Bituminous or oil shale and tar sands

1. Scope and Applicability

This rule covers mined bituminous shale, kerogen-bearing oil shale and natural-bitumen-bearing tar sands supplied as raw mineral at the mine handover point. It includes surface or underground excavation, drilling and blasting, internal haulage and actual mechanical crushing and screening. The endpoint precedes retorting, hot-water bitumen separation and upgrading; the resulting oils and bitumen recovered by in-situ thermal extraction are outside this product boundary. Raw sand mass must not represent recoverable oil mass. Sources: un-cpc-3-2025, usgs-oil-shale-2018, usgs-natural-bitumen-2003. This mining methodology needs raw-mineral mass, grade, moisture and waste-rock boundaries, independently of oil-production methodology.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.ores-and-minerals-electricity-gas-and-water.crude-petroleum-and-natural-gas.bituminous-or-oil-shale-and-tar-sands
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 12030
covered_products	Unretorted bituminous and oil shale; tar sands before bitumen separation
excluded_products	Crude oil; shale oil; separated bitumen; synthetic crude; refinery bitumen; coal; paving asphalt mixtures
representative_product	Raw oil shale at mine handover
production_route	Surface or underground mining; declare actual mechanical preparation
market_state	Unretorted raw mineral, bulk delivery, with measured moisture

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Raw oil shale of declared grade supplied at mine handover
How much	1 kg
How well	Declare moisture, mineral composition and oil-yield assay method; no oil-recovery performance is promised
How long or cycle	One mine-product handover within the declared reporting period
reference_flow_link	shale_output

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Raw oil shale
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	Raw-mineral category; deposit and country; mining technology; handover point; reporting period; wet or dry basis; moisture test; particle size; kerogen or bitumen content; assay method; waste-rock/product separation; allocation method

Tar-sands data packages use the same 1 kg raw-mineral mass basis but must replace the product name and reference link above with sand_output, supported by bitumen-bearing sand assays. Every data package declares exactly one concrete reference product. Required qualifiers belong in metadata or reference-flow comments.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use traceable net handover mass from cp_mass; exclude added water and transport packaging, preserve declared inherent moisture.
moisture_basis	reference product	Mass	kg	Record wet mass with paired moisture assays; calculate dry mass only with measured same-lot moisture, never substitute oil yield for raw-mineral mass.
electricity_unit	electricity	Energy	MJ	Convert metered kWh to MJ by multiplying by 3.6; preserve fuel mass separately from electricity.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	In-ground deposit supported by geological and survey records; or separately declared purchased raw mineral
starting_condition_role	Extraction origin; purchased raw mineral must not conceal upstream mining
product_classification_scope	CPC 12030 raw mineral; excludes CPC 12012 oils
recursive_input_rule	Record purchased same-category raw mineral as a separate product input; do not recursively expand this process output into its own input
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link purchased raw mineral, electricity, diesel, lubricating oil and explosive to compatible upstream datasets; do not duplicate mining datasets for own-deposit resource extraction
disclosure	Disclose origin, handover, technology, upstream links, waste fate, internal circulation and infrastructure treatment

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
boundary_raw_mineral	mine-gate	End the foreground boundary before any thermal conversion or bitumen separation; in-situ thermally recovered oils are not raw-mineral outputs.	un-cpc-3-2025; usgs-oil-shale-2018; usgs-natural-bitumen-2003
boundary_operations	mine-gate; site-management	Include stripping, excavation, haulage, mechanical conditioning, pumping, waste-rock management and associated direct emissions; add separate atomic rows for actual additional chemicals.	ifc-mining-2007
boundary_lifecycle	site-management	Attribute development and closure activities over documented lifetime production; disclose infrastructure and land transformation separately, without unexplained cutoffs.	ifc-mining-2007
boundary_water	water; groundwater; mine_water	Record fresh abstraction, dewatering, reuse, stocks and discharge fate; do not count internal circulation as external abstraction; separate treatment transfers from direct environmental releases.	ifc-mining-2007

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
mine-gate	Extraction, internal haulage and mine handover	required	All packages; crushing, screening and blasting only when actually performed	foreground production	1 kg reference flow
site-management	Site water, land and waste management	required	Actual site activities	foreground environmental management	1 kg reference flow

This inventory is a minimum collection framework, not a cutoff permission. Add required atomic rows for actual resource origins, overburden composition, explosive formulations and receiving compartments. The two routes are alternatives; never normalize tar-sand and shale outputs together as one product.

Process: Extraction, internal haulage and mine handover (mine-gate)

Inputs

Product flows

Electricity (electricity)

This purchased electricity exchange requires independently confirmed actual supplier, consumption or production interface, geography, voltage, generation attributes and energy property/unit; its UUID remains unresolved until a compatible direct-read identity is confirmed. A waste-incineration generation flow must not represent arbitrary site power.

Purchased electricity for excavation, conveying and any crushing; exclude electricity generated onsite already represented by fuel.

• Selected flow: Electricity
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_energy and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Diesel fuel (diesel)

Include when diesel is consumed by mine equipment or onsite generators; identify equipment and fuel specification.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel 9d258d75-6792-4f1c-9856-81602ed8f816
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_material and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

lubricating oil (lubricant)

Include when mineral lubricating oil is consumed in mining equipment; reconcile stock changes.

• Selected flow: lubricating oil aec6f1a5-7b09-4704-870d-434d3ada0edd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_material and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Modified ammonium-nitrate fuel-oil explosive (ammonium_nitrate)

Include only where this prepared explosive formulation is used for drilling and blasting. Other formulations need separate atomic rows.

• Selected flow: Modified ammonium-nitrate fuel-oil explosive 2e5d50e4-c17c-4d76-87c0-6a14d0ba374b
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_material and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Oil shale, in ground (shale_resource)

Include for shale mining; determine extracted kerogen-bearing rock mass before rejects and losses. Generic shale is not an oil-shale identity.

• Selected flow: Oil shale, in ground
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_resource and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_resource
• Sources: un-cpc-3-2025

Tar sands, in ground (sand_resource)

Include for tar-sands mining; determine total extracted mineral mass and assay bitumen separately. An oil-mass or radioactivity reference is not a raw-sand mass.

• Selected flow: Tar sands, in ground
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_resource and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_resource
• Sources: un-cpc-3-2025

Outputs

Product flows

Raw oil shale (shale_output)

1 kg reference flow for the declared shale product, including measured inherent moisture; shale datasets use this reference row.

• Selected flow: Raw oil shale
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass
• Sources: un-cpc-3-2025

Raw tar sands (sand_output)

1 kg reference flow only for tar-sands datasets; replace the representative shale reference object and reference_flow_link with this row, never add both outputs as one reference.

• Selected flow: Raw tar sands
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass
• Sources: un-cpc-3-2025

Waste flows

Elementary flows

carbon dioxide (fossil) (co2)

Include direct fossil combustion emissions to air in the reporting period; exclude purchased-electricity upstream emissions.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_air and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_air
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Nitrogen dioxide, to air (no2)

Include actual nitrogen dioxide from combustion and blasting. Separate NO2 from NO, N2O and nitrite; aggregate NOx factors require documented speciation before use for this row.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen dioxide, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_air and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_air
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Particulate matter PM10, to air (pm10)

Include direct fugitive and combustion PM10 crossing the mine boundary; do not replace with coarse-only dust, soot or an urban-stack compartment.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter PM10, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_air and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_air
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Process: Site water, land and waste management (site-management)

Inputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

river water (water)

Include when freshwater is abstracted from a river for dust suppression or mine operations; internal recirculation is not fresh abstraction.

• Selected flow: river water 805a7346-1664-4483-afe3-4b224be5e361
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_water and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

ground water (groundwater)

Include groundwater abstraction or dewatering separately from river abstraction; identify aquifer, discharge and reuse.

• Selected flow: ground water 4f462198-40cd-4184-8733-86648a20dc3f
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_water and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Mineral extraction site occupation (land)

Include occupied mine, stockpile and waste-dump area over time; preserve land class and distinguish transformation from occupation.

• Selected flow: mineral extraction site b0744c5e-9859-470f-99dc-b117be5a32c5
• Flow property / unit: Areatime / m2a
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_land and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_land
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Mine waste rock (overburden)

Include barren rock removed in the declared mining route and handed to waste-dump management; record geological composition and fate. Soil overburden needs a distinct atomic row.

• Selected flow: Mine waste rock
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_waste and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Mine drainage water for treatment (mine_water)

Include only water transferred to a treatment operator; water directly discharged to nature must instead be recorded by receiving compartment and individual contaminants.

• Selected flow: Mine drainage water for treatment
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_water and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Used lubricating oil (used_oil)

Include collected used mineral lubricating oil sent to recovery or disposal; distinguish transfer from environmental leakage.

• Selected flow: Used lubricating oil 55d93375-7f04-4166-b2a2-88ce929051a5
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect using cp_waste and normalize to per 1 kg reference flow.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste
• Sources: ifc-mining-2007

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
allocate_separate	all inventory rows	First subdivide burdens using submeters and separate operation records; manage waste rock as waste without automatic co-product credits.
allocate_joint	all inventory rows	Allocate indivisible joint operations using documented physical causality; where no causal basis is established, use saleable raw-mineral dry mass in the same period and disclose moisture, total products, allocation shares and sensitivity; separately sold minerals require distinct descriptions.
allocate_integrated	mine-gate	Integrated oil-production facilities must isolate raw-mineral mining burdens with submeters; do not back-allocate retorting or bitumen-separation burdens into this raw-mineral dataset.	usgs-oil-shale-2018; usgs-natural-bitumen-2003

The allocation procedure is this rule’s data-collection convention, not an LCA allocation standard prescribed by the geological or environmental documents above.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_mass	mine-gate	reference product	weighbridge and assay	net handover mass; category; lot; moisture; grade; opening and closing stocks	Calibrated weighbridge and same-lot representative assays; separate handovers by mineral	kg	each lot	full declared period; cover seasonality	same deposit, route and handover	per 1 kg reference flow	calibration, assays, ledger and attribution records
cp_energy	mine-gate	electricity	meter	meter readings; submeter attribution; onsite generation; voltage; supply region	Separate purchased and generated electricity; collect process meters and invoices	MJ	each shift with monthly reconciliation	full declared period; cover seasonality	same deposit, route and handover	per 1 kg reference flow	calibration, assays, ledger and attribution records
cp_material	mine-gate	diesel; lubricant; ammonium_nitrate	stock ledger	receipts per material; opening/closing stocks; issue quantities; formulation; equipment	Reconcile net consumption by material stock and issue records; convert volume with measured density	kg	daily with monthly reconciliation	full declared period; cover seasonality	same deposit, route and handover	per 1 kg reference flow	calibration, assays, ledger and attribution records
cp_resource	mine-gate	shale_resource; sand_resource	survey and assay	extracted volume; in-situ density; seam; grade; dilution; losses	Survey excavation and in-situ density; reconcile with product handover, waste rock and stocks	kg	each survey period	full declared period; cover seasonality	same deposit, route and handover	per 1 kg reference flow	calibration, assays, ledger and attribution records
cp_air	mine-gate	co2; no2; pm10	monitoring or activity model	fuel and carbon content; equipment hours; factor source; particle size; receiving compartment; control efficiency	Retain measured emissions or source-by-source activity models with original public factor texts and uncertainty; do not use ambient concentration as emission mass	kg	continuous or representative operations	full declared period; cover seasonality	same deposit, route and handover	per 1 kg reference flow	calibration, assays, ledger and attribution records
cp_water	site-management	water; groundwater; mine_water	water meters and transfer records	origin; abstraction; dewatering; reuse; stocks; discharge; treatment fate; samples	Build water balance from calibrated meters and transfer records; separate fresh abstraction from internal reuse	m3	daily with monthly balance	full declared period; cover seasonality	same deposit, route and handover	per 1 kg reference flow	calibration, assays, ledger and attribution records
cp_waste	site-management	overburden; used_oil	weighing and manifest	waste mass; composition; hazard; receiver; transport; treatment route	Weighing or surveyed volume times measured density; retain disposal transfer and leakage records	kg	each transfer	full declared period; cover seasonality	same deposit, route and handover	per 1 kg reference flow	calibration, assays, ledger and attribution records
cp_land	site-management	land	GIS and mine plan	land class; occupied area; dates; restoration; transformation type	Measure period-specific area*time with GIS and mine plans; separately record land transformation and restoration	m2*a	annually and at major changes	full declared period; cover seasonality	same deposit, route and handover	per 1 kg reference flow	calibration, assays, ledger and attribution records

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
normalize_period	all inventory rows	Divide attributable exchange totals by net raw-mineral handover mass for the same basis and period; reference product output is 1 kg.	exchange totals; cp_mass; attribution records	exchange amount per 1 kg reference flow
dry_mass	reference product	Dry mass = measured wet mass × (1 − same-lot wet-basis moisture mass fraction); all normalization for a dry-basis dataset uses dry mass consistently.	cp_mass; paired moisture assay	dry mass
electricity_conversion	electricity	kWh × 3.6 = MJ; unit conversion, not an empirical energy-intensity factor.	cp_energy; kWh	MJ

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
quality_traceability	all inventory rows	Retain original records, units, attribution, time, site, technology and gaps; distinguish measurement from modelling.	collection protocols
quality_balance	mine-gate; site-management	Reconcile raw mineral, waste rock, water and stock changes; investigate discrepancies without substituting arbitrary ranges.	cp_mass; cp_resource; cp_water; cp_waste
quality_ranges	all inventory rows	This rule sets no external empirical ranges; collect separate deposit, grade, moisture and technology records; externally inferred ranges need at least two independent boundary-compatible original sources.	foreground records and future source synthesis

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	applies_to	rule	source_ids
validate_reference	reference product	Confirm one concrete raw-mineral reference flow, 1 kg basis, all qualifiers and paired assays; petroleum, generic shale and asphalt cannot proxy the raw mineral.	un-cpc-3-2025
validate_measurement	all inventory rows	Confirm aligned EN/ZH reference basis, collection aggregation and units; stock and moisture conversions use traceable records; unknown relationships require review.
validate_boundary	mine-gate; site-management	Check thermal-conversion exclusion, upstream links, waste treatment and direct emissions; avoid duplicating purchased-electricity emissions, circulation water and waste rock.	ifc-mining-2007; usgs-natural-bitumen-2003
validate_identity	all inventory rows	Require one concrete exchange per row; verify public UUID identity, property, compartment and unit before final use; missing UUIDs remain explicit, without proxy substitutions.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
downstream_use	Process or lifecycle model using raw-mineral inputs
allowed_use	Upstream raw-material supply matching mineral category, moisture basis and handover boundary
excluded_use	Representation of recoverable oil, shale oil, separated bitumen or in-situ thermally recovered petroleum
required_metadata	Qualifiers; reference flow; site; year; route; boundary; upstream links; allocation; treatment fate
required_quality_disclosure	Collection coverage, balance discrepancies, measured/modelled shares, factor sources, UUID and range-evidence gaps
update_trigger	Changes in deposit, grade, mining technology, moisture basis, energy, allocation or handover boundary

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-2025	official_guidance	UN Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, rows 447–456. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv	Raw-mineral versus oil classification boundary; verified 2026-09-30
mof-serbia-tariff-2024	official_guidance	财政部，2024年对塞尔维亚实施的协定税率表，PDF 第30页，第1649项，HS 27141000. https://m.mof.gov.cn/zcfb/202406/P020240625320768010766.pdf	Professional Chinese terminology only; no tariff or HS mapping adopted; verified 2026-09-30
usgs-oil-shale-2018	official_guidance	USGS, Oil Shale, 7 December 2018, introductory kerogen description. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/central-energy-resources-science-center/science/oil-shale	Distinction between oil shale and converted oil; verified official page 2026-09-30
usgs-natural-bitumen-2003	official_guidance	USGS Fact Sheet 70-03, Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen—Strategic Petroleum Resources, August 2003, Production Technology. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs070-03/fs070-03.html	Distinguish sand mining, bitumen separation and upgrading; no case quantities adopted; retrieved 2026-09-30
ifc-mining-2007	official_guidance	IFC / World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Mining, 10 December 2007, pp. 1–2, 5, 12. https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2000/2007-mining-ehs-guidelines-en.pdf	Mine water balance, waste rock, used oil and air-emission collection framework; apply by site relevance; no emission limits treated as empirical ranges; verified 2026-09-30