row supplies the same accepted physical goods to reference_handover_input. In that case it is an internal handover record, not a second external reference sale; otherwise retain its original intermediate role. Retain its exact identity and original route condition. Choose the actual terminal source, not all successive transfers; match the same lot and compatible species/state/gate evidence. A narrower fixed gate or species is never broadened. The handover interface adds no processing, transport, yield assumption or repeated handling burden.

• Selected flow: Accepted warm raw buffalo milk
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_milk
• Range: Provisional accepted warm raw milk screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg accepted/kg gross
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Process: Farm-Controlled Milk Cooling (cooling)

Inputs

Product flows

Alternating current (cooling_energy_electricity)

Milk refrigeration and agitation only when actually performed under the producing herd/farm control. Measure the cooling period; establish backup generation separately and do not infer fuel from refrigeration demand.

Activate only for documented alternating-current consumption at this node. The identity leaves voltage, technology and provider unspecified; record them and select compatible upstream supply. Preserve measured kWh and convert exactly to MJ using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ; do not interpret electric energy as combustion fuel or useful heat.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
• Flow property / unit: Energy (database reference property: net calorific value) 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Collect only this carrier quantity attributable to this node under cp_utilities. Reconcile inclusive services and shared use once; scale the attributed quantity by the declared reference amount divided by matched accepted final output quantity in the same product unit. Preserve process-native throughput records; do not renormalize a final-reference amount.
• Value mode: calculated_value
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: reference_flow
• Evidence kind: calculated_from_collection
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities
• Sources: milk-cooling-energy

Apply cooling_energy_identification in Section 8. No numerical range or default is inherited from the former aggregate card.

Waste flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Elementary flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted chilled raw milk at farm gate (chilled_milk)

Only chilled raw buffalo milk produced and transferred by this farm uses the confirmed chilled-only identity.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Measured accepted chilled mass at final farm handover Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Producer-handover linkage: Only when selected as the actual terminal source for this route, this state/gate-specific row supplies the same accepted physical goods to reference_handover_input. In that case it is an internal handover record, not a second external reference sale; otherwise retain its original intermediate role. Retain its exact identity and original route condition. Choose the actual terminal source, not all successive transfers; match the same lot and compatible species/state/gate evidence. A narrower fixed gate or species is never broadened. The handover interface adds no processing, transport, yield assumption or repeated handling burden.

• Selected flow: Raw milk of buffalo, chilled, at farm gate 790fcd48-b398-4049-898a-f9535f08f97b
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_milk
• Range: Provisional accepted chilled raw milk at farm gate screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg chilled/kg warm into cooling
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Cooling loss and rejected chilled milk (cooling_reject)

Record leakage, spillage or rejected batches by actual destination, not as saleable chilled milk.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Measured cooling loss and rejected chilled mass Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

• Selected flow: Raw milk lost or rejected during cooling
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_milk
• Range: Provisional cooling loss and rejected chilled milk screening interval
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg lost/kg warm into cooling
  • Basis: broad first-pass completeness screen, not a universal factor
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

No separately reported flow of this type.

Process: Actual producer reference-product handover (reference_handover)

Instantiate one foreground reference from the actual handed-over lot, with all required qualifiers. The category may cover alternative states and producer gates, but each package has one declared species/state/gate/grade stratum and one measured accepted reference-output denominator. Do not pool incompatible states or claim equal service from equal mass. Route-specific source rows and reference_handover describe the same physical boundary event; their linked internal transfer is not another sale or another physical operation.

Inputs

Product flows

Raw milk of buffalo, warm or farm-chilled, producing farm gate for actual producer-handover linkage (reference_handover_input)

This input matches the accepted goods represented by warm_milk, chilled_milk under their unchanged route conditions. It is an internal source-to-handover linkage, not a newly purchased same-category good and not extra production. The matching source and input cancel at the package boundary.

The actual route/state/gate is selected from foreground handover evidence; retain every required qualifier. Use the actual terminal source for the same accepted physical lot, not every successive stage transfer. Fixed source identities apply only to their exact species/state/gate; use an unbound compatible source role for other covered routes and resolve the actual foreground exchange before final dataset creation.

Selected source/interface rows: warm_milk, chilled_milk

Required product-instance qualifiers: buffalo species; raw state; farm gate; warm or chilled; handover temperature; fat/protein or solids; accepted and rejected mass; herd and lactation period; unskimmed/not partly skimmed; measured milk-fat mass fraction at least 3.5% (35 g/kg milk), with lot-matched assay method and sampling date

• Selected flow: Raw milk of buffalo, warm or farm-chilled, producing farm gate for actual producer-handover linkage

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: Use measured accepted same-lot quantity reconciled to the linked source rows; normalize once to the declared reference flow.

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per reference flow

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_reference_handover

• Range: Exact identity-reconciliation check after normalization, not a production-yield default

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: Declared reference quantity; input and output are the same accepted physical goods under the same handover ledger
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Raw milk of buffalo, warm or farm-chilled, producing farm gate (reference_product_handover)

This is the actual accepted reference product at the declared producer boundary, measured under cp_reference_handover. It is the sole external reference output; instantiate its real identity from the lot, not a broad fixed UUID.

The actual route/state/gate is selected from foreground handover evidence; retain every required qualifier. Use the actual terminal source for the same accepted physical lot, not every successive stage transfer. Fixed source identities apply only to their exact species/state/gate; use an unbound compatible source role for other covered routes and resolve the actual foreground exchange before final dataset creation.

Selected source/interface rows: warm_milk, chilled_milk

Required product-instance qualifiers: buffalo species; raw state; farm gate; warm or chilled; handover temperature; fat/protein or solids; accepted and rejected mass; herd and lactation period; unskimmed/not partly skimmed; measured milk-fat mass fraction at least 3.5% (35 g/kg milk), with lot-matched assay method and sampling date

• Selected flow: Raw milk of buffalo, warm or farm-chilled, producing farm gate

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: 1 kg

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)

• Normalization basis: per reference flow

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_reference_handover

• Range: Exact identity-reconciliation check after normalization, not a production-yield default

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg
  • Basis: Declared reference quantity; input and output are the same accepted physical goods under the same handover ledger
  • Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
  • Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
a_outputs	milk, live buffalo/calf transfer and usable manure	Separate output-specific operations first. For residual milk/live-animal herd burdens, use documented buffalo class-period energy requirements for milk production and live growth as biophysical allocation drivers; shares sum to one. Disclose price-based sensitivity separately. Treat exported usable manure with an explicit documented burden decision, never automatic avoided-product credit. No credit for retained replacements, rejects or untransferred manure, and no double counting with a live-buffalo PCR.	fao-large-ruminants-2016
a_period	lactation, dry, replacement, birth and culling phases	Link inputs, herd assets, milk and animal events to animal class-periods. Opening and replacement burdens, retirement and transfers enter exactly once.	fao-large-ruminants-2016
a_shared	housing, pump, parlour, tank and utility meter	Name every consuming node and service period; allocate one total using measured service hours, throughput or a defended causal driver, with fractions summing to one.	fao-large-ruminants-2016
a_residue	rejected milk, residual manure	Reconcile physical mass and actual treatment; residues and waste receive no independent product credit.	ipcc-livestock-2019

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Specific input identification before dataset completion

Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default.

requirement_id	collection_protocol_id	Preserved collection scope
feed_specific_input	cp_herd	Operation herd: Record purchased feed and grazed forage by buffalo class and period; distinguish as-fed and dry matter. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Use separate feed-supply, intake and loss ledgers under calc_feed_supply_and_intake. The quantity carrying feed-production burden includes in-boundary refusals, spoilage and uneaten feed; it is not reduced to animal intake. Retain source, species/cohort, phase and original mass/moisture basis. Calculate the final contribution with inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage exactly once. Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using reconciled feed-supply records that retain in-boundary losses and their production burden.
milking_energy_specific_input	cp_utilities	Operation milking: Measure energy for milking and capture apart from herd management and cooling. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Metered service energy by carrier Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.

Route-specific energy identification requirements

Select energy exchanges from the actual product state, operation, equipment and supply records. The conditional cards below are not a mandatory or exhaustive fuel list. For each requirement, document applicability and the used carrier, supplier, service period, native quantity and allocation; add a separate physically specific card and verify its UUID for any actual input not yet represented. An unidentified input remains an explicit completeness gap, never a zero or a generic energy exchange. Evidence of manual work, ambient drying or a bypass can justify non-use only for the affected operation. Preserve every required operation even when no example card is supplied.

Separate purchased supply from on-site conversion. Link self-generated electricity internally to the foreground generator and count its actual fuel and emissions there once; do not also charge a purchased-electricity supply for the same internal transfer. Likewise do not count supplier-side fuel again with purchased heat. Reconcile shared meters and contractor-included energy against existing cards, with one physical quantity assigned once. Retain source quantities, output throughput, shared-service allocation and excluded post-gate activities. For each carrier, apply period/output attribution once and scale to the declared reference quantity using matched accepted final output in the same product unit; do not normalize an already normalized amount again. Process-native intensities require a measured throughput link to that final output. These requirements do not set a consumption default or certify dataset completeness.

requirement_id	collection_protocol_id	Required operation and evidence
herd_energy_identification	cp_utilities	Actual electric housing, pumping, feeding and manure equipment assigned to the buffalo herd period, excluding the separately metered milk-cooling node. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Meter and invoice quantities allocated by service period Original collection denominator kind: process_output. (route-energy-fao)
cooling_energy_identification	cp_utilities	Milk refrigeration and agitation only when actually performed under the producing herd/farm control. Measure the cooling period; establish backup generation separately and do not infer fuel from refrigeration demand. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Metered cooling energy by carrier and batch Original collection denominator kind: process_output. (milk-cooling-energy)

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_herd	herd	feed, live transfers and enteric CH4	herd/feed ledger	class, head-days, feed and moisture, grazing estimate, births, replacements, culls, origins	farm records and scales; Raw aggregation requirements: Use calc_feed_supply_and_intake to distinguish supplied feed carrying production burden, actual intake and losses; preserve all native stock and period records, then normalize the attributable quantity once to accepted final output. feed_specific_input: Operation herd: Record purchased feed and grazed forage by buffalo class and period; distinguish as-fed and dry matter. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Use separate feed-supply, intake and loss ledgers under calc_feed_supply_and_intake. The quantity carrying feed-production burden includes in-boundary refusals, spoilage and uneaten feed; it is not reduced to animal intake. Retain source, species/cohort, phase and original mass/moisture basis. Calculate the final contribution with inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage exactly once. Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using reconciled feed-supply records that retain in-boundary losses and their production burden. Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default.	head-day, kg	event and daily	full reporting period	producing farm	per reference flow	herd roll-forward and weigh tickets; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
cp_manure	herd	manure outputs, CH4, N2O and NH3	manure ledger	excreted N, volatile solids, pathway fractions, mass, N quality, transfers	inventory, sampling and pathway model; Raw aggregation requirements: reconcile pathways without duplicate soil burden. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again.	kg, kg N, kg VS	event and monthly	full reporting period	producing farm	per reference flow	storage and transfer records; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
cp_utilities	herd; milking; conditioning; cooling	water and energy	meter/invoice	source, carrier, quantity, asset, node, service time, period	meter and allocation log; Raw aggregation requirements: attribute shared meters exactly once. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. Route-specific requirements: herd_energy_identification: Actual electric housing, pumping, feeding and manure equipment assigned to the buffalo herd period, excluding the separately metered milk-cooling node. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Meter and invoice quantities allocated by service period Original collection denominator kind: process_output. (route-energy-fao) cooling_energy_identification: Milk refrigeration and agitation only when actually performed under the producing herd/farm control. Measure the cooling period; establish backup generation separately and do not infer fuel from refrigeration demand. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Metered cooling energy by carrier and batch Original collection denominator kind: process_output. (milk-cooling-energy) Verify actual use, equipment and supply for each applicable input; create one specific exchange per actual carrier before dataset completeness. Missing identity or quantity evidence remains unresolved, never zero. Distinguish purchased supply, internal generation and inclusive contractor services; count their energy once. Do not substitute the conditional examples for an unverified route. milking_energy_specific_input: Operation milking: Measure energy for milking and capture apart from herd management and cooling. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Metered service energy by carrier Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default.	m3, kWh, MJ, L, kg	monthly and batch	full reporting period	producing farm	per reference flow	calibration and invoices; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet
cp_milk	milking; conditioning; cooling	milk outputs and rejects	batch ledger	lot and route id; gross/accepted/rejected/lost mass; warm-to-cooling transfer; opening/closing stocks; final state, temperature, composition and gate; state-specific burden attribution	Use calibrated tank records and samples. Reconcile each batch and its actual terminal warm or chilled handover, retaining stock changes and internal transfers. Aggregate accepted final mass only within the same declared state/gate/grade stratum. Direct warm plus chilled totals are for site mass reconciliation only, never a pooled reference denominator. Attribute herd and shared burdens to the selected output stratum under the allocation rules; assign cooling burdens only to the lots actually cooled. Normalize each stratum once by its own measured accepted final output under c_milk_state_normalization. conditioning_reject_specific_output: Classify rejected milk and filter residue by amount, cause and destination. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted final milk with herd-period or batch strata retained Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Measured rejected milk and separately recorded solid residue Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. This is a mandatory specific-output collection requirement, not a selected exchange. Preserve every actual waste, residue, reject and co-product from this operation. Create separate cards for physically distinct streams with actual material, composition/state, quantity, receiving route and Product/Waste role before dataset completeness; verify a compatible UUID or explicitly retain its unresolved identity. A genuinely mixed stream may remain one physically defined mixture supported by composition records; never invent separation or count its components again. Keep liquid and solid treatment quantities separate. Preserve original period, output balance, reference normalization and allocation rules; missing records do not establish zero or exclusion.	kg, °C, %	batch	full reporting period, with state-specific strata	producing farm	per reference flow	batch and state ledger; milk balance; acceptance tickets; traceable attribution and state-specific denominator worksheet
cp_reference_handover	reference_handover	accepted product and matched internal source transfer	producer handover ledger	lot_id, species, state, grade, route_id, gate, period, accepted_quantity, native_unit, source_row_id, source_lot_id, allocation_link	Measure accepted net product at the same actual gate; reconcile the listed state/gate-specific source rows and the linked input with this single physical output. Keep rejects, stock changes and other sales separate. No additional handling or transport is imputed.	kg; native source quantities	each actual handover	matched source and handover periods	declared producer gate only	per reference flow	traceable acceptance record, same-lot source-to-output ledger, calibrated quantity method and normalization worksheet
cp_feed_supply_and_intake	herd	Feed supply, intake and loss	stock, receipt, issue and loss ledger	feed identity/source; cohort/phase; period; opening/closing stock; receipts; on-site provision; unused returns/transfers; uneaten/spoiled mass and destination; as-fed/DM; actual intake; burden owner; accepted final output	Reconcile matched stock, scales, ration/forage estimates and disposal records under calc_feed_supply_and_intake. Keep raw totals and stage denominators; assign production and treatment burden once, then normalize to accepted final output.	kg as-fed; kg DM	each issue and period close	complete represented cohort/period	actual operated feeding nodes	per reference flow	stock and supplier records; moisture evidence; loss and no-duplication reconciliation
cp_manure_n2o_coverage	herd	Direct and indirect manure/soil N2O coverage	pathway N ledger and method worksheet	species/class; period; excreted N; stage stocks/transfers; system shares; volatilised NH3-N/NOx-N; leached/runoff N; application/grazing N; factor source, unit and applicability; direct/indirect components; receiving medium; linked process and assigned card; accepted final output	Retain raw stage N and component calculations under calc_manure_n2o_coverage, matched to actual operation and existing manure protocols. Document unsupported or inapplicable paths and coverage boundaries; normalize attributable N2O once.	kg N; kg N2O	each reporting period and management change	complete represented management period	actual operated and explicitly linked nodes	per reference flow	N balance, factor unit/applicability, component-to-card and no-duplication worksheet

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
c_milk_balance	milk stages	For matched batch/period records: gross captured + opening conditioning stock = conditioned warm + conditioning rejection/loss + closing conditioning stock; conditioned warm + opening warm stock = direct warm handover + warm into cooling + other documented warm losses + closing warm stock; warm into cooling + opening cooling stock = chilled accepted handover + cooling rejection/loss + closing cooling stock. Sum direct warm and chilled handovers only for whole-site mass reconciliation, not as a package reference denominator. Each actual terminal lot is counted once; an internal warm-to-cooling transfer is not a final handover.	batch masses; stock and transfer ledger; cp_milk	reconciled stage and state masses in kg
c_milk_state_normalization	final milk and its attributable inventory	Select the actual warm or chilled output stratum with one declared gate and grade. Its denominator is measured accepted final mass in that stratum only. Final contribution = attributable raw exchange for that stratum * declared reference quantity / its measured accepted final output. Retain rejected mass and losses in the production responsibility, not in accepted output. Attribute shared herd/conditioning burdens using the documented allocation rules; assign cooling burdens to cooled lots only. Apply normalization once. Never divide chilled-route burdens by a warm-plus-chilled total.	cp_milk; cp_reference_handover; state-specific attribution and accepted mass	exchange per kg accepted milk in the selected final state
c_feed	herd feed	dry matter = as-fed mass × sampled dry-matter fraction; document pasture estimation separately	feed and moisture	kg dry matter	fao-large-ruminants-2016
c_enteric	CH4	buffalo class-period activity × compatible tier factor; keep enteric and manure pathways apart	head-days, intake, factor	kg CH4	ipcc-livestock-2019
c_manure_ch4	manure CH4	volatile solids × management pathway share × compatible methane conversion and potential factors	VS and pathway ledger	kg biogenic CH4	ipcc-livestock-2019
c_manure	N2O and NH3	excreted N × pathway fraction × species-specific factor, with managed-soil interface reconciliation	N/pathway ledger	kg N2O and NH3 separately	ipcc-livestock-2019
c_shared	shared assets	measured total × documented service fraction for node-period; fractions sum to one	meter and service log	attributed utility/burden	fao-large-ruminants-2016
calc_feed_supply_and_intake	feed	Feed supply used by the represented operation = opening feed stock + receipts + on-site feed entering the operation - closing feed stock - documented unused returns or transfers out. Retain in-boundary spoilage, refusals and discarded leftovers in that supply. Actual intake = that supply - measured uneaten/discarded losses, after matching moisture/DM and period; use intake only for nutrition/metabolism. Opening stock retains its prior burden and is not another purchase. Trace any unused return or transfer and its burden destination; no automatic substitution credit. Attribute production once, through either the purchased-feed dataset or the represented on-site crop/collection node, never both for the same feed. Include actual waste treatment and manure contributions once, not as a second feed-production burden.	cp_feed_supply_and_intake	separate feed supply, intake and loss quantities, in matched as-fed/DM units	fao-feed-loss-accounting-2018
calc_manure_n2o_coverage	manure_n2o	For each actual manure stage, calculate direct N2O, volatilisation/deposition-derived indirect N2O, and applicable leaching/runoff-derived indirect N2O separately with documented species/system activity and factor basis. Convert N2O-N to molecular N2O by 44/28 once; do not reconvert molecular masses. Retain component worksheets. Where an existing N2O card covers both direct and indirect emissions, report their non-overlapping sum; where separate direct/indirect cards exist, assign each component once to its matching card and never also report the sum. Pasture deposition and land application use the managed-soil method, not a manure-storage factor. Assign foreground versus linked treatment/pasture coverage explicitly; a manure export does not erase earlier emissions, and already covered downstream emissions are not repeated. Account for stock, transfers and previous N losses in the nitrogen cascade; indirect N2O is a downstream transformation of its precursor, not a second source-stage N loss. Normalize attributed molecular masses once to the accepted reference output. Document inapplicability; absent pathway data are not zero.	cp_manure_n2o_coverage	kg molecular N2O by pathway and assigned existing card	ipcc-livestock-2019; ipcc-managed-soils-2019
chemical_species_mass_accounting	elementary_nutrient_emissions	Final elementary exchanges use the mass of the identified substance and one actual receiving compartment. Keep nutrient/activity ledgers separate: species-specific N2O-N × 44/28 gives N2O, NH3-N × 17/14 gives NH3, nitrate-N × 62/14 gives nitrate, and phosphate-P × 95/31 gives phosphate. If the selected flow is elemental phosphorus instead, report kg P and convert phosphate mass by 31/95 only when that species basis is evidenced. Apply a conversion exactly once only when the method output is on the elemental basis; measured compound mass is not reconverted. Total nutrient losses cannot be assigned to a single species without a supported split, and residual/retained soil nutrient is not an emission. Keep direct/indirect pathway ledgers and avoid repeating a pathway already included in the chosen method or upstream inventory. Factor uncertainty ranges screen factors on their stated basis, not final compound amounts or admissible site emissions. Normalize the attributable compound mass once using the accepted reference quantity and the matched measured output. Unknown activity, identity or compartment remains an evidence gap and blocks a completeness claim.	cp_manure; species-specific activity ledger, method pathway and factor basis, matched accepted output	Identity-specific exchanges and reconciled activity records

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
q_identity	final milk	Verify buffalo species, raw state, farm gate, warm/chilled state and temperature.	batch and handover record
q_period	herd	Cover lactation, dry and replacement classes, births and culls; reconcile opening/closing stock.	herd ledger
q_balance	milk and manure	Reconcile milk stages and manure fractions to documented tolerance.	batch and pathway balance
q_emission	direct emissions	Preserve substance, medium, buffalo class, manure pathway and factor tier.	factor/activity sheet

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
v_cpc_milk_scope	final reference product and classification	Check the lot-matched measured milk-fat fraction is at least 3.5% (35 g/kg milk) and that the milk is neither skimmed nor partly skimmed. Reject use of this exact CPC-linked scope for lower-fat or separated milk; missing evidence leaves classification eligibility undetermined, not assumed. Do not reinterpret this as a quality acceptance limit or change the actual composition.	un-cpc-3-02212
v_reference	final milk	One final handover state per batch; normalize 1 kg accepted mass. Chilled-only UUID cannot stand for broad warm-or-chilled reference.
v_state_denominator	milk balance and final-package normalization	Require agreement among the selected handover state, attributable numerator and accepted-output denominator under c_milk_state_normalization. Whole-site warm-plus-chilled totals are reconciliation evidence only. Reject pooled-state normalization, duplicated warm transfers and cooling burdens attributed to never-cooled warm lots.
v_route	pasture/housed route	Require feed, manure, energy and animal-period evidence for each route delta; a route label alone is insufficient.	fao-large-ruminants-2016
v_outputs	milk, live animals, manure	Require explicit independent handover and attribution for each co-product; neither residue nor internal transfer is credited twice.	fao-large-ruminants-2016
v_period	herd phases	Opening and replacement burdens, birth, milk and cull events have one class-period attribution.
v_shared	shared infrastructure	Housing, pump, parlour, tank and meter fractions sum to one across herd, milking, conditioning and cooling in each service period.
v_balance	milk/manure	Gross, accepted and rejected milk and manure pathway balances reconcile; direct warm and chilled outputs do not overlap.
v_uuid	identity	Fixed UUID requires exact type, property, state, gate and medium; unresolved identity stays blank.
v_foreground_emission_responsibility	Actual operated nodes and linked services	Record responsibility for on-site fuel combustion and refrigerant leakage when applicable: either quantified foreground emissions or a named linked process explicitly covering them, never merely a fuel-supply or electricity-production input. Assess special-taxon biological and residue emissions using species/route evidence, without a generic livestock factor. Identify any unresolved pathway and withhold a completeness claim; document supported absence and prevent duplicate upstream/downstream accounting.
v_feed_supply_intake_separation	All feed inputs	Reject an upstream feed inventory reduced by in-boundary refusal, spoilage or discarded leftovers without retaining their production burden. Reconcile supply, intake, stock, transfers and loss destinations under calc_feed_supply_and_intake. Do not reuse intake as supplied feed, assume zero-burden on-site feed or grant automatic avoided-product credits.	fao-feed-loss-accounting-2018
v_manure_n2o_coverage	Applicable manure and managed-soil N pathways	Require explicit direct and indirect pathway coverage, stage N balances and molecular-mass conversion. Map each component to an existing N2O card or an explicitly covering linked process once under calc_manure_n2o_coverage. Missing indirect-pathway evidence prevents a completeness claim; no default zero or duplicate aggregate-plus-components.	ipcc-livestock-2019; ipcc-managed-soils-2019

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	foreground raw buffalo milk production dataset
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset only after relevant review
allowed_use	unprocessed buffalo milk at producing farm gate with declared warm/chilled state
excluded_use	other species, processed milk, independent cooling, post-gate transport
required_metadata	herd classes and period, route, farm, accepted/rejected batches, composition, temperature, manure and live-animal handovers, allocation and shared assets
required_quality_disclosure	activity coverage, reasoned-estimate screens, factor tier and uncertainty, balances and unresolved identities
update_trigger	changed herd/feeding route, cooling ownership, state, co-product attribution, factor method or verified identity

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-02212	official_guidance	UN Statistics Division, CPC 3.0 02212: explanatory note	Species-specific classification scope and low-fat/skimmed/partly skimmed exclusion; not a general quality or emission threshold
fao-large-ruminants-2016	official_guidance	FAO LEAP, Environmental performance of large ruminant supply chains, 2016, https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i6494en	herd phases, boundary, feed, outputs and allocation
ipcc-livestock-2019	method_factor	IPCC, 2019 Refinement, Volume 4 Chapter 10, https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/4_Volume4/19R_V4_Ch10_Livestock.pdf	buffalo emission and manure pathways
fao-feed-loss-accounting-2018	official_guidance	FAO 2018, Environmental performance of pig supply chains, section 11.2.2	Feed supply versus intake and waste burden, not animal parameters. Applying this accounting principle to the declared taxon is this PCR's methodological choice; no pig diet or emission factor is transferred.
ipcc-managed-soils-2019	official_guidance	IPCC 2019 Refinement, Volume 4, Chapter 11	Direct/indirect nitrogen pathways and coordination of manure storage with managed-soil emissions; select applicable species and management evidence.
milk-cooling-energy	official_guidance	FAO, Solar energy in small-scale milk collection and processing, Chapter 2. https://www.fao.org/4/X6541E/X6541E02.htm	Electric refrigeration mechanism only; no species-specific quantity or assumed cooling/generation route is adopted.
route-energy-fao	official_guidance	FAO, Energy-smart food for people and climate (2011), Annex 2; and Energy use in agriculture and industry, Annex IV. https://www.fao.org/4/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf ; https://www.fao.org/4/Q1085e/q1085e0d.htm	Equipment/carrier possibilities only; site records govern applicability. No intensity, fuel share or default recipe is adopted.